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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  tor  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


O 


Ttichniciil  ««ncl  Bibliographic  IMotuS'  Notes  tHchniquHS  »M  hihlK)yr.iphiijurt!> 


Thf  InstiiiitM  has  attempted  to  ohtain  thi'  hpst 
oncjinal  copy  availabU;  for  filnunti    Features  ot  this 
ropv  which  mav  be  hiblioqraphicallv  unique, 
which  (n<iv  alter  any  of  the  irnaqes  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  mav  sigmfitantlv  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming    are  fiheckod  below 


L  Institut  <i  inicrof ilni(>  lt>  it\tMlUMif  •'ncnipl.iire 
qu  il  iui  a  ete  possible  de  se  picHurrn    Les  (letiiils 
de  cet  exemplaire  (]ui  sont  peut  efre  uniques  (iu 
point  de  vue  bibliographicjue    <\ui  peuvent  fTuidifier 
une  image  reproduite    ou  cjui  peuvent  e»'c)»'r  unc 
modification  dar^s  la  methode  normale  ili'  filfTi,i(|»' 
sont  indiques  ci  dessous 


r~~j     Coloured  covers/ 

I i     Couverture  de  couleur 


j      ^    Colotired  pages/ 
i .1    Pages  de  couleur 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


I 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 


Covers  restored  and   or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 


r"~"     Pages  restored  ,\nd    or  l.ifTunated 
I .     Pages  restaurees  et   ou  pelhtulees 


Cover  title  missing 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


" ^     Pages  discoloured    stirned  or  foxMtl 
_!..    Pages  decolorees    tachetees  ou  pitiuees 


L. 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 


'  Pa{)es  detached  ' 

i Pages  detachees 


Coloured  ink  (i  e    other  than  blue  or  black! 
Encre  de  couleur  (i  e    autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


"'     Showthrouqh 
.'. Transparence 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  etou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Quality  of  print  varies 

Qualite  inegale  de  I  impression 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d  autres  documents 


Includes  supplementary  m.itenai 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I  ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text    Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutees 
lors  d  une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais    lorsque  ce'a  etait  possible,  ces  pages  n  ont 
pas  ete  filmees 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips    tissues,  etc     have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellerrent 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d  errata,  une  pelure 
etc     ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  faron  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible 


Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplemental  res 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filme  au  t.-ux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


26X 


30  X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32  X 


to  tht!  yormfUM^v  ol 

I  fhfrffv  fit  r.nngrf»ss 

PhufiHlllplU  lUlO'i    SofVM  •> 


(J  i''  I U'  r  >  ■ 


I . ,  - 1 1  f  •  '  1 1  ♦  ■  1 


.,     !.   .;..•■    .       .»       ,. 


T\m\  (rnaqo-;  anpiMrMfj  Mitm  ,ir(;  tht»  best  (|itiililv 
posMlile  consiflfniiQ  ihn  (  (.^(jitiori  and  lf?{|ibilitv 
()>  thn  nri(|inal  c.opv  nfiri  t»)  kwepinq  wrth  the 
(ilniinq  <  ontrac  t  up'^' I'inrJtujns 


1,1/1'.!  ^  i  I  . 

fitmane 


Original  cnpiSs  m  printed  pjifior  cuvfirs  are  filnind 
hejqinntnq  with  thp  front  •avar  and  <Midini}  on 
ttiH  last  payM  with  .i  ^''rnt«ll  or  illustidte'i  itTipreb 
sion    or  \\;>}  biuk  fu>v«r  whpn  rrppropnnte    All 
other  onqiiiid  copies  aw  tilnnul  hoqininncj  on  thR 
first  p<igf*  wtth  a  printwd  or  illustrated  inipros 
sion    and  (jndituj  on  the  last  pagif  with  a  printed 
or  liliistra'ud  impression 


Las  «*P'nplatr!.'s  ■.inqinai  mi 

par  It'  prnni.Mf  pl.it  at  ■'!'>  {()iinif>ant   .oit  par  la 
derniore  paijft  qui  '.nmporX;  one  «rnpr«intn 
d'itnprHi^sinn  ou  d'lllustririon.  soit  (lar  Im  laxond 
plat,  'i«loii  l«  cas    Tous  l«s  autres  HXHmplairr's 
oriqinaux  sont  film6s  en  r.omniencant  par  la 
prarnK>f«;  p.tye  qui  r:on'.portfi  one  RtruntMnt^* 
d  imprf'ssion  ru.  d  iHustraiion  tit  un  tHrniinant  par 
ta  dHrnir^re  paq^f  <|ui  f,  nrvipnttt!  uhh  lellH 
HmprtJinte 


The  last  rRnordrjd  tranie  fjn  Kai,h  tnicroficlio 
shall  contain  ihti  svrid)oi  — -«*•  iniKamnq     CON 
7IMJED    i.  or  the  synihol  V  Uneanmq     END'  I 
whichever  applies 


Un  des  svrnl)nU*.s  sii'v.ints  apparaifr,!  siir  in 
dorni6rr-  irnaqn  d»^  »  naquf  microficht'    s«lon  l(> 
cas    le  svml)ole  — •>   siqnifM?     A  SUIVRE    .  It? 
syhdiote  V  ssunitio     FilNi 


Maps    plates,  ttiarts,  otc  .  may  he  filmed  at 
(iifferent  reduction  ratios    Those  too  larqe  to  he 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filrruid 
heqinninq  in  the  upper  ic'ft  hanci  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required    The  folhiwinq  rjiaqrams  illustrate  the 
method 


Lhs  cartes    planches    tat)j(!aux    etc     (>euvent  etre 
fiimes  a  des  laux  de  reduction  diffeiciits 
Lorsque  \i:  doiunieiM  i«st  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  on  un  seul  c'ich6.  il  est  fihvie  i^  partir 
lie  I  angUt  super leur  qc«uche    de  gauche  a  droite 
et  de  haut  »'n  bas,  en  jKenani  le  nonibre 
d'images  necessaire    i.es  diai;r'irM.-.^.'j  suivants 
iMustrent  lainethode 


1 

2 

3 

32  X 


-t- 

I 
1 


o 


u.^ 


PU] 


GEOGRAPHY  MADE  EASY, 

BEEMl 

A  J^TEW  AHRWGMEJ^T 

or   THE 

AMERICAN 

UNIVERSAL    GEOGRAPHY, 

ON  AN  IMPnOVED  PLAN  i 

CONTAIMNO 

SEJyER^L  VIEWS  WITH  qUESTIOJ^. 

Airs  ACCOMrAlfllD  WITH  A  VEW 


ATLAS, 

ADAPTED    TO    TH£    WORK. 

BY  JEDIDIAH  MORSE,  D.  D. 

AND  ' 


^ 


SIDNEY  EDWARDS  MORSE,  A.M. 


••'vcCe 


nrSNTr'SBCOND   BDjriOW. 


'^A. 


BOSTOJ^: 

PUBLISHED  BY  RICHAKDSON  &  LORD,  75  COBNHILL. 

!•  H<  A<  froit.  Printer,  CoDgreii-iir««t. 

October,  1820. ' 


0  rv 


I 


UlSTUICrOFMJIfiSJICIlUSETTS. 

UuTHicr  Tmrk's  OvnCB. 
nK  IT  UKMKMHr,lll-.n.  tliat  on  li.e  cightetrll.  'W  ^J  *^''^. 
her.  A.  n,  IHJO.   in   the    Ibrty-fif.l.  year  o»    ^^'^   '''^'«P'7 1'^*,?! 
tl.e  Dmlcl  Slates  or  Amciica.  «>«"  a"°'°.^,  '^  ^°"f;,t^  "  .Ir^^ 
nistrirt,  have  dtposilr.l  in  this  ..ft  cc  jl.c  "'''^  "'I'',  "^  Jl^'W^.t 
wlu  rcolthey  claim  us  IToprietor.,  in  the  worcU  foHowmK.  w  «« 

'.  Gfocraphv  Made  Ka«y.  hcinp  A  New  Abridgment  of «»'«  J^?^"' 
can    lJ..iversal   fieographv,    ...   an    •'^P'-"^*'*   P'*"  '    ^^^^'^^^  ."f, 
«i..n.^ral  Vicus  with  Quc.t'>..ns.  and  "fC"'^P*"''^^''j''l'' f  uijlC  Ed- 
,.h«>tp.l  u,  the  work,     ny  Jcdidiah  Morse.  D.  D.  and  Sidney  ^u 
wards  Morse,  A.  M.     Twenty-second  Edition.  .     ,  _.  ,,, 

in  contorn,ity  to  the  Act  of  the  <>"B'"^°]' ♦';,^„^"K  ,S 
entitled.  "  A..  Act  for  the  encouragement  f  4""  Jl'umi  Pronri- 
Vhe  Cop  cs  of  Maps.  Charts  and  Hooks,  to  the  ^"«»^o»^^nd  W^ 

Historical  and  other  I'rints.'  ^^^^^  ^  DAVIS, 

Clerk  of  the  District  of  MasBftchtuetM. 


:;  6 


USETTS. 

r  Clerk's  Oitice. 

lltc   liKlepetnUi'CO  oj 
N  8t  tOHD,  of  Uic  Haul 

lie  of  a  Ut.ok.  U\e  i  igjht 
or<l9  follow inK.  w  wit  = 
ridgtncnt  of  tlie  Atneri- 
vt.l  pUn  i  eoptaimng 
initil  with  a  new  AtU«, 
D.  D.  and  Sidney  Rd- 
on." 

li  of  the  United  Statei, 
if  Uarninff,  by  seeming 
he  Authors  and  I'ropn- 
erein  tneniioiied  :"  and 
tary  to  »"  Act,  eniided, 
r,  by  dccurinp  the  copies 
and  I'roprietors  of  such 
led  ;  and  e3(icmli"K  the 
Engraving  and  Etching 

UN  W  DAVIS, 

rict  of  Mas«achu0etti. 


PUEFACE. 


iKOGIlAPHV,  an  a  dcience,  ig  yet  iu  in  iulanc). 

"  "Mlerprike  of  modern  travell-M  and  inod.Tii  com- 

...  .ve  Jut.  indeed  furnisliid  u»  stiili  u  vast  More  of  ...a- 

lermU,  but  „c  look  in  vuin,  in  (h,.  I.est  tnuti-i*  „..  li.  ,i- 

eriil  Oeographj,  |'„r  llmi  btunlilul  onlci  und  lutid  m- 

ningnn.-iit,  «hicl.  ««  .nucl.  ddiglu  „.  i„  ,.,1,,,  .,;,„,,,. 

llie  Si-oint-trician  n.uk.*  us.;  of  no  (erm  lii;  |.e  I,uh  dr- 

fined  It,  and  in  his  dcn.onslrali.,.,.,  uvaiU  l.imst-lr  of  uo 

ruth  t.ll  he  h««  proved  i.  5  hut  the  «eo«ra,d,er  eonunon. 

h  ln-g>n,  h.s  book  with   introductory  vie«H,  «hiih  it  i, 

impossible  for  any  man  to  understand.  III!  he  i.n.inul.Iv 

acquainted  h  iih  the  detail*  of  Geography. 

It  is  true,  that  from  the  imperfect  Male  of  our  know- 
edge,  and  from  the  nature  of  the  subjeel,  there  cat.not 
be  the  same  precision  "' Geography  as  in  GeomHry  ;  >et 
geosrapL.cal  facts  may  be  arranged,  a  lueid  order  niav 
be  adopted,  and  classifications  may  he  formed  to  assis't 
the  memory,  as  in  other  sciences. 

Various  methods  have  been  devised  to  aid  the  memo. 
ry.  We  remember  the  relative  positioti  of  the  fixed  siara 
bjr  groupiDg  then,  in  Constellations.  A  European  geo^. 


^l 


J* 


it 


I'HKFVCK. 


raplipr  Imi  D-i-fiillvlHirrotvfil  lhi«  «v|u'ili(>nt  frooi  Anlron- 
tiiiiy,  imhI  uiritiii;i'il  nil  die  cliierinwiiii  on  tlic  glnlic  into 
('iiiitlt'llAtioiK.     Tliiit   plitii  tnit^lit   III-  iio(>riil  ir  (ifii^ra* 
|)l  V  liH'l  III  fiiiiifiiH  \nili  (III*  Huiiic  tlitliciiliici*  ii«  Aotrn- 
III. my.     'I'lir  Iwii  ritm-M,  liouvvcr,  nr«>  wiilrly   ilittVrvnI. 
i'lii  .\<iliiiiMiiiii-i-'i4  «wiilil  ii  II  iiniviTKo  iif  iliiN,  uhtl  lio  Iih* 
III)  Hiiv  III  l»'l|>  III"*  iiii'iiiiii V.  lull  til  iiiiilc  lliciii   with  iin- 
i\'.>in>iy  liiii'>«.  iihI  i-oiiiliiii(>  lluiii  intn  fttrmn.    Hut  U<'ni{- 
rupliy  uliiiiiiiiN  uilli   ri>iil  liiieit.     It    liai   riven,  rniiNti 
untl  miiiinl.iim  ',  Hiwl  llii'in'  iift")r(l  i\  mipport  to  tlii'  nn-m"- 
rv,  iiiiicli  mon-  tmlid  anil  vnlii^ilile  lliuii  iinnglnnry  linn. 
Anollicr  inoile  of  ttimiiitin^  the  memory  i«  by  nn   in» 
t;c>ni<HM  ciimliinuliun    oi'  (In*    initinh   of  numctt.      The 
word  VllUiVOll  lonluiim  iht^  initiaU  of  the  seven  |iri- 
marv  eolum,  in  llie  onlor  in  which  they  H|i|)e»r  in  the 
rftinlinw.     This  int-lhoil  muy  in  lonie  in<iluiieeM  he  «nc- 
ce^Ht'iilly   H|i|iiieil    to   (ai'ii^rHiihy-       Fur  exHinple ;    (he 
three  Iari5e  lownn.  Uo<.t(»n,  Ailiuny  and  Detroit,  are  near 
(he  Haine   |iii.rul!el   ol'  latitude,  and   the   iniliulu   «|iell 
U Al).     Miinlreal,  AHmny  and    New  York  are  near  the 
name   meriiiian,   and   tin-    iiiitiuU  spell   MAX.      1  liese 
MIX  towns,  taken  liii?eihcr,  lorm  a  eroni,  on  which  IJAD 
MAN    in   extended.      Kxpedienln    of  this   kind  muy  be 
proiitahle   in  unmc   cases,  yet  if  (hey  are   pursued   very 
far  till)  MilHieeoine  frivolous,  and   rather  burdensomo 
tliun   useful.      The   Hume    remarks   are   applicable    to 
rhijmes. 

There  are  various  other  methods  of  aiding  the  memo- 
ry,  but  (he  most  valuable,  where  (he  subject  admits  of 
them,  are  classijication  and  a  lucid  order.  These  are 
the  inedimU  adop(ed  in  all  the  seieneeii.  They  are  (he 
mediods  which  (he  memory  loves,  and  which  make  the 
acfiiiisilion  of  knowledge  easy  auJ  delightful. 


I'lliont  iVoiiiAiidoti- 
\%  uii  tlic  glitlii'  into 
'  iiHcfiil  il'  (iiMijjra- 
lliciiliici*  ii«  Aitirn* 
•e  witlrty  (lirtHrenf. 
•if  (liiN,  niitl  III'  titiH 
lilc  llicrii   uUli  iin- 
roriuK.    Hilt  {i>n^- 
ha»   riven,  rniiNti 
ippnrt  lo  iIm'  memo- 
itii  imngiiinr;y  linpi. 
leniury  i*  by  an   iii> 
s   nf  iiiiincft.      I'lie 
lit  of  the  seven  |iri- 
tliey  n|i|)ettr  in  ihu 
e  in«tuiicvH  he  kiic- 
For  t!XHiii|ile ;    (he 
n<l  Detroit,  nre  near 
I  the   iiiiliiilii  ii|iell 
iv  York  arc  near  (lie 
pell  MAX.      Ihese 
oitt,  on  whirli  DAU 
r  litis   kind  may  be 
y  are  purmieil   very 
rutliiT  biirili'iiitoinu 
are   n|i|ilicable    to 

of  aiding  the  mrmn- 
lie  nuhjeet  admits  of 
order.  These  are 
ices.  They  are  the 
md  which  make  the 
lelighlful. 


PHKFACK.  \ 

!u  the  foIlouiMH  pnR.«  the  world  i«  pr«.,n»cd  under 
three  dulinet  view,,  |.  An  Introductory  view  of  eaoi. 
•limner  or  ^rnnd  division  of  the  «lobe.  ;*.  A  view  of 
oaeh  eoiinlry  in  detail,  a.  A  lieneral  View,  or  Heca- 
pitnlation. 

I"  the  Inlrnduetory  vitwH,  the  de«i,<n  ha.  been  lo 
give  ...eh  an  online  of  the  iuo,i,„Hi,„,  rivers  and  other 
grand  lealure,  orihe  gJoI.e.  u.  „i||  ,„,,.«ro  the  ,.n„il 
to  eonie  with  advanla^e  to  the  si„dv  of  doluiU. 

In  the  vhw  of  each  amnlry,  the  jilan  I.h,  been,  to  he- 
g.n  with  «hal  iH  ,,|„i„,  „„,|  j.roeeed  lo  what  i.  „b.e«rc. 
l-or  this  reason,  (he  bonndurie,,  ba>*.  «„,|  ,«„,.,  ^^e 
eoinmonly  hr.t  de.eribed,  and  then  il.e  mounlaiu.,  river. 
And  towns.  ' 

After  the  student  has  gone  over  the  world  In  detail, 
he  IS  then  called  upon  to  look  buek,  and  classify  the 
".l".'>nul.on  he  ha.  obtained,  and  cunibii^e  his  knu.,led«. 
."'«  liemval  Views.  These  views  are  ealenlated  .o  fi, 
ull  Jh..  in.,,o,,u„,  .letaiN  more  Krmly  i„  ;.i,  „„,,„„ 

1  he  Older  whi«h  is  here  pursued,  it  is  believed,  i.  the 
«rd.r  ol  nature;  the  order  which  .s  best  calculated  lo 
coinmun.eate  to  the  mind  a  clear  and  impressive  view 
«l  (ico^raphy. 

It  has  become  customary  of  late,  in  Oeographic.  de- 
signed  lor  schools,  to  omit  boundaries  and  the  d,scri„ 
t.un  of  rivers.  In  this  work  they  have  been  insertej! 
It  IS  rue,  that  maps  with  a  series  of  judicious  question., 
»..pp«y  ".  part  the  place  of  a  deseripli„„.  Yet  thev  do 
It  unperfeHly.  In  the  best  maps,  especially  i„  L. 
on  a  .mall  scale,  errors  are  so  nuuLrous.  that  the  mind 
cannot  rest  with  confidence  in  their  tesii„,o„y.  We 
want  the  confirmation  of  the  book  Besides,  a  Lu\  Je- 
.enpt.on  of  a  river  is  the  result  of  much  study,  «„d  a|. 


m 


fflKKACK. 


«vBy«  Mii^^piU  the  belt  Miocitttion*   for  the  aid  of  lb* 


mrniiirjf. 

I'll**  |mbli«lu'r«  have  prpparpil  nn  AlU«  •»  ncpompa- 
ny  till*  work,  'riu-  nmi»»  nrv  cjoeulfil  in  ft  «l)lc  ofi'ii- 
grHvill^,  •mM'rior  tu  wIihI  i«  roiiiinon  in  »*ork*  »t  "lie 
■Htnv  kimi  The  ini»|i  »f  (liv  I'ltiU'tl  .MliUf*  »|>|M>ara  to 
be  ri'iiuirknblv  w<'ll  ilonc. 

Tb"  Jiib-  p««»'  "f  tbi«  Hrograpby  ncnU  pxplanalion. 
Tbi-  work  i«  <h«TP  cnlletl  •*  A  N^-w  Abridi^mint  of  ihe 
Am.riciin  Univeraal  0«'o«r«pby,"  bccauie  a  ho.ik  wiili 
lliRt  litli'  brt"!  btftt  pronii*«'tl  to  Jbf  pnblip,  anil  lieci«n«e 
the  American  I'niverHnl  (Irosrnpb)  bai  i.ei'n  tb-  prin- 
cipal aource  of  ibe  infonnatian  wbieh  it  eontaina.  Yft, 
in  truth,  Ibin  volume  baa  a*  mneb  claim  (o  (be  rlinrac- 
ter  of  an  original  proiluetinn  aa  any  (lioKrapby  wbat- 
tver.  It  baa  been  tbc  rcnult  ofmneh  labor  anti  atmly. 
Every  leulenee  of  it  waa  aent  (o  tbc  prc«»  in  manu- 
■eript. 


for  llir  aiti  of  die 


AlU*  lo  nreompft* 
fil  in  K  •i)li'  "fen- 
III  in  \Mirk«  of  )lie 
I  SliUf*  nitpfar*  lu 

netiU  rxplannlinn. 

Aliritl^nifnl  ul'  llie 
i<raii<i«*  a  honk  uilh 
{.ulilir,  nnd  liernuxe 

liai  iift-n  (li»  prin- 
li  it  eonlaini.  Vet, 
Inim  (n  IIk'  clinrao* 
y  (JfOffrapliy  uliat- 
eh  labor  anti  *(u*ljr. 
the  prcii  in  manu- 


COVI'KNTM. 


A«triinnmy  j 

KmhIi 
Am-Tic« 
Nciriii  .ViD'-i'lra 
Cirr*  iiIuikI 
Kiiitmii  .srdlc'.nenii 
Mi'itiuli  \ni(*rict 
K  wfoitiHllind 

N»  w  III  iiniuirk 
l^iWiT  (;»n.Ml« 
l'|>|i<r  <j«ngd« 
N'WUrumn        . 
Uniie.l  Muifi 
KiuiTn  Suiei 
Alttiiie 
NfwIluiDpihIre 

Maiiiiii'liitiiciti 
Hlio'lf  Ulniul 
Cdiincciiciit 
Midillc  States 
New  Voik 
New  Jt-rsey 
I'enimylvttnia 
DeUvvgre        . 
Ma)  I  mil 

Distriii  ol  r.iliimliia 
Soiiilicrii  Slaici 
Virginia 
North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

fjcorgiu 

Alal)ani:i 
MiisisHippI 
l-otiitiana 
Western  Slatei 


w/ktin. 

.   It 

. 

.   .  19 

td 

. 

.     .  ar 

.   31 

, 

.   .  34 

.   38 

. 

.   .  40 

40 

• 

.    .  41 

.   4i 

• 

.    44 

4J 

, 

.  47 

40 

f 

.  Si 

as 

. 

.    50 

48 

1 

.  At 

63 

»  ' 

.  69 

71 

r' 

.  rs 

76 

. 

'  .  96 

90 

• 

.  9.5 

97 

• 

.  101 

.   103 

• 

.  103 

111 

•     • 

.  IIJ 

llfl 

■ 

.  132 

.  US 

•     , 

.   IJH 

*      133 

•l, 


ih 


UtiMI  • 

Intiiait* 

llllMOl* 

MiclitK*'*  Territory 

H<>rili*#»l  IVrriiory 

ArhiinMW  TririK.ry 

Mmwiuri  territory     . 

I'liiriil* 

Hpaiiiuli  HDiMoiKtn* 

MckiC'i  or  Nvw  H|i«ln 

M'rii  Imlici 
Tlir  llrflmmu 
Cuba,  MiaimniuU 
Jamaica,  I'ltrui  Hicn 
Mcrmiiila*  liUmIt 
Soiitli  Aturric*  • 

New  Umiada 
Vi'iu'iiuck 
taiiiana  • 

Prrn  «  • 

Ura/il  • 

Hiifi'o«  Ayrtt  • 

<:hili 
PaU|(<>ni*  I 

KlIlOlM! 

KiiKiaml  and  W«lct 
Sro  IkmiI  • 

InUml  t  • 

Laplund  > 

Norway         •  • 

Dt  Mtnark 

HiiMiit  in  europe 

Piiiaiia 

Auiina  . 

(urn  any        •  i 

ftuxoiiy  » 

Hanover        ,  i 

B^vuria  • 

\^iriemhurK 

B.nl<" 

Poland 

»wiUirl»nd 

jj.  Iierlandi 

ffitnce  • 

Spain  ■  ' 


CONTRNm 


a  »  »  *  * 

t  »  •  » 

•  •  t  t  • 


•  *  * 

t  •  » 

•  •  * 


•  »  a  •  • 

•  .  a  •  • 

>  t  »  •  • 
I            •            »            •            * 

•  t  »     ,       »  • 

•  ♦  »  » 

•  »  »  »  . 

•  I  *  » 

»  *            *            •            » 

•■      ■  '  »            *,         -  »     '       • 

>  •  ♦            ♦            » 
t  »            *            »           *• 

t  »  »  a  • 

•  a  •  a  • 

•  •  •  < 

•  •  •  *  • 

t  »  »  •  • 

•  •  »  •  • 

•  »  *  a  * 

•  *  at  t 

•  a  •  •  • 
■             •             a             »             • 


9 

141 
144 
141 
I4f 
141 
IJO 
IM 

m 

IM 
IM 
IS4 
IM 
IM 
lit 
161 
l«t 
lAt 
t«3 
161 
167 
169 

iro 
trs 
ir4 
m 
m 

160 
189 
169 

IVi 
J93 
IM 
IttS 

ivr 

199 

soa 

304 
•207 
■J  10 
:.>lt 

ail 

313 

2U 

'ii3 

216 
219 
2ii 


• 

131 

• 

I.1H 

• 

141 
144 
14.1 

•  47 
148 
110 

no 

111 

• 

113 

t 
• 

• 

I.H 
IS4 

.      l«t 

• 

t 

• 

lot 

.       I«3 
H3 

IflS 

• 

.      167 

lft<» 

1 

.       J  70 

» 

17? 

•             *' 

174 

* 

177 

>             » 

17S> 

• 

lUO 

•            • 

.     lua 

• 

IHtf 

*               • 

.       IVi 

» 

)UJ 

*             • 

IV4 

• 

\\)S 

•             • 

.       l«7 

• 

199 

»            • 

.      WU 

• 

SU4 

*            < 

.      307 

ft 

210 

ft            » 

.       211 

» 

311 

•             • 

.      313 

• 

'J  13 

» 

.      213 

, 

313 

»           • 

.      216 

t 

219 

• 

.      333 

CONTEN-ifc 


Iiiilirin  Kr|iiihlir 
Tiifko)  in  i>'.iin>|M 

A»iit         .  I 

riii'li"y  In  \»iu 
R'ltkM  Ml  Aim 

I'l'i  mi      ,  , 

lii(l|Ht,iUnt  Tiiri»ry 
IliiiiUni  III 
I'ui  iliM  IikIU 
f:hiim 

ChiiK  M  I'itrtary      , 
'I'lilniitfi'y  Mt«(ft 
Jnpuii  ■  , 

A»li4liC    IthniU 

lili'n  (if  NiiiiiU  , 

n  fiico 

HIiiiililHiiv  Isltndt 
C«li'*)««  , 

M|»('<*  UliiiuU  , 

AiKd  uIhuU  . 

H<»l>nc«i«      .  , 

Ali'icii  I 

>'-i?ypt         .         * 

liiirliitry  Siitlct 
■|'ri|i'ili  .  ^ 

TUMIK       ,  ,. 

AlKitrt         ,  , 

KtilI'dCCIt  , 

W'oHi  Al'ric* 
H.mlli  Africa        , 
Kiint  Africr.  « 

Niilii«       ,  ^ 

Altjiiiiinu  » 

<;»'iiir4l  Africa 
AlVicun  Uluiult 


OENEHAL  VIKW8. 

I.  Of  tlie  PiMte.l  Siiiien       .  ,  , 

'—-— KxieiU  ami  Population 

"— —  liicirime  nf  l'ii|>uliai(iii      « 

"~~— — —  C'^Mhe*  of  InlivbituniH 
— "— — —  Caiiala       »  ,  , 


a-M 

M 

311 

m 

•lU 

341 

'i44 

9M 

94t 

349 

as 

9.lt 

m 

•Jti 

'•m 

•JH 

«4 

3<S 

3M 

3«« 

^M 

V«f 

•JM 

370 

iri 

■37i 

37« 

.'Tfl 

•J77 

■177 

.?7» 

2») 

?hi 

2113 

3(13 

» 

3M 

38ft 

»  ft   390 

»  »     390 

•  .   391 
•  .     393 

*  >   393 


If 


^,< 


% 


CONTENTS. 


— — —  Rivers  .  • 

.— — —  Uomls 

— . Face  of  the  Country 

— — ^—  lin[)i>rtunt  lines  • 

Na\)-  and  Army  •  < 

. ■    ■-  l<eli>;lon 

KeliK'it'iu  Cliaiitable  Societies 

..    I.  Covimu  rre  t 

-_—- —  tlii'-'i'  I'owns  • 

— —  Col  leg  en 

. l.ivc'iiic  and  Fsiicnditurc 

— .-  liicreaaK  of  the  V.  Statu- 

. , Fiil.lit  licbi 

Ucvc:uie,  ManufatUiiis  and  M 


2.  Of  Americu  ■  •        _    • 

__—__—  K\;cnt  and  I'upii^aliou 

I  Principal  TuwiiF 

History  of  Setllcmenls 


3.  f)f  Kiiiope 


4.  <)i  Asia 


—  Estent  and  I'opiilatioM     . 

—  Heli,<io:»  iind  Ciuvi-riitr.ent 

—  Navy 

—  (  i!ifK  .  • 

—  Foreifjn  rosst»s'ioiis 


—  K.vteMl  and  l'i>;;ulalii.in 
.'ities 


5.  or  Uie  Uoild 


Questions  on  tlic  Maps 


F.xient  and  Population 
— ^  C;iiials 
— —  Mountains 
— -  (^oniTTK ice 
„— ™  I'iOtLStanl  Missions  to  tlic  11 

Winds 

Volcanoes  and  Kariliquakja 

Sts,n 

Metals  and  Mincials    . 

Acgetublcs 

Animals 

'Uniperature 


itia 


atbc 


3M 
C95 

'2\)6 
X'96 
297 
807 

S98 

~V9 
304 
3l»5 

r.i)6 

JU9 
JU9 
311 
311 
G12 
312 
314 
314 
315 

ol7 
317 
319 
319 
320 
321 
321 
321 
322 
o-'4 
3.1.7 
3)0 
3J2 
S:-i4 

;;.;5 

337 
338 
340 
34ii 


llitia 


LUtbcii    . 


•  • 


':93 

i?9G 

2i)7 
V'Jll 
-'.'9 

r.u4 

305 

r.u6 

3.-7 
3U9 
oU9 
311 
311 
G12 

sia 

314 
oU 
315 
..I'J 
cl7 
.il7 
319 
319 
oV'O 

o-;i 

321 

3~'l 
322 

3.1.7 
330 
332 
334 
3.55 
337 
338 
340 
3t-> 


HBRATA, 

Page  23,  line  r,  for  six  months  rtiaipart  of  the  year. 
41,  line  34',  dele  manned  by. 
173,  line  14,  for  Baeliia  read  Bahia. 
200,  line  as,  for  Nerva  read  JVeuo. 
203,  line  22,  for  800,0'to  read  80,000. 
2«*,  liae  14,  for  1,800,000  read  800,000. 


1 


EI.EMENTS  OF  GEOGHAPHY. 


an?^7S.;:,!^''  -ience  ,vl.icl.  trea<«  of  „.e  Kar.l. 

AsTHONOMY  is  (he  science  uliinli  trvAta  of  iho  ««.,n 
Stars.  |>i.„e,H,  „„,l  „„,cr  llouvenly  Hodu-l  ^^""' 

lhe«e(«0  8cienco«  uie  «»  iniinialely  connected   tliaf 

'  i  1  o'u'r'ie'T'-"^'^  "'■  «^?«^"''">  *^  "Sain     ?e 
wi  an„ii  P'^''^"'"*  ar,|.,ainl«nce  with  amronumv 


ASTRONOMV. 


Tlie  world  which  „.,.  i„h«bit  is  a  nrent  cloh.. 

i;;-':h^o^'rJz:-r££'i£-'^ 

•  larger  world  aa  iu  cenlre.  '  """  """'' 


SOLAR  SYSTEM. 


""iversally  rcyecled  b/Ji.e  l'carne<K  ^^  "'""'  *'•"■'" 


r 


14 


ELKMKNTS  OF  OKO(iriAlMlV. 


t 


Tlie  Copernican  Rjgli'm  is  llie  Inie  Solar  System.  It 
flup|in<cM  llint  llie  HUH  is  in  the  venire;  (liat  the  i?arlli 
an<l  the  otlier  planelA  move  round  (lie  mum,  at  various 
(li^tiitiees,  and  with  ililViTent  degrees  oi'  vehtrity  ;  and 
that  the  apparent  niuliun  of  the  heaveiily  bodies  round 
llie  earth,  is  occasioned  by  a  real  rotation  of  the  earth 
on  its  axi.4. 

The  Holar  System  is  composed  of  the  xtin,  the  pinncts, 
salelliten,  asteroids,  and  comets. 

A  planet  is  a  body  which  moves  round  the  sun  in  au 
orbit  nearly  circular. 

A  aiildlite  or  moon  is  a  body  movini;  round  a  planet} 
and  in  company  with  the  planet  round  the  sun. 

Jhteroids  are  very  small  planets,  eomelimes  called 
telescopic  planets. 

Comfts  arc  bodies  moving  round  the  sun  in  very  ellip- 
tical  orbits. 

The  or^it  of  a  planet  is  the  path  which  it  describes 
in  moving  round  tlie  sun. 

The  planets  are  retained  in  their  orbits  by  the  joint 
action  of  two  forces.  One,  called  the  centripetal  force, 
or  the  aitraction  of  gravitation,  if  it  acted  alone,  would 
draw  them  directly  into  the  sun ;  the  other,  called  the 
centrifugal  force y  it  it  acted  alone,  would  drive  them  oat 
of  their  orbits,  and  out  of  llie  Solar'System,  in  infinite 
straight  lines.  Between  the  two,  they  can  do  neither. 
They  cannot  be  drawn  into  thesan,  on  account  of  the 
centrifugal  force ;  nor  be  driven  out  of  the  System,  on 
account  of  the  centripetal  force;  but  are  compelled  to 
move  continually  round  the  sun. 

The  ^un.'\  The  Sun  is  the  source  of  light  and  heat, 
to  all  tha  bodies  in  the  Solar  System.  It  is  more  than 
a  million  times  larger  than  the  earth. 

Planets.']  There  are  commonly  reckoned  seven  plan- 
ets, the  names  of  which,  according  to  their  nearness  to 
the  sun,  are,  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Karth,  Mars,  Jupiter, 
Saturn,  and  llersehel. 

The  following  table  contains  a  view  of  the  magnitude 
nf  the  sun,  and  ihe  planets,  the  distances  of  the  planets 
from  the  sun.  and  the  lime  ivhich  each  employs  in  turn- 
ing round  its  axis,  and  in  moving  round  the  sun. 


n 

0 

(I 
il 
n 
ti 


ni 

ai 

P« 

Sfl 

hi 
la 

th 
re 

V( 

Do 

is 

a:i 

we 

(o 

ve 

ed 

Iti 


if 


^4»(tf... 


riAlMlY. 

!  Solar  System.  It 
Ire  ;  (hat* the  i?nrlli 
tlic  Hiiii,  at  various 
PS  oi'  velitrity  ;  Htiil 
willy  bodicA  roiinil 
itution  of  (lie  eiirdi 

llic  Htm,  the  pInnctH, 

ouiid  the  sun  in  au 

inj*  round  a  plitnet, 

iiifl  (fie  HUii. 

!,  «ome(iineB  called 

he  «un  in  very  ffllip- 

li  which  it  describes 

orbits  by  the  joint 
the  centripetal  force, 
t  acted  alone,  would 
lie  other,  called  the 
vou]A  drive  them  ont 
r'Hystem,  in  infinite 
they  can  do  neither. 
1,  on  account  of  the 
t  of  the  System,  on 
ut  are  compelled  to 

ce  of  light  and  heat, 
em.  It  is  more  than 
th. 

reckoned  seven  plan- 
;  to  their  nearness  tb 
Karth,  Mars,  Jupiter, 

iew  of  the  magnitude 
itances  of  the  planets 
»ach  employs  in  tnrn- 
ound  the  sun. 


ELEMENTS  OP  OEOORAHIV. 


15 


Muu 

IMeroury 

Venus 

Earth 

Mars 

Jupiicr 

Sill  urn 

Ilernuhel 

Muon 

The  li 


(IT), 

$ 


in  niili:>. 


8H3,:2«0 

7,928 
♦,18tt 

8«,iro 

79,0*i 


Mt'»n  ili^tancr.t 
fiam  Ihr  lun 
in  inili'i 


1)0  million, 

flS  do. 

04  do. 

i**  do. 

491   do. 

901  dn. 

1803  do. 

94r  do. 


Kotslion  on 
llii'ir  all). 
'/.      It.    >n 

^0  1 »  OH 

Tim»    of  muviiif 
Tutinii  Oit)  itiiti. 
»      il.    h.    m 

St    0  28 

0    87  23  10 

0  28  22 

0  384  IB  49 

0  28  00 

i        0    0    0 

1  00  89 

1  821  2218 

0     9  06 

It  3101489 

0  10  16 

i9  1«4    7  21 

iinkiiowii. 

83  394    b  39 

29  13  44 

1       0    0    0 

once 
lug 


ih»/T  f'"   ""  *'"'"™''  •"  ll"?  «^'»ve   table   it   annears 

n^^ntlsVwhulX?  .'  r'"'  "  .'-**   •'"">  •'"•^•^  »f  »"«• 
turies.  """Iiel'i  yoar  is  nearly  ouo  of  our  ceu. 

nei^Tn?,,;:*'"'  '.'"«"«'»' «f»''«  planets,  and  being  the 

r»'e  or  111,000  miles  in   an  hour     It  ■<■  aim 
po..d,  that  the  heirt  under  the  equa.o,  „nhi.  p|a„e7?; 
..  gr-at,  that  water  would  contiilualU  boil      iran  i,^ 

it^tiiirto^'r' ••''•""  -"— "  ''-«• 
Venus  i,  n«t  to  M*rciwy.  le  veiy  mnHi  resembles 
the  .ar  h.  It  is  about  (he  same  size,  and  performs  (he 
revolutiwi  oaits  a*i*  i„  aba«t  the  s«««  time.  Ndl  .or 
Venus  nor  Mercury  has  any  moon  ;  of  ctMirse,  a.e*  have 
DO  light  after  smtsel  but  star-light.  ^ 

The  EuHk  is  next  in  order  to  Venus,  As  to  sixe  ii 
"  '"<»»«  middle  of  the  seven  planets,  there  being  3  larUr 
aiid  3  smaller,  t  turns  on  its  axis  on..e  in  24  hours,  frfm 
west  to  east,  which  causes  the  heavenly  bodies  to  appear 

n  .1."'.^'^  '*'  "•*  "•'"'  '•  'Pherical ;  as  is  prov- 
ed bj  the  ft.ct  (hat  many  persons  have  sailed  ronJd  il. 
It  18  not,  however,  a  perfect  sphere  $  but  is  elevated  at 


m 


Id 


KTiKMKNTS  OF  OKO(»U\PIIV. 


(lu-  cinftlor,  uihI  Unttciuil  at  tlio  poli'M.    The  cqimJnrinl 
iliamMt-r  is  longer  lliaii  llio  polar  iliiiiiu'ler  Uy  .n  inilt.'«. 

MiTPiii)  tinil  Vi'iiim  HP'  ottlliil  inferior  plnnetH  iii  rc- 
laliiHi  to  the  ourtli ;  bfcaunc  lliiy  uie  brtJtiv  the  Kurtli  j 
thai  i*  iicurur  to  tlip  «iiu  or  ci-iilreof  llioHv-tcni.  IMum, 
.liHiiliT,MiiHjrii  anil  IKtscIuI  an  t'ulli-.l  s///-  lior  |»lanet», 
liecaii-e  lliey  arc  above  the  earth  5  tlial  is,  (arlher  I'roin 
tliu  centre  ol'  the  *y«tein. 

.1/f.rs  in  the  (*inalleNt  of  the  planets  exeept  Merenrv. 
His  iliiy  14  altoiit  an  lone;  a*  onr*.  l)Ut  his  year  is  nearly 
twiee  as  lont;.     Mnrs  liiiH  no  ni<inn. 

Jniiiti-r  is  by  far  the  largtsl  of  the  planets,  his  hnik  he- 
ini^  nearly  l.^oo  times  ilialolthe  enrtli.  lie  revolves  vtry 
nutiflly  upon  his  axis,  so  that  his  <Iays  are  very  short, 
hein^'  not  cuiite  ten  oTonr  hours;  bnt  his  years  are  very 
Inii'^.  bcin^  nearly  iZ  nf  our  yenrie.  Jupiter  has  four 
miioo*.  These  must  elViiril  a  very  pleasing  speclaele  to 
♦  he  inhabitants,  for  sometimes  they  all  rise  together,  and 
sometimes  they  are  all  together  on  the  meridian,  ranged 
om;  under  another.  The  eelipscs  of  Jupiter's  moons  uro 
cf  !;reat  iine  in  astronomy. 

Stttnrn  is  aliout  JOOO  times  larRer  than  the  earth.  His 
dav  is  only  iO  of  our  hours  ?  but  his  year  is  equal  to 
m  iirly  iio  of  our  years.  Saturn  is  surrounded  by  a  broad 
fin".  This  ring  must  appear  to  the  inhabitants  like  un 
immense  luminous  areli  in  the  heavens.  Besides  tho 
li'ht  *vliit!i  he  reeeives  from  the  sun,  and  Woni  the  rc- 
fleciiou  of  his  ring.  Saturn  is  further  assisted  by  tho 
light  of  seven  moons. 

Jferschel,  the  most  distant  of  the  planets,  was  diseov- 
cred  by  l)r.  Hersche!  in  1781.  In  bulk  it  is  about  80 
times  as  large  as  the  earth  ;  yet,  owing  to  its  immense 
distance,  il  is  but  just  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Its  mo- 
tion louud  the  sun  is  very  slow,  so  that  its  year  is  more 
than  8a  of  our  vears  A  man  would  have  grey  hairs 
long  before  he  was  one  year  old,  if  he  lived  in  Ilerschel. 
Six  moons  have  already  been  discovered  moving  round 
this  planet.  To  an  inhabitant  of  Hersehel,  the  diame- 
ter of  the  sun  appears  only  twice  as  large  as  that  of  the 
planet  Jupiter  does  to  us. 


I 
\ 

n 
I 

11 
n 

e 
a 

P 

tl 
tl 
0 
ti 

ol 
ni 
be 

B{ 

ne 

r 

ul 

pl< 

ar 

lol 
w\ 

▼ei 


lit  A  I'll  V. 

I'M.  The  pqimlorinl 
ineler  liy  .«»  inilo«. 
^eriov  |tlnne(M  in  rc- 
0  brhnr  llie  KhtiIi  ; 
I"  llicHy'eni  IMur», 
li'tl  .s/;/'(  i-iV<r  plttneti, 
liiit  in,  lurtliur  I'ruin 

Bts  excppt  Moreiirv. 
It  lii»  juur  is  iR'ttrly 

pliinclR,  liiHiiiilk  lie- 
h.  IIiTi'viilvcu  vtry 
iliivH  lire  very  short, 
It  liiH  yiM»r«  HTP  very 
.  .Iiipiter  Iiii9  Tour 
(loading  H|)i'claplL'  to 
nil  rlHelo^cllKT,  bikI 
he  nu'ridiitii,  ranged 
r  Ju|M(cr'!tniuoiiiure 

llinn  the  earth.  Hi» 
his  year  i»  equal  to 
iirroiinded  by  ahroad 
c  iiihabiliinlilikeun 
aveiiH.  BeHiden  the 
and  from  the  re- 


in, 


Iher  assisted  by  the 

plane(»,  was  diuoov- 
bulk  it  i"*  about  80 
uwing  to  its  iinnieiise 
I  naked  eye.  Its  ino- 
(liat  its  year  is  mora 
jld  have  qrey  haira 
he  lived  in  Ilerschel. 
ivered  moving  round 
tiersehel,  the  diame- 
is  large  as  that  of  the 


ELEMENTS  OF  OKOdRAPIIV.  n 

^MtUeH.]  Tht-reare  m«atellite»in  llip  Hol,»r8v«. 
'cm.  1  he  Kardi  has  om»,  called  tlu-.Mmn  :  Junilei,  » : 
«atiiru,  7;  and  Hemchel,  n.  ' 

The  Mounit  murh  nearer  In  the  earth  than  any  of  the 


SO  thai,  Mi.h  the  heh,  of  (he  teleJeope,'  ju  moun'lains  can 

he  dutingumhcd.     The  earl'    ■-  -'     ■  - 

than  the  moon  in  bulk. 


_ .  'I'"  ^  ■•T  ■■■i.uiMniiiB  vnn 

rth  it  about  Ou   times  larger 


I  h.  moon  and  planets  do  not  shine  with  their  own 

h'A  'f'!*!.  '"*"  ""  *]"■''  "8''t  ♦■'•'""  tl«e  •"".  Only  one 
hall  of  the  moon,  »r  of  any  of  the  planets  can  be  ilfurai- 

IT^L"'  I*".™''  *"•'  '»;eillnnm.ated  half  must  airy, 
be  that  tvhich  „  i,»ward.  (he  sun.     When  the  sun  and 

^^.Ti'T/T:""  '"'""f  •''•'  e"»^  the  whole  illu 

earth,  and  it  »  full  moon  }  hut  wliin  the  sun  and  moon 
are  on  the  same  Hide  of  the  earth,  (he  dark  halfi.thel 
presented  toward,  the  earth,  and  it  is  ,1^,0  moZ 

tWr«Hl/'*'i     i"""  'T"  '•"*•"*"'  *•>  it- entering  into 

the  ear  h's  shadow.     It  can  never  happen  except  whea 

he  oarlh  ..  d.reetly  in  a  line  between  the  sun  aid  moon 

JJiHf ;?;;:  r "  '^•'  "^^^'  "^  -"^'^^  "-p*  - «"» 

An  eclipse  of  the  sun,  is  caused  by  (he  interposition 
of  the  moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun.  It  caJ 
never  happen  e«ept  when  the  n,.M.n  is  directly  in  •  liJe 
between  tW  earth  and  (he  sun.  Of  course  tife  sul  c2 
never  be  echoed  except  at  the  time  ofnewZn  " 

i  he  very  hour  and  minute  when  aa  eclipse  is  to  han 
pen,  can   be  accurately   calculated  yearlbefo  ^ha^d 
1  h.s  shows  the  wonderful  regularity  and  exactness  with 
uh.eh  the  lipave,, ly  bodies  perform  their  reJouTnnr 

JlsUroijU]     There  are  four  asteroids,  or  t"  lesconic 
planets,  CVm,  P«//a.s,  ,/«»o,  and   Ve,ta      Their  orb  U 

Comets]     The  number  of  Comets  belunKii*  („  ,he 
0  ar  system  ..  unknown.     In  tsti,  the  iH.mfer  of  tho^ 
whose  elements  had  been  eal-ulated  was  103. 

^erse,  with  prodigious  velocity,  approach  very  near  to 
*he  SUB,  oad  then  ay  ofFwith  cquil'  rapidity/aii  frl! 


i 


4^^ 


I 


Ill 


i:i.i:mI';nth  or  fsKOiiHAPiiY. 


i 


t|uvnlly  <lo  nut  rvliirn  itgain  till  after  llic  Upin  (tt'crntii* 
riet.  Momfiiiiu'K  llii'jr  n|i|ieiir  hrigiit  niiil  rnunil.  «omp- 
tiineM  wild  liiTy  (uil'4,  aixl  lomt'limi'*  vmiiling  lirniii*  on 
nil  *iilf»  like  iiitir.  i'licNC  liln/iiiK  Ixiilic*  rn')|iicit(ly 
CKUH  llio  nrbit*  of  llir  plumlit,  niitl  it  i»  liy  iin  iihuiih  iiii- 
pnvtililc,  tliut  m  mine  ftiliiru  day,  ii  romet  in  it»  fiiriuus 
coiirite  niiiy  mrike  Hgnintt  our  tin  III  nnti  <lu«li  il  In  |iiei'eH. 
FiKKU  Hi'AHv]  'riioRv  ittari  wliieli  rtlvvnyv  u|t|MMirin 
(lie  name  niluulinn  willi  rcii|ie«M  lu  chpIi  oilier  are  eallrtl 
jS.iW  itlttrn.  They  ure  eiwily  «li»liiigui»he(l  from  llie 
|»luni'U  by  llieir  Mvinklin^. 

The  uuutbfr  of  the  futtl  Rtnri  in  not  knoMn.  About 
3000  arc  viiiblu  In  I  he  nuked  eye  ;  but  by  the  liel|t  of  a 
teleaeope  wr  can  diiteovcr  niuny  million*,  ami  the  num- 
her  coiuinnnlly  iucreuReit  in  prnporlion  to  the  ma(i(nify- 
in^  pitwer  of  the  lelcfii'iipe,  to  (hut  il  ii  im|io«iible  to  icl 
nnv  limiuin  the  number. 

The  ilUtfince  of  the  fixed  itarti  from  our  earth  ii  im- 
meninrablo  luid  uhnont  inronceivnble.  A  cannon  bull, 
moving  at  the  rale  of  Aoo  milett  an  hour,  would  not 
reach  the  neaieHt  nf  Ihem  in  iieven  hundred  ihouHand 
yeart.  If  the  earth,  whieh  moves  round  (lie  nun  at  ihe 
rate  of  a  million  and  a  half  mileii  a  day,  were  In  fly 
louardH  the  fixed  ttari  with  the  Nunie  veloeity,  it  would 
not  reach  the  nearcul  nt>'lhein,  after  taking  all  the  ttmo 
which  has  elapsed  since  the  creation  of  the  world. 

The  magniltaU  of  the  fixed  slurs  is  unknown.  8nmc 
probably  are  much  larger  than  others.  Hut  all  of  them 
must  be  many  thousand  times largerthan  theearih,nr  we 
fchould  be  unable  to  see  them  at  sueb  nn  immense  distance. 
The  magnilude  of  the  fixed  slurs,  and  the  circum- 
stance that  they  shine  by  their  own  light,  give  reasoir 
to  suppose,  that  they  are  all  suns  to  other  worlds,  and 
that  each  one  of  them,  like  our  sun,  is  encompassed  by 
a  complete  sycteni  of  planets.  There  is  reason  to  be- 
lieve loo,  that  nil  these  innumerable  worlds  are  inhab- 
ited by  living,  intelligent  beings.  IIow  wonderl'ui  are 
the  works  of  God  ! 

Compared  with  this  universe  of  stars  and  worlds,  our 
sun  and  nil  (be  planets  llint  move  around  him  arc  us 
Qutbing.  To  au  inhabitant  ot'iiuy  of  these  distant  wur!(l« 


u 

II 


If 

Pi 

tu 

in 
ac 

pii 
lei 
th 
ca 
eu 

tw 

5r( 


MAPHV. 

Ilio  Upie  of  crntii' 

I  mill  rnunil.  Huinp- 
l>lniltil•^  lii'iiin*  on 

^  lioilic*  fn'i|iifiitly 
i*  liy  iin  tiHiiiin  iin- 
'omet  in  it»  I'liriuut 
itl  ilutli  il  lo  iiiocm. 
Ii  Hlun}»  u|)|MMirin 
rli  ollivr  lire  fullrd 
iigiiiNhed  rroni  (lie 

Mil  knoMn.  About 
ul  \ty  the  lielp  of  a 
ioMK,  aMil  tliir  num- 
oil  lo  (lie  mH{i(iiifjr- 
il  iin|ioiiilile  (o  ict 

Dm  our  rnrlh  ii  im- 
le.  A  ciiniiun  bull, 
in  hour,  woiilil  not 

II  hnndrtd  lliouHand 
iiund  I  he  nun  at  I  he 
n  day,  were  Jo  fly 
le  velority,  it  would 

tukin^  all  the  ttnio 
I  ol'  the  world. 
i«  unknown.  8omc 
s.  Hut  all  of  them 
hnn  thp  carl h,  or  we 
inininieniediMlaiice. 
»,  and  the  cironm- 
light,  give  reanoiF 
0  other  worldn,  nnd 
>  i«  cncompaitited  by 
ere  in  reaaon  to  be- 
e  worldx  arc  iiiliub- 
low  wonder I'ul   are 

an  and  wnrldn.  our 
e  around  him  are  as 
these  distant  nur!(l<: 


em:mknt.s  of  ok()(jhai»iiv.         tt 

oiir.un  aimeaiN  no  bi^^rrlhan  a  little  ^l•n.n...rln»  »(«r  , 
and  the  planet.  j»re   t„o  .,„.,||  |„  l.„  nl;,,  .„  .UJ.'^    •,  ,„! 

»i.r?»  .'.?•  Vh  T    '  'i**'  •'  """""•  ''"  •••'■"  -» ••"  •■^"'»  '•'"")• 
tl     ...  ^''""  ">■"•"'"•     "■  "  *"*'^"  '"  '•••  "'^"'•1'  "Mt 

hab„„,„„|  j„.   ,,r,  j^.,,,,,,,^  „^  Il..,„.bel.     U  HI  may 

of  t'hv  llaMi      .1    '""  ""  '""r'"'  "•••  '""—«'  ""•  -  "^ 
ordained,  what  M  „„.„  ,|,hi  ,!,„„  art  niindlul  ol  him  !» 
A    comtelltttio,,  i.  »  group  or  eolleehon  of  mveral 
ne.«. boring  ,t«r.   and  derived  i„  n.,..e  eomnH.  ilj  f  !„ 

lemble!""'      ""■  ""'"  "'''^'■*''  ^ '''"''  ''  "  *moJ\o  re" 
'ihe  ^^fl/rt.,//  or  milkt  way  \%  a  broad  circle   in  il.* 

f.':i"",;;i''„"  ;'"'•  ?,r  '"'•'  "h-™"".  -1  .lAil:: 
.umr:.';;:,;?;,.  .rV/r/iurr:. """"-' '» 

OLOUES. 
iiie  i^uitre.     A  ftemis/iherc  i»  a  half  globe. 

I  he  ce/.«//a/  globe  exhibit,  a  picture  of  (he  fixed  «(ar. 

f.r^fl<  j.rcl.g  are  tho^e  which  divide  the  clobe  into 
Mvo  eijual  parts.     The  .,;„„/„,  ^r  ey«/L/  '/,^|  I  AoH 


f 


01,' 


i 


to  ELKMKNTH  OK  GKOOUAPIIV. 

Ll»»  eirclet  •r«r  llio»e  whiili  divid*  llifl  k'"***"  •"'"  '**'* 
unr<|ual  imru.  Tim  two  Impicn  anil  the  twti  polar  ctr- 
cIm  are  I«m  cirrl««. 

Evtry  eirclt*  U  diviiUil  inlo  aAO  rqiml  pkrls  eikllfil 
dtgrn*!  caeli  dfi(n>e  it  dividid  inlo  flo  minule*  t  mid 
•acli  minute  into  «0  nrcomU.  Thry  aro  m«rk<pd  lltu* 
»J"  iM  att"  »  that  it,  ^4  dfKrctMi,  11  ininntr*,  and  a« 
Neond*. 

Tlii«  f</i«i/or  in  an  imaginary  ^rea«  cirfl«>  paMnig 
round  iho  earlh  from  aaat  to  wMt  at  rinht  aii«l««  with 
iU  aii*.  It  i«  «qoidiitant  from  thn  polr»,  and  divide* 
lb«  fartli  into  northnn  and  tuuthtrn  h»miiplt«rri. 

^/rii(/»an«  are  imaKinary  gnat  circle*  pawing  through 
the  uolei  of  the  earth  and  culling  the  r.|ualor  at  right 
angUa.  The  meridian  of  any  plaee  it  the  meridiiin 
that  cHlt  (he  harixon  of  that  plaee  iu  the  north  and 
■oulh  point*.  The  Jlnt  wuvidtan  i«  that  from  whicb 
longitudu  i*  reckoned.  U  divide*  the  equator  into  two 
equal  part*  of  1  HO- ea«h.  _ 

On  the  arlificiul  globe  the  meridian  i*  repre»cntcd  by 
K  brazen  circle.  'I'hi*  eireic  i*  divided  inlo  four  equal 
nnrl*,  of  tto"  eaeh,  two  numbered  from  the  cquatoi  to 
the  pole*,  and  two  from  the  pole*  to  the  equator.  The 
graduated  tide  of  thi*  braron  eirele  *erve»  h*  a  meridian 
for  any  point  on  the  *urface  of  the  earlh,  the  globe  be- 
ing turned  about  till  that  point  come*  under  it. 

There  are  drawn  on  the  artificial  globe  i'i  meridian*, 
which  divide  it  into  34  equal  part*,  eueh  containing  1ft", 
being  the  distance  which  the  earth  movi*  in  one  hour  in 
it*  daily  revolution  ;  (o  that  tho*«  who  live  a*  far  ea*t 
or  we*t  of  eaeh  other,  a*  from  one  of  llie*e  line*  to  an- 
other,  have  a  difference  of  one  hour  in  time. 

The  hjrixon  i»  either  s$nsil)lt>  or  real.  The  artifim 
horizon  i»  the  «mall  eirele  which  limit*  our  pro«peet 
where  the  sky  and  land  or  water  *eem  to  meet.  The 
rtal  horizon  i*  a  great  circle,  parallel  to  the  former, 
which  divide*  the  earth  into  upper  and  lower  bemi*- 
phere*. 

Tito  horiaon  i*  divided  inlo  four  equal  part*,  or  90" 
eaeh,  by  th«  fo«r  eardinai  point*,  £ust,  IVest,  JVbrfA. 
»od  Suvih. 


a 
li 

I' 

t< 

ei 
li 

ei 

r< 
li 
II 
d 

PI 

III 
In 
ei 

to 

(h 

he 

of 

Ih 
1 

2 
a 

4 

0 

tf. 

7, 

8 

V 

10 

11 

i2. 


tAPIIV. 

tli«  n\a\>e  inl»  ivftt 
ihe  twu  polar  cir- 

qiml  imrU,  e»lU<l 

r  «r«  markrtl  iltui 
»  luintilrtt  KUil  A* 

•»l  fireli*  ptoiiig 
ri^lit  khkU*  with 
|i(>lir«,  kimI  (iivitle* 
i«>nii*pli«rri. 
I«(  pntiiii^  tlirougU 
le  ri|uiilor  kI  riKht 
ir  it  (III*  ineriiliitn 
>  iu  (he  Durth  niid 
t  tliut  from  wliicb 
lie  cquntor  into  (mo 

,n  it  rrprrienied  by 
(led  into  Tour  rqnal 
'rom  llif  cquatoj  (o 
(he  ci|iia(ur.  The 
lervet  ur  a  mrridian 
tar(h,  I  be  globe  bc- 
•  untl4*r  it. 
i^lulie  14  mpridianii, 
uch  (unlaiiiiiig  lA", 
lovi'i  in  one  hour  in 
tlio  live  a«  far  ea*t 
if  (heie  liuei  (o  an* 
in  (imr. 

rrnl.  The  sentihle 
liniilR  our  proaueel 
leim  (0  mefl.  The 
kllel  tu  (he  former, 
r  and  lower  bemit- 

eqiial  parti,  of  90' 
JEust,  IVesI,  JV\>rth. 


LI.KMKNTM  UF  UKO«|{M>li\.  ',>| 

On  (heartiflpinl  afoh.-  Iho  hnrixon  1%  ii|irp«entp<t  l.y 
a  brrmi,  Jf„l,  u,m<l,i,  rif.  I,.,  h  „  r,„Miii„i,|y  .jiviilni 
im..  ;i  |i,irl«.  'Ihe  iiincriiiool  i.  niurkiil  miiIi  nil  (ht 
poiiKt  »r  ihi-  rMm|iii«»  (  ihi'  Ml  \l  uiih  ihf  niiiiHu.  rliiirm-. 
liT«,  iiiiil  11^„|.•,  1,1  ihf  lui-JM'  Ki^n*  I  anil  iho  (hinl  i«  « 
fMliiKliir  i.r  iiiiiiiilia  mill  iluifi,  ciirni.|.oinlintf  tw(h  (ho 
(Hi'Ui*  aiifiN.  '  ° 

Thi-  poinf  of  the  hiuvrii,  iliriMtly  our  our  hiuiU  14 
ciilli.l  i|,i'  ^f)(j^/  ;  iiinl  tlif  oppoiii.*  noiiii  or  (hat  ili. 
rcfiiy  iii.ilcr  uiir  iVvi  in  culltil  lhi>  J\)iil,,'.  Thi-  nlrniuht 
lin?  I'niii.iTiiim  ihi'«<*  ««..,  piiMP*  (hroiiKh  the  ceiitri.  of 
ihf  I.Mri/..,ii  luiil  i.  «all.  .1  ii<  H«i*.  '1 1,1.  ^,,„i,|,  „,„!  „„. 
Uir  ..I  iii.>  pliai'.  ihiTrlnre,  urn  the  pole*  ..f  in  hon/oii. 

I  III-  eclijitic  U  an  iinUKinHry  gnat  rin-lr  in  the  hinv. 
en*,  ill  th^  piano  ol*  whii-h  ihe  i-arih  piiform.  hir  nn. 
mm!  r.*,,  iiiir.n  lonnil  Ih.-  mm.  Ii  !•  calle.l  the  ecliplio 
hfcatin.  nil  n-lip„*  hnpiini  uhin  (he  tun,  moon,  and 
earili  are    ii  itn*  p||iiM>  ohhin  ciiili*. 

'nic  icliplii-  it  drawn  on  thuartiUiinl  i(lolie  ohlieniily 
lo  the  cnnalor,  and  niaki'i  «vi(h  it  an  annio  of  .'.»•  Jh'. 

lUv  iwilvfHi^ins  are  ih^  (.ininal  parit  into  whicll 
tin-  ecliptic  i«  iliviilid,  each  coiiM^iinif  of  du". 

I  he  if«/iVi.- i»  u  liioad  circular  npacc  or  hilt  in  llio 
hcavcuH,  10"  |,r,„„|,  ..xiindinij  s"  on  iMu-h  .ide  of  the 

•  clipiic,  and  conlaiiii  the  iv{  coimn-Hationt,  or  eluntira 
ol  -lam  whith  arc  called  the  til  ti^n*. 

The  namcii  and  ehaiactirt  of  die  twelve  «i^n■  and 

•  tie  linie  oi  the  tun't  entcrinaf  Iheni  are  at  I'ullowt. 

Latin. 
i.  Arit't 
2,    Taurut 


H.  (leinini 
4.  ('auccr 

0.    I. CO 

Virsfo 
fiilira 
Hcorpio 


Ktintisti, 
The  Hant 
Tl^e  iinll 
The  Twint 
The  Crab 
The  I, inn 
The  Virgin 
The  Scale. 
Thi'  Ncorpioii 


0. 
7. 
H. 
»    Hagiiiariuii    The  Arclur 

10.  rapricomus  The  (inat 

11.  Aqiioriu<(       i'lic  Wnicrnian 
i2.  PiiCL't  The  Fithct 


Vharavtev 

s.       Timt. 

00 

March  'M\\\ 

S 

April  .'01  h 

n 

May  3l8t 

UB 

June  ijltt 

U 

July  ;^ad 

"R 

An^imt  ^.3d 

tCa 

Hcplf  mhcr  2dd 

"I 

Oi'lobcr  rnX 

/ 

November  iiA 

vs 

December  iiA 

an    s: 

Jaiinaiy  ^(ith 

X 

FVbruary  tuiU 

It  iftmiRNrM  OK  (iKCHillM'MV. 

Tht  Aral  lii  irt  «tH«a  narthtrtt  »igiM|  ih«  ImI  >Ii 

HOMlArril. 

Til*  i»/Mrf  ^  '  r»  {*9  tWeUu  one  pMtlni^  lhrniii(h  tli* 
fquinoriiNl  |i.  inl«,  Arir*  miil  Libra,  miil  mlUtl  lli« 
•yuimWio/  ruluif  (  .hroiliff  |iii««iiiif  (hruii^li  lh«  •«l»h. 
tial  imiiiii.  C'kiirrr  antl  ('•(irirorn,  «n<l  rnllrtl  lit*  *»/. 
•fltio/  iolurt.-m'lUt  tMu  culurv«  «r«>  ttruwu  only  on  lli« 
rpUtlinl  i<lnhi>. 

'I'lirt  Intpicn  nrf  lw«  /I'M  plr»l»t,  ilrtiwn  pnrnllcl  li» 
llic  cfiiiiiior  ut  ihn  ilw»i»nf««  iif  J.»'  JH' »  tini*  north  iif  Ilia 
9i\»iitnr,em\Ui\  ihr  tmiiii'  of  Cunnr  i  tli«^  otlivr  loulh, 
••lli'ii  I  Ik*  tmpir  nf  Vaprlforn. 

Tli«  poUnr  rirrlei  art  (wn  /«»  ei)fl»t  ileiprihixi  roiinil 
Iht  nniM  at  llir  ilit<an«e  of  iJt'  ift'i  thai  nrniinfi  ilia 
Ronli  |iol«  i«  rnllfil  Ihe  aretk  fircU  |  that  aruiiniJ  tk« 
■oiith  piili<,  Ihp  utUnrtlii-  rirrle. 

JiS<>iMr»  «ri>  .ha  <)ivi«iiiri«  o(  (he  rarlh'a  iiirriter,  furm^ 
hy  ihi'  trii|Hi-i  niiil  polnr  e'trthn.  Thrri"  are  H»a  r.nnv  | 
•n*  torrid,  two  hmtttrnh,  aiul  <iro  frigid  xiin«>«. 

The  lorrM  xntiv  la  thai  part  nf  thr  vaith's  «urfitra  iii< 
oliiilvil  belwrrii  (hi*  two  lropii>»|  the  tprnprralp  r-nnt*  ara 
iiirliiih-il  brlwfrn  thr  tropica  an<l  tha  p  ilar  rirrlc*  {  and 
the  t'riffid  zona*.  hHtvern  thc<  \wUt  riroira  ami  liic  polea. 

In  avcrv  part  of  the  torrid  xanr  the  inn  i«  vrrlia»l» 
•r  dirprlly  ovrr  thr  heaila  of  Ilia  inh.«bilanti»,  l«iioa 
every  jear,  and  the  duja  and  nighia  are  ulwi^ya  oaarly 
t«|ttul. 

In  ihrtvmparatoznnaatha  aun  ia  n«i^«r  vt-rliaal,  b»l 
rioi-1  and  M-ta  evi-ry  Ui  Itaura.  'the  da)*  and  uitfhta  are 
un«(|unl,  an:l  their  iiivi|iialily  inrrvaaea  aa  yon  approach 
till*  p<il<>«. 

In  the  rritfid  /nnea,  tho  inn  never  aelt  fur  a  certain 
linmber  or«lKy«  in  auinmer.  aihI  nvver  riiea  fur  an  «i|nal 
num'"»r  in  winter.  At  the  polea  the  aun  ia  «  nionlba 
abnva,  and  e  mnniha  below  the  koriMU  t  of  cnurae  he 
ria«a  only  onee  in  a  year. 

The  iwhiibitnnia  of  the  different  zoih'I  rnnv  be  ditliu- 
guiiilied  bv  the  direction  in  whieh  iheir  shaauwa  fall  at 
tiuun. — Thone  who  inhabit  the  torrid  /.one,  have  their 
ahadowa  one  part  of  the  year  north,  and  the  reat  of  the 
year  aoulb  uf  them  at  noon  daj  )  but  when  the  lun  U 


v< 

•) 

f» 
i» 
(u 

Wi 

ni 
th 

loi 
lU 

•r 

ia 

mi 
ef| 

•I" 
un 

he 

aoi 
ni^ 
wi 

«at 
ha 

e«t 

nei] 
ter 

J 
•iti 
are 
oni 
oni^ 
wh 
wit 

'I 
div 


U.\I»IIV. 

•igMf  iM  ImI  ill 

a,  iitiil   mllvU  ill* 

ihruii^li  III*  •oitii* 

Mill  rnllril  ill*  »nl' 

ttruwu  only  aii  iIiw 

ilmwii  pnralli*!  In 

'  \  tini'  iiorili  iif  III* 

/  lliiF  otlitrr  lAulh, 

iftiliraerihtil  rniintl 
'l  Ihiil  nrniind  ilia 
1 1  tlikt  around  lh« 

li't  iiirriter,  foriiM^ 
ii>r«*  arr  Hv«  /.oiir*  ) 
rigid  xnnvt. 
p  vaith'a  «urfitr«  in* 
trmprritli*  r,nnrn  are 
pilar  rirrli'*  (  and 
mlm  ami  liic  polei. 
Ihe  inn  i*  vrrlital^ 
inh.«bilanl*,  Iwiea 
I  arc  alwiijt  Dearly 

nfli^fr  vi-rtical,  but 
da}*  ami  ui|{liU  are 
ie«  a«  jiiii  ttppruacli 

r  ■«(•  fur  a  tcrtiUn 
>r  riiM  fur  an  «<|iial 
ihe  HUD  in  A  muiillit 
lisau)  of  cnurav  lie 

;oiM>i  tiiftv  be  diiliu- 
irir  shaJuHH  fall  at 
d  /.one,  liuvL-  llicir 
and  Ihe  ri'iil  «f  llie 
ui  when  (be  lun  is 


riK<IOHAI*liV. 


8J 


varlUal,   v%||iHi     is  iwktt  «ver*  year,    th«y  liav«  too 

•I'lidnM  al  noiiii. 

Ill  ilir  Irmperale  /Mnr*  ilic  iihadnMi  a(  nrnti  always 
full  on.'  way  ,  in  lb<<  nurll.,  rn  Uinp«r»l«  ann*  lliryal. 
««y»  fall  loivardt  ilic  H„rib,  «nd  in  lb*  tuulhtirM  alwaw 
liMtariU  Ihe  •iiiiih. 

In  (ho  frii^id  XIMII4  (he  <iuii  for*l»  mon(h«  mavea  rniinif 
widioiil  itliinif,  and  ih«  *liadot«s  are  m  every  si4  hour* 
nl  thai  period,  iuceeuiv«|y  «ai(  luwarda  e»er»  point  of 
(he  hori/on. 

i'hr  tatitu'l*'  of  a  place  ia  iu  di«lanee  from  Ihe  equa- 

or  mea»iir.d  in  de^nea  on  (lie  meridian.     If  Ihe  pinee 

Ilea  norlh  of  Ihe  eipialor.  it  ia  in  north  laiihide  s  if  aonih 

•f  Ihe  equal  m,  in  ,ou»K  Uiie^de.     A  paralhl  of  laliludt 

ia  any  /m«  circle  parallel  wiiti  ihe  equator. 

The  luHgiUide  of  a  place  i  i  it,  di.ianre  from  Ihe  hrat 
mendiaa.eiihir  ea.l  or  we.t,  rerkoned  in  degree*  on  (ho 
aqiialor.     It  can  never  eiceeil  tdo*. 

The  lahabitanl*  of  ihe  earth  are  anmedmea  dialin. 
PIMuhed  afleording  lo  (he  several  meridian,  and  parallela 
under  which  (bey  live. 

t  Thoae  who  live  in  (he  aame  lalilude,  and  aama 
hemiaphere,  but  under  oppnaile  meridiana  —Their  sea- 
aona  are  (he  aume,  aa  aNo  ih.   lenslh  of  their  daya  and 

"'TiI'V  •'I'*''"'  •»  »•  •"•JJa.V  wiUi  one,   it  i.  midnight 
M'ltb  (he  other.  '^ 

a.  Those  who  live  in  Ihe  same  lalilude,  and  under  the 
same  meridian,  but  iu  oppn^iie  himisphirea.  Thiac 
have  noon  and  midniKhl  at  the  anme  time  ,  but  the  lonij. 
eat  day  with  the  one  i*  the  ahorteat  with  the  other  j  coii- 
nequeiitly  when  it  is  midsummer  with  one  it  is  midwin- 
ter with  the  other. 

a.  Those  who  live  In  (he  same  latitude,  but  in  opno- 
Sllu  hemiapherea,  and  under  oppnaile  meridians.  Theao 
are  called  Anlin'o-de*.  When  it  is  mid-diiy  with  the 
one  It  IS  midn^ht  with  tde  other;  the  longest  day  uiili 
one  IS  the  shorlisl  with  the  other  |  and  conaequenily. 
when  It  la  midaumnier  with  (he  one,  it  ia  midwinter 
with  Inn  nther. 

The  Aour  drf/M  are  dcacribcd  round  the  poFoa,  and 
divided  luto  H  hours.     Th^.y  are  aoinelimes  represented 


«1 


ft 


ELEMENTS  OF  OEOHHAIMIY. 


by  a  brazen  circle  attacluMl  (n  lli(>  meridian,  ami  ionie« 
tiniCH  «le«crilied  on  the  f^lolte  iUfl'*. 

Tlie  quadrant  of  aUitude  is  a  lliin  ttlip  of  bras*,  divid- 
ed into  ui)°  corrc»|ioiidiiii;  cxnclly  in  extent  ^vilb  (bosn 
on  th»  equator.  It  isi  used  to  nicHiiiurc  (lie  distance  of 
one  place  from  auothcr. 

Thf  fnllowing  Prnhbms,,  may  easilif  he  solved  with  a 
terrestrial  globe  furnished  with  the  proper  apparatus. 

Problem  I.  To  find  the  latitude  of  any  place. 

Bring  tlie  given  ])1ace  to  ilie  graduated  edge  of  l!ic 
bru/en  Dieridinn ;  and  (he  degree  imniedia(ely  over  it, 
on  the  meri<!iun  is  (he  la(i(ude ;  if  the  pJace  is  north  of 
(lie  equator  it  in  north  latitude;  if  south  uf  the  equator 
it  is  south  latitude. 

Thu«  Fhi'.ultlphia-is  in  about  40  degrees  north  lati- 
tude; and  Cape  Horn  in  about  3t>  .d-grecs  Kouth  latitude. 

What  is  (he  latitude  of  Boston  f  of  New-York  ?  of 
YVasiiington  ?  of  London  ?  uf  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  P 

Problem  11.  To  find  the  longitude  of  any  place. 

Bring  the  place  to  the  brazen  meridian,  and  the  de- 
gree on  the  equator  under  the  meridun  shews  (he  lungi- 
(udi'  from  Loiiilon. 

Tims  (he  lr>ii£;iiude  of  Boston  is  71  degrees  west ;  of 
Paris  iibout  2  (jegreus  east. 

Wl.ut  is  (lie  lim^iiude  of  Quebec  ?  of  Jerusalem  ?  of 
Gibraltar  .'  of  Lisbon  ?  of  Madras  ? 


Ifl 


Prob 


LEM 


IIL 


To  find  any  place  whose  longitude  and 
latitude  are  given. 
Find  (he  longitude  on  the  equator  and  bring  it  U»  (he 
meridian;  then  find  the  latitude  on  the  meridiaii,  and 
under  it  is  the  place  Koui^ht. 

Thus,  (he  place  whose  longitude  is  nearly  yi"  west 
and  whose  latitude  is  4^°  23'  north,  is  Boston  ;  and  the 
jilncp  whose  loni^ifude  is  18.';  east  and  wliose  latitude  is 
Si  soulli,  is  the  (Jape  of  Good  Hope. 


to 
if 
l! 


it) 
m 
tv 
T 

cu 

Pl 


ov 

P' 

Ti 

mi 

be 
un 

Pi 


mc 
ho 
is  I 
po 


mAriiY. 

neridian,  and  lonie* 

ttlip  orbraM4,  divid- 
n  fxleiit  willi  llioso 
sure  (he  diitlanee  of 

'll  he  solved  with  a 
'  proper  apyarntus. 

le  of  any  place. 

raduated  edge  of  (!ie 
immediately  over  it, 
tlie  (liace  is  north  of 
south  of  the  equator 

)  degrees  north  lati- 
■grecH  Kouth  latitude. 
i  of  New-York?  of 
;ape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

iude  of  any  place. 

leridian,  and  the  de- 
dun  shews  (he  iungi- 

71  degrees  west  j  of 

f  ?  of  Jerusalem  ?  of 

s? 

whose,  longitude  and 

H. 

or  and  bring  it  Ut  the 
>n  the  meridiaii,  and 

lie  is  nearly  71°  west 
I,  is  Udstun  ;  and  the 
niid  wlmsc  lalitiidu  is 

1)C. 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOORAPHY. 


What  places  are    those  which    have  the   following 
longitudes  and  latitudes  ? 

Long,    fl  W.  Lat.  in   S. 

31 


liong.  13}  K.  Lat.  ai  N. 


Long,  30  E.  Lat.  31  N.  |  Loug.  18   E.  Lat.  •»  N. 

Phoblem  IV.  To  find  the  difference  of  latitude  between 
two  plucen. 
If  the  places  are  both  on  the  same  side  of  the  equa- 
tor, subtract  the  latitude  of  one  from  that  of  the  other; 
if  on  opposite  sides  add  the  latitude  of  one  to  that  of 
the  oth«  r. 

PnoBLEM  V.  To  find  the  difference  in  longitude  between 
two  places. 
Bring  one  of  the  places  to  the  meridian,  and  mark 
its  longitude  on  the  equator;  then  bring  theotherlo  the 
meridian,  and  the  number  of  degrees  on  the  equator  be- 
tween its  longitude  and  (he  first  mark  is  the  difference. 
Thus  the  difference  of  longitude  between  Boston  and 
Meiico  is  18".  What  is  (he  difference  of  longitude  be- 
tween Bosfan  and  Dublin? — between  Paris  and  Cal- 
cutta  ? 

Problem  VL  To  find  the  distance  of  any  two  given 
places  on  the  globe. 
Lay  the  graduated  edge  of  the  q.^adrant  of  altitude 
over  both  places,  and  the  degrees  Lefveen  them,  multi- 
plied by  6Ui  will  give  the  distance  in  English  miles. 
Thus  the  distance  between  London  and  Jamaica  is  470o 
miles. 

What  is  Iha  distance  between  Boston  and  London  ? 
between  Calcutta  and  Cape  Horn  ?  between  Cape  Horn 
and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope? 

PaoBLEM  Vn.  The  hour  at  any  place  being  given,  to 
find  what  hour  it  is  at  any  other  place. 
Bring  the  place  where  the  hour  is  given  (o  the 
meridian,  and  set  the  index  of  the  hour  circle  to  that 
hour;  then  turn  the  globe  till  the  place  where  the  hour 
is  required  eomes  under  the  meridian,  and  the  index  will 
point  to  the  hour  at  that  place. 


m 


It 


ELEMENTS  OP  GEOGRAPHY. 


Or  St  iHKy  tic  founil  hy  caieuUtion  thus  :  Find  the  dif- 
fercnee  of  longitude  between  the  two  plaees  aeeording  lo 
Problem  V.  and  «et  it  down.  Multiply  the  number  of 
de^reev  in  ihix  difference  by  4  and  it  will  give  you  the 
difference  of  time  between  the  two  place*  in  minuter ; 
whinh  may  be  reduced  to  hours  by  dividing  tlie  minulea 
by  CO.  It' the  place  where  the  hour  is  required  lies  east 
»t'  the  other,  the  time  will  he  later  by  the  difference  ;  if 
U>est,  it  will  be  earlier  by  the  difference.*— Thus  suppose 
tbiit  it  is  1^  o'clock  at  liondon,  and  it  is  required  to 
find  the  hour  at  a  place  19  degrees  west  of  London. 
The  dilference  of  longitude  is  13  decrees,  which  reduced 
to  minutes  gives  «0  minutes,  or  1  hour,  fur  the  differ- 
ence.  of  time  between  the  two  places.  The  place  being 
west,  of  I<oiid«,n  the  time  i«  earlier  than  at  London  by 
«ae  hour ;  that  is',  when  it  is  12  o'clock  at  Londoa  it  i« 
11  at  the  place  wliere  the  hour  is  required. 

When  it  is  8  o'clock  at  Boston  what  is  the  time  at 
liondon,  Dublin,  Mexico  and  Lisbon  i 

When  it  is  midnight  at  London,  what  is  the  time 
at  Boston,  DuWia,  Lisbon  and  Meiie«  ? 


MAPS. 


» 
il 

S 
ii 

it 
tc 

ai 
•I 
dt 

fi| 
ai 

in 


A  map  is  a  representation  of  the  earth's  aurfaee,  or 
tone  part  of  it  on  a  plane. 

The  tiu)  of  a  map  is  north  }  the  bottom  is  south ; 
the  right  hand  side  is  east,  and  the  lei^  kand  west. 

*  The  reason  of  this  rule  will  be  obvious  from  a  little  reflection. 
It  is  noon  at  any  place  when  tite  Sun  comes  to  the  meridian  of  that 
place.  Now  every  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  revolves  once 
round  the  axis  of  the  earth  that  is  360  degrees,  every  24  hours, 
wliich  make  15  degrees  every  hour  or  1  degree  every  4  minutes. 
Of  course,  if  the  difference  of  longitude  between  two  places  is  1 
degree,  that  is,  if  the  meridians  of  the  two  places  are  1  degree 
aiMrt  the  Sun  will  come  to  the  meridian  of  one  4  minutes  before  it 
will  cume  to  that  of  the  other,  and  of  course  it  will  be  noon  at  one 

filace  4  minutes  before  it  is  at  the  other ;  ami  if  the  difference  of 
ongitudi)  is  15  degrees  it  will  for  the  same  reason  be  nonn  at  one 
I-lace  one  hour  before  it  is  at  the  other  j  if  the  difierence  is  30  de- 
grees, 3  hours,  &c. 


eoi 

90 

th< 

isti 

tin 
the 
suh 
int< 

2 

dL 


GRAPIIY. 

I  thus:  Find  the  dif- 
»  plaeet  aeeording  lo 
liply  tke  number  at 
it  will  give  ynu  the 
I  plaeev  in  minutes ; 
dividing  the  minutes 
'  is  required  lies  east 
by  the  difference  ;  if 
ice.*-~-ThMs  suppota 
fid  it  is  required  lo 
ees  west  of  London. 
^rces,  which  reduced 
liour,  fur  the  differ- 
!s.  The  place  being 
than  at  Lnndon  by 
ilock  at  LoDdoB  it  it 
required. 

what  is  (he  (iine  at 
1? 

i,  what  is  the  time 
iie«? 


e  earth's  surface,  or 

^e  bottom  is  south  f 
lei^  kand  west. 

s  from  a  little  reflection. 
>8  to  the  meridian  of  ttimt 
r  the  earth  revolves  once 
degrees,  every  24  hours, 
degree  every  4  minutes, 
between  two  places  is  1 
two  places  are  1  degree 
f  one  4  minutes  before  it 
rse  it  will  be  noon  at  one 
i  ami  if  tlie  difference  of 
T)e  reason  be  nonn  at  one 
if  the  difierence  is  30  de- 


BLRMENTS  OP  Q£OQRAPIiV. 


27 


The  lines  drawn  from  (he  (op  (n  (he  bodom  repre- 
sent meridians  or  lines  of  longitude;  those  drawn  i'roai 
side  to  side  represent  panileU  ofiatidide. 

The  fixnres  along  lite  lop  and  boUoin  express  llie  dc. 
grtes  of  longitude  from  (he  principal  meridian.  If  ilia 
figures  increase  from  right  tn  left,  (he  longitude  is  west; 
if,  from  left  to  right  (he  iongilnde  i*  eant. 

The  futures  along  ihe  sides  ot  the  map  express  (lie  dp. 
grees  of  lulilude.  If  they  increase  upward  Ihe  lulilude 
is  north  ;  if  downward  il  is  south. 

Rivers  are  represenled  on  maps  by  black  lines  l»end- 
ing  irregularly,  and  are  wider  towards  ilie  moulh,  thim 
toward  (be  bead  or  spring.  Mountains  are  represented 
as  on  a  pie(ure  ;  forests  by  small  sliriihs  ;  snndif  deserts 
and  shnltows  in  (he  ocettn  by  clii«ler«  of  Koiiill  dots; 
depth  of  water  in  harliars  is  sometimes  expressed  by 
figures,  representing  fathoms. 

Towns  are  represented  by  an  o  or  «  small  house; 
and  roads  usually  by  double  llnea. 

Distances  are  measured  by  n  scale  of  miles,  placed  in 
fc  corner  of  (he  map.  Where  the  map  embraces  only  a 
Hmali  portion  of  country,  the  scale  of  miles  is  usually 
inser(ed  ;  lo  other  eases  it  is  commonly  orailled. 

THE  EARTH. 

Ea^tent.']  The  surface  of  (he  g'obe  is  estimated  (a 
contain  197,000,000  square  miles,  of  which  more  (han 
50,000.000,  «r  one  quarter  of  (be  whole,  is  land. 

JVittural  Divisions.}  The  great  natural  division  of 
the  earth's  surface  is  into  Land  and  ff'ater. 

,    1.  The  land  consists  ofcontiiipn(8.i»Ianil8,  peninsulas, 
isthmuses,  capes,  mouo(ain8,  hills,  dales,  ai<d  coasts 

A  continent  is  a  great  extent  of  land,  no  where  en- 
tirely  separated  by  water.-Thcre  are  two  continents; 

lA^'''iV-  *'"'  i'""  '>''«'^'^-  The  Eastern  con(inent  is 
subdivided  into  Europe,  ^sia,  and  Jifrica  ;  (he  Western. 
into  JSTorth  .Hmerica  and  Houlh  America. 

An  island  is  a  portion  of  land  entirely  surrounded 
fcjjvajer}  as  Great  Britain,  Mwfoundland,  Cuba,  Ma- 


m 


«> 


K..RMENT9  OF  OKOGRAPHV. 


A  peninsula  i*  a  poriion  of  land  almost  iiurroundeil  by 
water,  »«  Spain,  Florida. 

An  istlimus,  is  the  narrow  neck  of  lanil  uliicli  Joint 
a  piMiinsiilu  to  the  muiu  land  ;  as  the  isthmiiH  ui'  Durien, 
the  isthmus  o(  Suex. 

A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  the  sea ; 
as  Cape  Cod,  Cupe  Horn. 

A  mountain  is  a  portion  of  land  elevated  to  a  c;rpat 
height  above  the  niirroundin^  country.  When  (he  land 
rises  to  a  small  height  it  is  calleil  a  hill.  'I'lio  spaces 
between  iiilU  are  called  dales  or  vallei/s.  A  volcano  is 
a  burning  inoiinl»!:<  which  emits  smuke  and  flame. 

A  cousl  ur  shore  is  the  margin  oi'  land  bordering  on 
the  sea. 

2.  I'he  water  is  composed  of  oceans,  lakes,  sens, 
sounds,  bays  or  gulls,  harbors,  roads,  straits,  rivers, 
friths,  and  swamps. 

The  largest  collections  of  water  on  the  globe  are 
c.il  led  ocpflws.  There  are  live  oceans;  the  i)i</ian  ocean, 
lying  between  Africa  and  New-Holland;  the  ^'Jtlantic, 
b'elwcpn  Anioriea  on  one  side  and  Europe  and  Africa  on 
the  other;  the  I'ucijic,  between  America  on  one  side, 
and  Asia  and  New  Holland  on  the  other  :  the  jyorthern 
or  .^7rc//c-,  around  (he  north  pole;  the  »S'ot4(/ierR,  around 
the  south  pole. 

A  lake  is  a  collection  of  water,  ia  the  interior  of  a 
country,  as  Lake  Superior,  Lake  Erie, 

A  sea  is  a  large  collection  of  water  communicating 
with  an  ocean,  as  the  Mediterranean  sea,  the  Baltic- 

A  sound  is  a  small  sea  so  shallow  that  it  may  be 
sounded  ;  as  Long  Island  .Sound. 

A  gulf  or  bay  is  a  part  of  au  ocean,  sea,  or  lake,  ex- 
tending  up  into  the  laud. 

A  harbor  or  haven  is  a  part  of  the  sea,  almost  sur- 
rounded by  land,  where  veitsels  may  anchor  with  safety. 

A  road  is  a  place  at  sonic  distance  from  the  shore 
where  ships  may  ialely  ride  at  anchor. 

A  strait,  is  a  narrow  channel  connecting  two  large 
bodies  of  water  ;  as  the  strait  of  Gibraltar. 

A  river  is  a  large  stream  of  inland  water ;  small 
streams  arc  called  brooks. 


GRAPHV. 

Jmost  gurrounded  by 

of  Innil  U'liicli  Joins 
e  ittlimiiH  ui'  Darien, 

ecliiig  into  iho  sea  ; 

elevnteil  (o  a  i^reiit 
ry.     Wln'n  (lie  litnti 

a  liitl.     'I'lio  Mpucei) 
illei/s.     A   volcano  is 
i>ki'  and  11iini(>. 
)i'  laud  bordering  on 

orenn^,  lakes,  neatly 
mdx,  straits,  rivers, 

T  on  the  globe  are 
H  ;  ibe  Indian  ocean, 
dinnd ;  the  Atlantic, 
Inropc  and  Al'rica  on 
inerica  on  one  side, 
illier  :  the  JVorthern 
he  Southern,  aronnd 

in  the  interior  of  a 
rie, 

fater  commnnicating 
n  sea,  the  Baltic. 
Ilow  that  it  may  be 

!an,  sea,  or  lake,  ex- 

the  sea,  almost  sur- 
'  anchor  with  safety, 
ince  from  the  shore 
lior. 

onneeting  two  large 
ibraltar. 
inland  water;  small 


« 


KF.EMKM'S  OF  OKOOUAIMIV.  SJlt 

A  frith  or  istimrif  is  the  part  of  a  river  towards  its 
mouth  which  is  allected  by  the  tide.  It  niuy  be  consid- 
ered us  an  unn  of  the  seu. 

Grand  Divisions.^  Oeogr»|iherH  have  commonly  con- 
sidered the  world  nnder  fonr  i<rand  divisions,  JmpWca, 
Jiurojie,  Jisia  and  JlJ'rica.  Hesides  these  lliiru  arc  three 
clusters  of  islands,  which  form  separate  division)*,  the 
JFest  India  islands,  ^'iiigtralasia,  and  Polynesia. 

America  i»  remarkable  for  the  sizi;  and  grandeur  of 
its  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers.  Lars,'"-  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca are  inhabited  only  by  savages  and  wild  beasts,  and 
have  never  yet  been  visited  by  white  men. 

Europe  is  the  smallest  of  the  fonr  grand  divisions,  but 
is  distinguished  alwve  all  the  rest  for  learning  and 
science,  for  excellence  in  the  useful  and  elegant  ails,  and 
for  the  intelligence,  refinement,  aotivily  and  enterprise 
of  her  inhabitants.  Owing  to  iur  superior  knowledge 
and  military  skill,  this  little  portion  nf  the  globe  holds 
the  greater  pan  of  America,  all  the  West-India  islands, 
and  large  portions  of  Asia,  Africa  and  their  islands  in 
eolonial  bondage. 

^Jsia  is  remarkable  as  the  part  of  the  world  where  the 
human  race  were  Hrst  planted,  and  as  the  theatre  of  al- 
most all  the  interesting  events  recorded  in  the  Bible. 
Here  was  the  garden  of  Eden;  here  lived  Adam  and 
Noah,  Abraham  and  all  the  prophets  ;  here  our  Saviour 
was  born  and  was  crucified  ;  here  was  Jerusalem,  and 
Bab) Ion  and  Nineveh.  Here  were  established  the  .\8- 
syriun,  the   Babylonian  and  the  Persian  empires. 

Jlfricu,  is  the  most  barbarous  portion  of  tlie  world.  It 
IS  remarkable  for  its  vast  deserts  of  burning  sands,  for 
the  multitude  of  its  ferocious  animals,  and  for  the  I  lutk 
color  of  its  inhabitants.  The  interior  of  Africa  is  uu- 
kuuwn. 

Political  Divisions.j  An  empire  consists  of  several 
large  countries  under  the  dominion  of  one  man,  usually 
called  an  emperor. 

A  kini^dom  eoiiaists  of  a  single  country  sul-jV-ct  to 
one  niotiarch,  culled  a  /%<■//"•.  '    . 


P 


M 


KI-EMKNT8  OF  (JF.OflRAI'Hr. 


A  dutrhif,  a  zmnd  dtttchi/,  nnd  n  prhwijiulitif,  arc 
•niHller  iiorliuiia  ul'  «'Oiintry  itulm-rl  Nrverully  lo  a  duke, 
a  grumi  duke,  and  n  prince,  wlm  uiu  llii'niu'lvea  luliJi'Ct 
to  lite  iitivcrei^n  |>oMvr. 

Provinrea,  coiiHtrieH,  dfparfmeuts,  ri/iVs,  towuK,  par- 
ishea,  htindrrdtif  ike.  are  tlill  »maller  nubdiviitiuu*  of 
eountrict. 

Oovernmentit]  There  are  but  llirpe  limplo  formi  of 
government,  inonnrchi/,  arintocraey  and  democracy. 

i,  A  «ini|»li>  momrchy,  i*  a  Kovernnient  in  wiiich  the 
•ovi*rei«{n  {luwrr  is  exi'rvi»ed  by  one  man. 

It'lhe  nnwer  of  the  monarch  ia  limited  by  law  it  i* 
called  a  limited  monurehy  ;  if  not,  it  i%  an  ab'nulule  mon- 
archy. In  un  ab«olule  monarchy,  there  it  no  law  but 
the  will  of  the  sovereign  ;  and  if  he  in  cruel  he  ii  called 
a  despot,  and  hi«  government  »  despotism. 

t.  An  aritlocracy  i*  u  government  adniniiilered  by  a 
few  men,  ntunlly  slyled  the  nobility. 

a.  A  democracu  is  a  government  exercised  by  the  great 
body  of  the  people. 

A  republic  is  a  government  adminixlrrpd  by  a  number 
of  men  chosen  by  the  people  for  a  limited  lime. 

Population.']  The  nnmber  of  people  iu  the  world  ia 
variously  eilimated,  from  800.000.000  Jo  1,000.000,000. 
llassel  makes  it  682,000,000.  The  following  is  his 
statement  of  the  extent  and  population  of  each  of  the 
grand  divisions  of  the  globe. 

.A'o.  ofiit>\ahitfintitl 
m  ttjuuft  mitt. 

S3 

3J 

8 

1 

i 


Sq.  Jrnies. 

Populatintt. 

Europe 

3,387,109 

180,000,000 

Asia 

16,728,002 

SSO,000,OOU 

Africa 

11,603,M2 

99,000,000 

America 

16,304^,2911 

21,000.000 

Australasia,  &c.  4,16  M20 

2,000,000 

Earth 

62,130,137 

682,000,000 

13 


The  third  column  shows  (he  density  of  the  popula- 
tion, or  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  each  squure  mile 
of  the  (trritory. 


It 

01 

S( 

ai 

III 
w 

C( 

bi 


ai 
li( 

S| 
I» 

ro 
D 

se 
tei 
vi 

ro 


_.^*ri      _-  ^ 


RAI'Hr. 

ft  priiu'ijiulity,  «ro 
icverully  lo  a  duke, 
L>  ilii>niu-lve«  »ul)jvet 

,  cities,  towui*,  par- 
ler  nubdiviitioua   of 


rre  timplo  formi  of 
nil  democracy. 
nnii'iit  ill  which  lite 
man. 

iinitrd  by  law  it  i* 
t  in  an  abnolule  mnii* 
there  it  no  law  but 
in  cruel  he  ii  called 
tism. 
it  adniiiiitlered  by  a 

[erciHL'd  by  the  great 

ittlcTPd  by  a  number 
iinitvd  lime. 

i>|ili'i  iu  the  M'orld  !• 
00  to  1,000.000,000. 
he  t'ollowiiig  it  his 
lion  of  each  of  the 


ion. 

,000 

,oou 

,000 
.000 
,000 

,000 


JVo.  ofinhnhifanttti 
m  iijuait  rni/t. 

03 
3.2 

8 

i 

J 

13 


nsity  of  the  popiila* 
in  each  squure  mile 


KliKMKNTS  OF  (JKCXiUAlMIV.  31 

IMiff'-mH.]  The  prinripal  reli^ifnM  oflbo  wnrlil  are 
the  ('hriHliatt,\he  JliihotwtaH,lhv  Jeii'inh,  and  ihu  I'ngaUt 
or  llfttthen. 

Vlirixtianity  \%  ihe  reliffion  of  Kurope,  and  of  Kun.pean 
■elileineiiiit  in  i-vcry  part  iif  the  world 

^taliomftnnism  prevaiU  in  the  norlhcrn  part  of  Africa, 
and  the  iiouiliern  uud  weitern  parts  of  Ania. 

The  Jew*  arc  di<«p('r*rd  all  over  the  world. 

The  I'agam  or  lleathm  are  »nore  numeroui  than  all 
the  rent  and  inrliide  all  •nvni^vn  in  every  part  of  tho 
world,  Icgethcrwilh  the  inhabiiantRof  the  half-iivili/ed 
countries  in  (he  Houlheaol  pari  of  Axia. 

The  numbers  attached  i«  the  difl'erent  religion!  may 
be  eitimated  ai  follow •.->■ 


Pagnnii, 
Christian! 
Mahometans 
Jews, 


400,000,000 
SI<(,000,(IOO 

ea,ooo,o"0 
s.uoo.oou 

082,000,000 


Christians  are  subdivided  into  three  principal  seels. 

1.  Roman  Catliolics,  who  have  a  Pope  at  iheir  head, 
and  arc  thence  oflen  culled  Papists.  'Che  Koman  Cat  ho* 
lies  inhabit  Ihe  souihcrn  parts  of  Kurope,  and  ihe 
Spaniiih,  French  and  Portuguese  seltlenients  in  ditterent 
parts  of  the  world. 

2.  Protestants,  who  inhabit  the  northwest  parts  of  Ku- 
rope, the  United  .Slate.t  of  Anieriea,  and  the  Kngluh  and 
Dutch  selllements  in  diflVrent  parts  of  the  world. 

Protestants  are  subdivided  into  n  great  inai.j  smaller 
sects,  the  principal  of  which  are  Fpiscopalians',  Presby- 
terians. Congregalionitlisis,  Haplisls,  Methodists,  .l\loru- 
Tians,  Friends  or  Quakers,  &c. 

3.  The  Greek  clinrck  is  established  in  Rutiia  io  Eu- 
rope, and  part  of  Turkey. 


m 


AMERICA. 


SUiintion  and  Kxtput.^  Amprica  i»  Itoiiiiilcit  on  ttie 
rait,  tiy  tlu'  Atlnuiiu,  «vliii>li  ncparulvR  it  IVoni  tiurope 
and  Ai'rirn  ;  uiiil  on  (ho  «vt*itt,  by  (lie  I'ui'ilic,  Mliiili 
>rpnrHtt'<i  i(  from  Aiiiaa  TownrtU  (Iil<  nitrth,  i(«  liaiils 
have  not  buen  tiiHcoverpil.  'rutviiriln  the  nuuth,  it  ter- 
minate!! in  a  poinl,  culled  Ciipc  Morn.  It  in  more  than 
U,UUU  niileM  long,  and.  on  an  uveragt-,  about  t3oo  broad. 

/listartj  of  its  Dhrovery.]  America  wan  unknoHn  to 
the  eivili/.t'd  world  till  about  not)  vear<i  iigu.  It  tvaw 
diiteoveri-d  in  ttu.',  by  l/'li.'itttopher  I'olunibuH,  a  native 
of  (itnon.  From  loit!^  mudy  ol'  (ii-oi^rapby,  (Jolumbiii 
beeunie  deeply  inip:-ei«Hrd  with  the  belicl',  liiut  (here  mu» 
u  netv  eontiuent  in  (he  went.  To  delermine  thii  point, 
lie  resolved  t:pou  a  voyage;  and  applied  (o  (he  iroverii- 
menlii  of  Uenoa,  Spain,  l'or(u^»l  and  nlhem,  for  (he 
neeetsary  nkititlance  ;  l:i>i  hi*  ap|ilieuliohit  were  rejected. 

At  length.  Ferdti'.tnd  and  Uubella,  the  Hoverei^Ufi  of 
CuKtile  and  Arre^un.  littleueil  to  hix  propo'ialit  $  a  Nquud- 
ron  of  llire"  -  .-U  veH»eli4  muh  fitleil  out.  vielualled  for 
twelve  ino'  . 
a])i(uinle(l  adu 

lie  left  .Spair 
the   Caiiuiy   ittlii.: 
more  (hiiii  J(joo  nn. 


d  with  uu  men,  and  L'ulumbuji 


<Ht,  and  ((eeird  hi«  course  for 
lienee.  Hailed  due  weitl,  for 
.ii  )  an  unknown  oee>>n,  uilhout 
tieein:;  land.  IIin  men  now  beeanie  inipatieni,  and  be^^an 
to  nMiliiiy.  and  ColnntbuH  wan  forced  to  promise  dial  lie 
would  riiuiii,  if  hind  wan  not  diHeovered  in  lliree  duys. 
Favoriible  indiealioiiH  .soon  appeared.  On  the  1  Ith  of 
()ctol>er,  II  lilile  liefure  iiiidiiinfit,  (Wilunibn>t  from  (he 
forecastle  tleseried  a  light  :  and  (thorlly  after,  the  cry  of 
luitd.'  luiid!  resounded  from  the  ?iiita.  the  heiiilmost 
ship.  'J'lie  inoriiiiig  liglit  eoiilirmed  the  report.  One  of 
the  Weat-iudiu  isilundii  wus  directly  before  (Leni.     The 


(II 
bi 
di 

m 
il 

01 

III 
C 

i« 
di 
1. 
w 

iti 
ol 

01 

i/i 
at 
tr 

th 

01 

in 

ru 
(a 
ra 

in 

Hi 
pii 
M 
mi 
lai 

en 
Jh 
an 

Tl 


^r  «— i^*»i^--^ 


t  i»  lioiiiiiliMt  nil  tlip 
uli>«  it  rrom  tiurope 
I  he  I'livilic,  Mliii-li 
lliL<  iiitrlh,  it*  limiK 
riln  the  nuiitli,  it  ter< 
rn.  It  ifl  more  tliuii 
;l-,  about  1300  bruuil. 

ricn  \vii«  iiiikiinHii  to 
I  vcnrM  11^.  It  \\&» 
r  ^'oliinibitit,  n  iintivu 
li-ni^rnpliy,  (>()liimbii« 
lirlici',  ihitt  tbei-L>  \uu 
<lt'li'rmiii«;  thii  |iitiiit, 
{ipliotl  III  ihu  irovvni- 
uiiil  othem,  for  the 
rulioiiit  wore  rejected. 
Ilu,  the  Hoverei^ii!)  ol' 

|trit|IUSHltt  $    H  Nf|UUtl- 

•il  uiit,  vicinal  led  tor 
I  (iieii,  uud  Culumbuji 

lepird  111*  course  Tor 
Hitjled  due  ueitl,  lor 
iiowii  ocean,  Milliout 

iiiiputieiil,  and  bc^aii 
i^d  to  promise  tliul  lie 
•vereil  in  lliree  dnys. 
iired.      On  the  mil  of 

('olunibii))  from  tlie 
iirllj  ttl'ler.  the  cry  of 
S'iiita.  the  lieiidiiiiist 
d  the  report.  One  of 
y  belorc  tLeni.     The 


AMKHICA. 


9$ 


crewuof  all  the  iiliip^  uilh  »hout«  of  joy  (hen  i^avc  pruitie 
to  (iod  ;  and  llirouinif  theiiinelveii  ui  the  IVel  ol'('oliini< 
bu»»,  implored  hio  lor^ivcncvt  lor  their  iucrediilily  uiitl 
disobedience. 

On  the  return  of  ('oluiiiliiii«  tn  Hpnin,  the  uvwn  »(  hi« 
iuiTeii«  toon  Npreitd  aliroad  ;  ollient  were  innpired  uitli 
the  name  npirit  of  eiilerprixe  (  expedition*  were  liltcil 
out  rriiin  vnriouit  partt  of  Mnrope  ;  and,  in  a  IVw  years, 
the  whole  coiitiueiii  uu«  diiuovered  tVuin  Litbrailur  tu 
Cape  Horn. 

hifidhftniils.]  'I'lie  nnnihernr  inhnliilanti  in  Aineriea 
i«  eoninionly  cutiniuied  at  Alf.iuni.noo.  'I'hcy  inii\  he 
dividi'd  inlu  three  clasici*,  according  to  their  color, 
1.  U'ltitfu.  'I'lu-y  are  the  de«eendantii  of  IOiirr>pean«, 
who  have  migrated  to  America,  at  va'-ioun  periods  xiiK  o 
iti  diseoverj.  j.  JWhi-ih-h.  They  me  the  descendantu 
ol*  AiViraiiH,  who  weie  lorced  from  their  iiativu  aoiinlry, 
and  *ot(l  an  *laveit  to  the  Americiin  pliinlerK.  ;J,  Iw 
diatis  :  of  a  copper  couiplekioii  ;  they  are  the  descend. 
Ant*  of  the  Aliori;;iiies,  or  those  who  ucviipied  the  coun- 
try nt  the  lime  of  it*  diHcovery. 

The  white*  constitute  niore'lhnn  haif  the  pi'',tulntion  ; 
the  ne^^rocK,  one  eii^lith  part;  and  the  Indians,  about 
one  third.  'I  he  whiles  and  negroes  are  rapidly  incrcuS' 
iiig  :  the  Indian*  are  diminishing. 

Mounluin^.]  There  is  a  ran^e  of  mountains  which 
run*  lliruu(;h  the  whole  length  of  the  euniineiil,  a  dis- 
tance of  more  than  tt,uoo  miles;  and  i*  the  longest 
ran^e  of  mountains  on  the  i;lobe. 

Heginiiiii!;  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  continent, 
in  tat.  5+"  8.  it  runs  along  the  whole  western  coast  of 
Houth    America,   and,  crnssina:  the  isthmus  of  Darien, 

S asses  into  Mexico  in  North  America.  After  leaving 
lexico,  it  continues  in  a  couixe  west  of  north,  and  ter- 
minates, it  is  supposed,  on  the  Frozen  Oiean,  in  about 
lal.  7o«  N. 

The  diftcrcnt  parts  of  this  range  ore  called  by  differ- 
ent names.  The  part  in  South  America  is  called  tho 
Mdes  ,•  the  part  in  Mexico,  the  Covdillfras  of  Mexico  ; 
and  the  part  north  nf  Mexico,  the  Rocky  Mmntains. 
Tlie  highest  parts  of  this  raugo  are  iu  South  America 


m  NOUill  AMERICA. 

■nfi  Mrxicn.     Theri»  «rp  miinjr  ■Nmmili  frnm  M.rtOO  (• 
so.ouu  hti  in  liviglil,  ttiil  •fvi-rttl  oldie  liil'ctfil  are  V'il< 

tUllilfl. 

iHvi»inn$]  Amrriet  ii  tliviilcil  lijr  Ilia  i«lhnii<*  of 
Diirirn  into  Sfurlh  Hml  Houlli  Aiiiprirn.  iK-(we«n  lhr(« 
Iwu  diviniiMii  art  llit  W«*t-iudi«  ivlitnd*. 


NOllTU  AMEIUCA. 

Situnthn.')  Norfh  Ainfrira  i«  bountled  on  Ihc  E.  \tj 
Ihv  Atliintio  Orenn  i  nii  the  H.  K.  it  it  irpiiraloil  I'rum 
Houlh  Ainrrica  by  ihc  iiiihmiit  of  Uarien  ^  on  Ih*  W. 
it  lilt)  Vacitir  Ocean.  The  toulhern  cilrvniitjr  it  in  N. 
lat. /"  80'.  The  lim.i  toward*  the  north  have  never 
been  afcertaiii«d. 

Diviiiioit».2  The  three  great  divitloni  of  Nurtb 
Aniurica  are, 

1.  Ilrili«h  Ain?rira,  in  the  norlh  t 
0.  The  Uiiilcd  Htnien,  in  ihe  middle,  and 
3   8panith  America,  in  (he  tiiiilh. 
ThcHu  Ihrte  include  ihe  vthulc  of  Norlh  Ameriea,  ei« 
or|il 

4.  Greenland   (lielonging   to    Dcitmark)   in   tli* 

nnrtheaitt,  and 
D.  The  Ku««ian  .Sellleinenti,  in  the  nnrthweit. 
The  two   lant  arc  of  lidle  extent,  and   little  eontc- 

Suence,  and  liurdly  Morth  meationing  under  a  general 
ivitinii. 
CUuiate.li    The  cliainte  un  the  enstern  tide  of  North 
Ameriea  is  much  colder  than  iu  the  same  latiladea  in 
Europe. 

MonntaiiiH}  There  are  t*vo  great  ranges  of  inoun* 
taint  in  Nort'h  America,  the  tcestern  and  the  tiantern. 
The  western  it  by  far  the  lungctt.  It  comet  from  UiutK 
America,  over  the  itthmut  of  Darien,  and  after  patting 
through  the  whole  length  of  Spanish  Ameriea,  proceeds 
in  a  direction  weit  of  north,  till  it  termiiiatea  on  the 
Fruzeo  Ocean,  in  about  lat.  70°  N.  In  itt  general 
course,  it  is  parallel  with  the  coast  of  the  Fa«ific  Oe«tn( 


f 

r 

y 

/ 
I 

Ci 

ii 

n 
ri 

•I 

A 
« 

la 
I. 

Ill 
N 
Hi 

th 
•r 
M 
T 
la 
ru 

^1 

ih 

lu. 

lal 

mr 
At 
Kc 

thi 
an 

Fr 


imiu  from  i.i.ooo  to 
r  iIk*  liit'lifil  are  fn\- 

hjr  lilt  iithmitt  of 
im.  iktwettii  (hr«« 
liindi. 


IICA. 


ountltfl  nn  Ihe  K.  hy 
it  i«  trpnraloil  t'rum 
Uarien  )  on  Ih*  W. 
n  rilrt- niitjr  it  in  IV. 
le  north  h»ve  never 

tlivStioni  of  Nurtb 

Drlh  t 
iniiMIe,  and 

I  (Ml)  It. 

North  AmerieA,  ei« 

Dcitmark)   in   th» 

,  in  the  northweit. 
rit,  and   little  ronte- 
ing  under  a  geseral 

astern  tide  of  North 
bo  same  Utiludee  in 

eat  range*  of  inoun- 
trn  and  the  tartern. 

It  eoinei  from  Unuth 
>n,  and  after  pawing 
b  Amcriva,  proceed* 
t  terminate*  on  the 

N.  In  it*  f^fneral 
of  tliePatificUcein, 


NOHTII  AMKKICA.  !§ 

fnm  which  it  it  aeverui  hundred  mile*  dUfanf.  Tfi« 
part  of  ihit  raoi^c  which  i*  in  Meiian,  in  ralird  Ihf  Cuv 
4ilhra»  nf  M».riio,  and  the  part  north  «f  Miiioo,  ih* 
Hiuky  JloHntaiim. 

Theeailirn  range  i«  wholly  within  llie  IFaited  Htate*. 
It  run*  from  touthwcat  to  norlhra«l,  atMl  ia  il*  general 
courae  i«  parallel  with  the  Allantio  euatt  from  whinh  it 
ia  SW)0  or  .too  mile*  di.tant.  It  i«  ealUd  the  .lunlachian 
range,  and  i«  niudo  up  of  two  diilinel  and  parallrl 
rid:rea;  the  weeti-rn,  or  AlUgamj  ridge,  and  the  ea*tern, 
•r  /i/ue  ridge. 

Bay  or  Gulf*  |  The  five  large*)  bay*  in  North 
Amenta  are,  Hnffin'n  Hag,  llud*nn'»  Hay,  the  Gulf  „f 
HI.  iMwrtncf,  the  Gu{fofJltxUo,  and  the  GulfofCaU. 
fornla. 

tHland*.]  The  moil  im|iorlanl  inUndu  are  Newfound, 
land,  t;ape  Bri-lua,  nud  ht.  John'*,  in  the  flulf  of  8t. 
li«wr»Mce;  Nantucket  and  liun.;  hUnd,  on  IheenaMt  of 
the  United  Huij^  ,  and  the  Bermuda  ulandi,  in  lat.  UsI 
N.  The  Wtit-lndia  iaiand*  lie  between  North  and 
Hnuth  America. 

iMkes^  There  are  more  lar^e  Ukna  in  N.  Anirriea 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  aeven  largeit 
•re  Nliive  Luke,  Lake  IFinnipfz,  Lake  Suptrior,  luike 
Mulligan,  Lake  iiunm,  Lake  A'riV,  and  Lakt:  Ontario. 
The  laat  five  are  very  ueur  each  other,  and  form  a  regu- 
lar chain,  by  meana  of  abort  rivera  or  airaita,  whieh 
run  from  one  In  the  other. 

Hivem,]  The  principal  rivera  of  North  America  are, 
JtiackfazieXA'i'lHim's  the  St.  iMirtncf,  ih«>  MiHsimppL 
the  MiMouri,  the  Del  J^rte,  the  Colorado,  and  the  Co- 
lumhia. 

.Vackenxie^g  river  empliea  into  the  Frozen  Oeean  ia 
lat.  70  N.  Thia  river  ia  the  outlet  of  Hiavc  Lake,  lit 
moat  diatant  acurcea  are,  Unjigah  or  Peace  river,  and 
Athape«cow  or  Elk  river;  both  of  which  riae  in  the 
Hocky  mounlaina.  The  Alhupeacow,  after  naaaing 
through  Athapeienw  Lake,  unitea  with  the  Unjigah, 
and  form*  .Slave  river,  whieh  emptiea  into  Slave  Lake. 
Jrom  Slave  Lake  to  the  ocean,  the  river  ia  called 
Maokenaiie  •  river. 


I 


NOItril    AMKNH  \. 


»\V/<fiM*«  riftr  tmniiv*  inin  lh«  wtairrn  liiU  nt  liml. 
•an'*  H«y.  It  U  lU  nuiUl  of  l.«k«<  Winntpvi.  lis 
nii>«l  <li«i«nl  bmnrh  it  H»akiilrhaMfin»  rivtr,  whteh  riir* 
in  ih«  liork)  niiMiiiUiiK,  nixl  Him*  «*ii«l  inlii  t.ttkc  \\  in- 
nipfit-  ^*"'**  ''■*''*'  ^Viiiiii|ir)f  In  llutl«nn'a  Hay  it  it 
tilirti  Nflaiin'a  rivi>r. 

Thr  Nt.  lAwrtnet,  fin|i(ie*  into  llir  (iulfnl  HI.  I,««v 
rrnef,  in  Isi.  Ou  N.  Ii  i*  (he  oulUt  of  tli«^  hv«  ifrrat 
Ukrt,  Huperior,  llnrnn,  Micliigftn,  Krir,  tnd  Uultrio. 
lit  ^rnvriti  pourie  it  fnini  H.  W.  lo  N.  h 

'I'lii'  .WM«i«<i)/>/;i  rmpiir*  liilii  llie  <»ulf  of  Meiito.  It 
ri«c*  n«tr  llu'  «»#«t  rml  of  l.itki*  Hupcrioc,  Mn<l  Aom* 
•oulh.  The  bruoclii*»  of  ilif  !Mi«ai4iippi  4\ri»  mififhljr 
rivirt.  The  branclic*  utt  wry  iiumerout,  ft'i«l  «pr«ail 
out  wiilfly,  from  ilie  /^piiUrliian  moiinlaina  on  Ibe  ttMi| 
to  th»  liorky  moiinUin*  on  lliv  wril. 

'I'lir  ^linHuuri  it  «  wettrrn  brtiich  of  Ihr  MiM^Hippi. 
It  «'mplir«  in  ahoul  lal.  ^N  N  It  .-ii««  in  (hv  Hocky 
mnunUin*!  anil  Ho\v«  louiliwtril.  'I'iio  Mittouri  it  iba 
Innifi**!  rivrr  on  th*  globr  From  iu  aonrre  in  lh« 
Korky  mountain*,  lo  the  moiilh  of  iho  MiuiMippi,  ia 
thr  (lolf  of  Mriico,  i«  more  than  4,A00   miln. 

M  'i  (hi  JWtrU  pmiilip*  into  thf  Uulf  of  Meiieo  in  lat. 
SA  N.  It  ri«i>i  in  tlit>  Uofky  MiMiutaina  in  about  lal.  40 
N'  anti  iu  i^fiitTHl  coume  i*  •ouiheatiprly. 

'I'hr  Colurmlo  rmplir*  into  llii*  (iulf  of  California.  It 
ritra  on  the  Mv»t  aide  of  the  Uocky  Muuntaina,  and  iU 


gpurrai  rourae  it  •outhweaterly. 
t'oliimhin  river  en 


Miiptipa  into  (hp  Pacific  Oppan  in  lai. 
4(v°  \.     1(4  aourrea  are  iimonK  llic  Uorky  Mouniaiiia. 

The  length  of  the  ubotf  mentioned  river*  it  cttimated 
Ki  fulluwt : 


,Milf$. 

.mit». 

M>irken/ie'*« 

Si,()0(l 

Mlaiitkippi, 

3,0<iO 

Ni'Uun*N, 

i,im 

INIuAouri, 

4,000 

Hi.  La*vrencc, 

2,000 

Colorudo, 

1.000 

Hio  del  Norte, 

1,M00 

(!olumbiai 

1,300 

Iiidinns.]  When  Norlli  America  wnn  diacnvercd,  in 
140A  tbere  \ftit  not  one  while  man  in  it.  'I'he  whole 
continent  wat  in  poitieMion  of  Imlinni,  who  i^encrally 


hi 

tIT 

nil 
III 
.Ir 

Mil 

an 

ntn 
lh« 

s. 

.Ml 
La 

rivi 

\oi 

ni'ii 

I  he 

woi 

f^pn 

ami 

1 

fvei 

war 

awn 

prol 

.inn 

M 

Imli 

liiiei 

aboil 

ivhii 

by  li 

of  en 

livat 

inhal 

knov 

^r 

begia 


fltirrn  ■i<i«  nt  lluil- 
ik«  Winnlpvc.  Iia 
It  rUir,  Milii«n  ritf 
Ktl  inlti  Lake  Win* 
llu«I«nir«    lUjr   U  i« 

ir  Oiiirol   HI.  |,«w 

|«>i  of  tlic  livr  ifrrat 

Krir,  tiitl  «hilkrio. 

N.  h. 

liiilfof  Meiittt.  It 
Hii|irrinr,  maA  (low* 
li^iippi   ttrn  mii^hly 

IIIIITIIU4,  ft'ltl   oprfBtl 

Miiiuin*  on  ibe  wMt, 


I 


'■tipni. 
.'lucky 


lioflhr  MiuiMi 
.-ii«i  ill  ihi* 
I'lio  !Vli«iouri  u  ilie 
I  iu  aoiirre  in  lh« 
Iho  Miiaiuippi,  in 
l,AOO  mild, 
lir  of  Meiieo  in  Ut. 
lain*  in  aIiuuI  lat.  40 
•iirly. 

ilfor  California.     It 
^  Muuntaiiit,  and  iU 

Pacific  Orran  in  lal. 

Itorky  Miiuiiiaiiit. 
d  river*  it  cttimaUd 


Mlm. 

uinoSppi, 

3,0li0 

Ktduri, 

't,noo 

orudo, 

1.000 

unibiai 

1,300 

a  wnn  diicnvcrcd,  in 

II  in  it. 

The  whole 

lianit  uh 

I  i^encrnlly 

MBtTH  AMKRIC.I.  a^ 

jiirrj  a  u  uidi^rlrn  life,  md  min*d  iMr  .i»l.|...cui.  !.» 
huiiiiiig  and  Hiliiiiif  • 

.«!n*""  .'.i"   *''"""  •'"•  ••"'  "*'•'•  "'"»  •"'"'-  "  '•»* 
•mall    •.'MI...II.III.    nn    ilir    MUmu   ,;ui%i.     ,\«  lli^v 

..,rrra,,d  ,M  .....nbrr..  ih-y  l,^^4n  I..  4.U«„..,.  i„,„  ,h«  i„. 

.•r...r.  n  h.r   piinhaMng   th-   Un.l  of  ihe  liidiaN..  or 

lr.v.M.4  .l...m.,l|  hylor..,.      Tha  uhitr.  h.iv..  ....w  bV.n 

»nd  ll u,  India...  |,.m.  !„..„  dimini.hi..^  and  rHrr*..,,,    * 

mor..  Ih.y.  .,„r  ,,.,»rl.r  «f  .N„r.|i  Amrrifa.     'n,..*  «rr.,nv 
..  ,«.Ml.ca,..r,.  ,..rl.      If  v*.  b.ni.i  «„  ,h.  coaJ.  of   K 

y   la«.    illll   alnkr.  Ui«  Miwi.ipp?  ri*r?.    (h.n  up  ihe 

lll^rTr"''  """'"•  ''•"''  ••"'  ''"'"''«• «""'  ••»«  •    ." 

North    ,\,„..riea   .i.l.>   .ho  par...     Thr  while.   poMe„ 

"•r<y  ail  ,h.  ..«,..in..,.i  ,„..,h  a„d  .-a,!  «f  ,hi.  li,'!  a,, 

n..    iidian.  nearly  all  norlh  and   we.i  „f  j,.     [T'Xl 

sZ';:.."r   '"•"""'.  '••"  •"*"   ""  "'-  •"'r.l...rn  pa  .  ,f 
Np«n.»h  America,  .he  He.lern  i.arl  of  ihe  IJni.eJ  Si-  „ 
•  Md  nearlv  ihe  uhole  «f  llmij,  America.  ' 

I  he  while,  are  now  i..cr.a»ii.i(  more  raiiidiv  than 
-ver  nM.|r.elllemenl.  are  eo„ii„u,||,  ndv  nelnl .? 
ward.  .1,.  we.i  and  norlh.  Th*  Indian/are  fa  rmeSin, 
««ay  before  ihem,  and,  in  .he  eour.eofa  f.w  mX  "' 
probably,  .her«  will  he  lew    «.uderiu«  ludra.rieft  ij 

IndT.nl'  r**"'  i'"  "."  '■"""•'y  "*  P''"'"^  occupied  by  (he 
Inrtl■n^  comprehe^d.n^  about  ihree  quar.er.  of  the  e.V. 
.i,.e„      ,t,„..y  |„.  re.„arked,    ihatwi  know     ,.  l V  u 

whi.e  man.     JV^e  know,  i»  ^nieral,  ihnt  it  i.  inhabited 
by  Indian.,  who  I  ve  entirely  by  hu„ii,,,and  fi,      J  ..'j 

(ivaud.     Lven  ihe  name,  of  ,he  L.dian  iribe,  3 
jnliabit   thi.   v..t  country    arc,  in  ma..y  in.uree?;:,'! 

^n-flnjrj-mfn/.]     In  dc.rribin^  IVorlh  America  we  .h.11 
».eg.o  ..  the  north,  with  Greenland  .ad  the  li.;.!"!;" 


i 


m 


GREENLAND. 


Il."mcii«s,  nnil  then  pniet-iMl  to  the  three  great  «liv"mi(mg, 
llniinh    Americu,    the    Uiiileil    StatcH,    and    bpauisli 


Aiiierii'a. 


GREENLAND. 


Situation.']  Greonlnncl  belongs  (o  Denmark.  It  in  in 
tlip  northeiiHltrn  jturi  tifNorlli  Anicriea,lniving  Dav^irn 
Htruits  on  llie  went,  and  the  Ocean  on  the  CBst.  How 
far  it  extemU  north  has  never  been  ascertained,  lo- 
ward"!  the  south,  it  terminates  in  a  point,  called  Cape 

Climate.']  Greenland  is  ono  of  the  coldest  countries 
on  the  globe.  The  eastern  coast  is  wholly  inaccesttible, 
nn  account  of  the  mountain**  of  ice,  with  w  hich  it  is 
lined  all  the  year  round.  The  summers  are  short ;  the 
M inters  are  long  and  gloomy.  lo  a  serere  « inter,  many 
of  the  inhabitants  are  commonly  frozen  to  death. 

Face  of  the  country.]  Greenland  is  a  dreary  country. 
It  is  principally  made  up  of  nakud,  barren  mountains, 
whose  lops  are  covered  with  everlasting  ice.  The  inte- 
rior is  wholly  inaccessible  on  account  of  the  ice. 

rroJudionn.}  In  the  southern  parts  of  the  country 
there  are  a  few  mi«errtble  trees,  and  shrubs  of  a  small, 
stinted  growtli.  There  is  no  wood  of  a  si/e  fit  for 
building  houses,  and  that  which  is  used  for  fuel  is  prin- 
cipally drift  wood,  which  Hoats  in  grt-at  iiuantities  near 
the  shore,  and  is  picked  up  by  the  bouts. 

The  food  of  tlie  Grieiilandi^rs  i>t  derived  principally 
from  seals,  birds,  and  ti-^hes.  Sometimes  tjuy  are  re- 
duced to  the  necexsilv  of  living  on  sea-weed  and  tram 
oil ;  and  in  very  sevc'rc  winters,  many  of  them  starve  to 

death.  ,     .         „  ^,         ,      ,  . 

FopnlaHnn.']  The  whole  population  ol  Greenland  is 
nbout    14,000,  and  is  confined   to  the  sea-coast.     The 


nooni    i*,ijuu,   niiu  11  vifiiiii.^"    •"   •■"-   — 

Danes  nnu  Norwegians  have  setllemenls  along  (he  coast 
which  contain  in  all  about  0,«>00  or  7,000  S'luls.  Th( 
number  of  the  natives,  60  or  TO  years  ago.  was  estimated 
at  ao.ooo.  II  does  not  now,  probably,  exceed  7,000. 
The  whcde  Greenland  nation  has  been  diminishing 
for  manv  years.     This    is    owing    to    several    eausts. 


iiui 
cui 

thi 
rie 
to 
He 

I 
sla 
dis 
hei 
tre 
liv 

IISII 

w« 
Ian 

nni 

ciii 
1 
the 
([m 
trill 
liitii 
l\w 
con 

liar 
ben 
lam 

S 
yer; 
abn' 
on  « 

11 
is  tl 
ieal 
fuel 
clot 
evei 
Cat! 


-M 


GHEKNLAND. 


39^ 


tree  great  (liviMidns, 
atcH,    and    Spauisli 


)  Denmark.  It  in  in 
rii-a,  Iniving  Duviru 
on  tlif  ettsJ.  H»>w 
H  aBcer(ained.  To- 
a  puiiit,  called  Cape 

the  coIdcHt  countries 
wholly  inaccessible, 
ce,  Willi  which  it  is 
imers  are  short ;  the 
serere  winter, many 
tzen  to  death, 
is  a  dreary  country, 
d,  barren  mountains, 
xlins;  ice.  The  inte- 
int  oi'lhc  ice. 
parts  til"  the  country 
d  shrubs  of  a  small, 
od  of  a  si/e  fit  for 
used  fi»r  fuel  is  prin- 
i^rt-at  i|uautitieH  near 
bouts. 

1  derived  principally 
netimes  tjuy  arc  re- 
I  sea-weed  and  train 
any  of  them  starve  to 

ftlion  of  Greenland  is 
the  sea-coast.  The 
ments  alous^  the  coast, 
or  T.OOO  s'luls.  The 
irs  a^o.  was  estimated 
•bably,  exceed  7,000. 
las  been  diminishin:; 
c    to    several    vausts. 


but  espeeiaily  to  the  vast  accumulatiou  of  ice  on  their 
coasts. 

/Wijpiow.]  The  natives  were  furmerly"  Pagaus,  but 
throui;h  the  instrumentality  of  the  Moravian  niis^ioua- 
ries,  llipy  have,  to  a  considerable  extent  been  eonvertid 
to  ChriHiiiinily.  The  missionary  seMlements  are  at  New 
Ilerruhut,  Liehtenfels,  and  Lichtenau. 

Clinravter  and  manners.^  The  n.itives  are  of  low 
stature,  brawney,  and  inclined  to  corpulency.  In  their 
dispuxitions  they  are  cold,  indolent,  and  sId'w  of  nppre- 
heiiHion,  but  very  quiet  and  good  nalured.  They  are  ex- 
tremely filtby  in  their  mode  of  jivin;;.  In  winter,  ihpy 
live  in  huts,  made  of  stone  or  turf,  and  several  families 
usually  occupy  the  same  buildnii;  Tlie*e  huts  are 
warmed  by  burning  train  oil  and  moss  in  a  kind  of 
lamp. 

The  only  employment  of  the  Orecnlanders  is  fishing 
and. hunting.  They  can  never  live  by  agriculture  ;  the 
ciini.ite  is  too  culd,  and  the  soil  too  sterile. 

Before  the  Moravian  misHionarii>«  labored  among 
them,  the  (JifenluodiMs  were  burbnrians.  Tbcv  fre- 
quently iiniini  their  old  women  alive,  fo  get  rid  of  the 
triiiible  and  expens.'  of  intiinlaiuiKg  them.  Children 
hftv.;  boiu  known  to  bury  their  own  parents  in  ilii.^  way. 
itui  these  cu^ioms  are  row  abolished,  and  ibev  have  be- 
come, to  a  pon.iderable  extent,  a  Christian  people. 

Jnimnts.j     The    quHdrtipnU    are    reindeer,    foxes 
hares,  dogs,   and  while  bears.     The  dr.g«  are  used  as 
ben  vis  of  burden;    ttud  draw  the  sledges  of  the  Green- 
ian(!ers  ro  miles  a  day. 

Sea  fowl,  eagles,  r.'ivcns.  ai.d  other  birds  of  prey  are 
very  numerous.  Whales,  porpoises  and  other  ti^h 
abound  on  i  he  coast.  Greenland  is  valuable  nrincipallv 
on  account  of  its  fisheries.  '      ' 

But  the  animal  of  most  importance  to  the  Greenlander 
18  t be  seal.  Ii  is  every  thing  to  him.  The  flesh  of  the 
sea  IS  his  principal  food  :  the  oil  it  instead  of  wood  for 
iuel ;  out  of  ihe  skin  he  makes  his  boat,  tent  and 
Clothes;  the  fibres  of  the  sinews  answer  for  thread- 
even  the  bonos  and  entrails  are  found  to  be  valuable! 
oatcliing  seals  is  the  principal  emplovment  of  the  inhab- 


40 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 


hant*.  It  i«  a  difliriilt  and  <inngerou!t  bii«iiie>«!i ;  but  (o 
exci-l  in  it  i»  llie  liiglieitt  pride  of  I  lie  Grcenluiider.  'I'liu 
man  wlio  eaiinut  catuli  itcaU  is  luokcd  upuii  with  con- 
tempt. 

RUSSIAN  SETTLEMENTS. 


The  RusMiiiii  HcttliMncnta  in  North  Amcriea  arc  on  the 
noitliwetit  I'nast.  Tlit-y  ixu-nd  from  (^ipe  Prince  of 
Walc»,  at  Hi'hring'it  Hiriiilii,  ntar  lal.  »irj°  N.  to  Forlloi-k 
harbor,  near  lul  68*^.  They  contain,  in  all,  about  1000 
white  iuhabilanta.  The  number  of  Jndianii  tributary  to 
(he  Russians,  in  more  than  00,000.  The  principal  cm- 
uiojment  of  the  Indians  is  ti«hing  and  hunting  for  the 
KutthianN.  who  pay  them  for  (heir  far*  in  bendx  and  to- 
bacco. The  mode  of  living  and'  character  of  thexe  In- 
dians, in  many  poinUi  resemble  those  of  the  GrecnluDiI- 
tra. 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 


Sihiation.']  British  America  comprehends  all  that 
part  of  North  America,  which  lies  nordi  of  ihe  United 
Stales,  excepting  Greenland  and  the  ilussiati  settle- 
ments. ^ 

Divisions.'}  Not  .norc  than  one  tehih  part  of  this  vast 
country  is  in  the  posscssicii  of  (he  whites.  This  part  is 
in  the  southeast,  along  the  banks  of  the  Si.  Lmvrence, 
aud  the  five  great  Lakes,  and  embraces  the  island  of 
J\''eipJ'oundtttnd,  and  the  four  following  provinces. 

i.  Nova  l^Kotia. 
-3.  New-Hrunswick. 

Lower  Canada. 

Upper  Canada* 

British  America,  not  included  in  the  abovcmcn- 


4. 


All 


lioned  divisions,  is  generally  called  JWwUritaiii,  aud  is 
in  the  possessicn  uf  the  Indians. 


I( 
It 

ai 

St 

\v 
bt 

th 

u| 
T 

In 
El 
br 
to 
roi 
Tl 

eai 
eri 

13, 

ler 
in 
iuij 
J 
de| 
the 
nea 
usu 


DA. 

Ml!*  bii«itiei«fi ;  but  (u 
Grceiiluiiiler.     'I'he 

X'tl    Upull    with  CUD- 


ENTS. 

America  are  on  tlie 
III  (wipe   Prince    of 

m:i°  N.  to  Forilofk 
I.  ill  ttii,  aliout  1000 
Iniliftnii  tributary  to 

Tlie  principal  cm- 
and  hunting  for  the 
urn  in  bendi*  and  to- 
urarter  of  thpue  In- 
!  of  the  GrecnhiDiI- 


ICA. 


iprohends  all  that 
lurtli  of  the  United 
le  iluasiati     settle* 

mh  part  of  this  vant 
hiteti.  Thi<i  part  is 
r  the  Si.  JjKwrenre, 
races  the  inland  of 
is;  provinces. 


d  in  the  abovcinen- 
IWw-  Uritttin,  atid  is 


m 


m:wfouni)lam). 


ii 


Goi'ernmpnt.~l  The  island  of  New  f.iundtiin.i  U  under 
the  governtnen!  of  an  udniirHJ.  All  iln'  rent  oC  Itiiii^h 
Ani<.'iica  is  under  u  (>i>vt'rnor  ^enertti,  wlitme  rcHidt-nce  is 
ul  Quebec.  Desides  the  governor  general,  caoh  of  the 
four  provinces  has  a  governor,  who  is  sljled  lieutenant 
guvernor. 

NEWFOUXnr-AND. 

SUmthn.^  Newfoundland  is  an  island,  380  mile* 
long,  separated  from  Labrudor  Uy  the  straits  of  Bellisle. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  .St.  Lawrence  on  the  west, 
and  on  all  other  kides  by  the  Atlunlic. 

Face  of  ihi  country.]  The  country  is  hilly,  and  the 
soil  barren;  the  eoiuls  are  high  and  bold,  and  abound 
with  fine  harbors.  The  iiK trior  of  the  island  has  never 
beeii  explored. 

Fhherk^.']  New  foundland  owes  all  its  importance  to 
the  hsheries,  wliieh  are  carried  oii  upon  its  shores,  and 
upon  the  banks,  which  lie  to  the  southeast  of  the  island. 
J  he  Grand  Bank  lies  too  miles  from  the  southeaitt  ex- 
tremiiy  of  the  island  it  is  aoo  miles  long  and  73  broad. 
l!.ast  of  this  IS  Green  Hank,  2M  miles  long,  and  120 
broad.  \o  less  than  3,000  sail  of  small  craft,  belonffine 
to  Great  Britain  France,  and  the  United  States,  and 
manned  by  i00.0i>0  meu,  are  employed  in  these  fislieriei 
Iht-y  are  an  excellent  nursery  for  seamen. 

ToKHs.]  All  the  principal  towns  are  on  the  south- 
east side  of  the  island,  iu  the  neighborhood  of  the  fish- 
erics. 

St.  John's  is  the  capital.  It  contained  in  1815  aliout 
12,000  inhulMtunts  ;  but  three  dreadftil  fires,  in  the  win- 
lers  of  1816  and  ist7.  laid  nearly  the  whole  of  the  town 
in  ashes.  Placentia  and  Bonavista  are  nest  in  size  and 
luipurtiinee. 

Population.-]  The  population  is  very  flucfuatin*.  If 
depends  upon  the  state  of  ihe  fisheries.  In  1813,  when 
the  hsl^er.es  were  most  prosperous,  it  amounted  f» 
nearly  r„,,oo.  1  he  largest  portion  of  the  seltlm  has 
usually  been  from  Irelaud.  '•"•ws  uns 

4* 


■it 


m 

i 


}0 


4S 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 


/fW/srion]  Mnre  tliiiii  llirei^inarlns  of  iLe  iiilinlii- 
taiiu  are  Uiiinnii  i.'Htliolies.  'I'lic  rest  ure  l'i'o(eitluii(>i,  of 
varioiit  denoininulioiH. 

Governmi'Ht  \  'l\m  iAlaiiil  Iteloiiiu;'*  lit  Great  Briiuiii. 
ftnd  IB  under  the  gnvuniiueiit  ul'  uii  udiniral. 


r 
o 

tl 
\\ 
a 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Situation,^  Nova  Scolia  is  a  narrow  peninsula,  more 
tliuii  3G0  miles  lung,  slretehintj  IVom  soulliweMl  to  north- 
easf.  It  is  bounded,  on  llie  north  by  the  UulT  of  St. 
Lawrence;  on  the  west  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  on  the 
northweHt  bv  the  province  of  New-Urunswick  ;  and  on 
all  other  sides  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

History.']  No  settlements,  of  any  consequence,  were 
made  in  this  country  till  the  year  I74tf.  In  that  year, 
the  English  government  sent  out  a  colony  of  about  .3000 
persons,  who  settled  at  Halifux.  For  several  years, 
ihev  were  murL  disturbed  by  the  French  from  Cnnadii, 
and  the  Indians;  but  the  conquest  of  Canada  by  the 
English  in  170O,  put  an  end  to  thr«e  troubles  ;  emigrants 
then  came  over  from  Kugland  in  great  numbers  and  the 
colony  has  ever  since  advauced  rapidly  in  ueuhh  and 
population. 

Divisions.]  Nova  Scolia  is  divided  into  0  counties, 
^vhieh  are  subdivided  iutu  37  townships. 


Counties. 

Halifai, 

Hants, 

King's, 

Aonupulis, 


Chief  Towns, 
\  Halifax, 
I  Truro. 
Windsor 
Cornwallis 
Annapolis. 


Counties,        Chief  Towm. 
Sbelburne,      Sht-jburne. 
Queen's,  Liverpool. 

Lunenburgh,  Lunenburg!). 
Sydney,  Manchester. 

Cumberland,  Cuml>erlaud 


Population.]  The  population  is  estimated  at  more 
than  10  0,000  The  great  body  of  the  people  arc  of 
English  origin;  princi}>ally  emigrants  from  Ni-w-Eng- 
lanii.  After  ihcRC,  the  .Scotch  and  Irish  settlers  are 
must  uumcTuus.     '1  he  Mitkinack  liidiat:s  were  the  abo- 


li 

e( 

C 

■r 

tri 
Gi 

m 

Hi 

tin 
in 

fer 
ma 
tov 
lar 
Ua 

ere 
arc 
quti 
-t 
asp 
aloi 
goo 

i 

Sco 
mai 
feet 
thai 
tak( 


■Ifi's  of  ihe   iiilinlii- 
t  ure  I'roleHlaiits,  of 

;«  In  Oreal  Brihiiii. 
Jinirul. 


row  peninsula,  more 
ttnulliweMl  to  north- 
by  tlie  Uuir  of  8t. 
f  nf  Funily  ;  on  the 
Urunswick ;  and  on 
n. 

'  consequence, were 
74».  In  that  year, 
nlony  of  aliont  3000 
For  several  years, 
icnch  fiom  Cnnadii, 
I  of  Cnnadu  by  the 
troubles ;  emigrants 
int  numbers  and  the 
lidly  in  weuhh  and 

Jed  into  0  counties, 
lips. 


s. 

rne, 
» 


Chief  Towm. 

Shfjburne. 
I,  Liverpool, 

turgh,  Lunenburg!). 
,  Manchester, 

rland,  Cuniivcrlaud 

I  estimated  at  more 
the  people  ure  of 
nts  from  Mi'W-Eng- 
I  Irish  settlers  are 
idiatw  were  the  abo- 


NOVA  HCOTIA. 


43 


ngn.es  ol  the  province,  and  si  ill  i„|,uhit   the  .hore  east 
ol  Hul.lu,.     'I  h.  y  «re  diminishing  in  n. ,er.. 

th..  if  !r  "A     'f'-l/^'A"- !    '"'•'  .•H.ubl..lMd  r.  limon  is 

ul  o>   the  iJhu.  eh   of  KngUnd.     There  in  on.  n^.|,„n, 

uhose  d.o<.e.eHe  .„..|„,|,h  N„v«  s.o.ia.  N..«  Urnn-ui  L, 

ond  (he  .hIh,..Is  ,.(  fHpe  H.Hon  and  I'.i.uu.  Kd^nrd. 

Ihere  is  a  (olhge  ut  Windsor,  Mhi.h  has  a  valnhblo 

ClfJhuiJn'""'^     llAMKAx,(hocnpit„|,  i,  Hitua.ed  on 
Uiebucto  Uuy,  ,n  (he  eonire  of  the  peninsula.     )i  has  a 

Selt'n!-,   ■      ■"  ';r'""'P»»  "^'«»  ••"'*"".  belonging  to 

iSo  *  "'  ^'"'"'  '^'""'''"''    '*'"'  F'l'ulalion  is 

Liverpool,  i»  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  45  miles  S.  W,  of 

idf  o'f'st"';''  ''"'  '•">-i<'^T"ble  trade.     Pictou,  on    he 

ftne   harbor.     Oieat  qnanliiies  of  timber  are  exn..Med 
from  Piclou  to  Ureat  Britain.  ^M'""'" 

f.H'^i  "l"^  ^."T'''''^'-^  Intercourse  between  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  eoun(ry  is  ea.v.  Hoh.Ih  have  been 
made,  at  cons.deruble  expense,  fr'om  Halifax  hIIU 
owns  ,n  the  province ;  and  packets  carry  the  mail    eal 

orI''^"""«.".""■*'''  "'"'  "^«''''  «''  ^'"va  Scotia  have  in- 

are  tI'st"aJi:"'  "'"'  T"'  ^"'"'^"y-  ''^'•*''  »"J  '""'  "r 
are  the  staple  comuioduies,  and  are  exporip.l  in  great 
quantities  to  Great  Britain,  and  the  Wes.-lndies   ^ 

asS  ^  Bl.''Jh!!!\*^-  "'.'•"'■"  n''"'  "  =?■'""">  «'"'  barren 
aspeui.     tlul  tile  ctiunlies  In  iliu  «    \v   „4' ti   i-i»  1 

ft.'l,!T»;;:  ;*■  V,:.'' S'.;: cKr '" « 


i* 


NKW  nilUNMWKK. 


fslnndt:,]  Prince  FAlward's  iNlniul,  formt'rly  cnlletl 
St  .tiifni's,  i*  ninrt-  tliun  loil  niilen  loiii^.  Il  in  in  liic 
Clulfof  Hi.  I.uMriiifc,  Mt»l  or  ('u|i«*  Dretoii,  niid  uear 
tlu'  iinrllifMi  CMiimt  (il'Novn  Mcoiin.  'Hit-  |irinei|iHi  Utwn 
in  t'liarlutttlowii.     'Hie  |)opululinn  i»  nbitut  HOO. 


It 
ill 


m 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

Situation.}  New  (IrunHwick  it  bouiidt'il  on  llu'  N.  by 
Lower  L'uiiuda :  on  Uie  K.  by  tlic  UiiM"  ol'  Si.  I.iiwreiife ; 
on  ibc  H.  K.  Il)  Novii  Httoliii,  and  (he  Buy  ol'  Fundy ; 
on  the  W.  by  MHiite  nnd  l/unada. 

Chief  Towns.'}  Frederickiou  is  the  cnpilal.  It  iH  on 
Ht.  Johit\  rivur,  about  80  milcH  from  the  mouth,  ut  the 
head  oi'  sloo|i  n'lvi^iilion. 

The  eily  ol".*«.  Julin'H  in  the  lar^eil  (own.  It  in  near 
(lie  innnlli  of  Mt.  John'tt  river,  uud  cuutainit  upward))  of 
S,000  iulinbit:tiil«t. 

I'opaUition.}  The  population  of  (he  province  is  csli- 
niated  ut  more  ihiin  O0,iii)0. 

Biip.}  The  principal  bay*  are  fHssumiupioddy,  bor- 
deriiit;  on  Maine;  tlie  llay  of  Fundy  ;  Chigneelo  bay, 
which  IK  an  arm  of  the  bay' of  Fuu<ly  ;  Merrumichi  and 
CMialcnr  buys,  which  coniuiunieale  with  the  Guli'ol'  Mt. 
Laivrcnee. 

y/uTrs  ]  .Sf.  John's  river  is  (he  principal  river 
in  (hi-  pniv'iice.  Il  riHcii  in  Maine,  and  emptier  ilo 
(lie  Buy  ol  Funil).  Il  in  navigable  for  »loopi*  bO  miles, 
and  lor"  boats.  2U0.  The  eomnion  route  from  the  eily  of 
Hi    .1ithii*ii  to  Quebec  is  up  this  river. 

Merrtimivhi  river  empties  into  Merramiehi  bay.  It 
abiiumls  Hiih  talmon. 

*»«/i7  and  I'voductions.}  The  lands  on  (he  rivers,  es- 
pecially on  f'l.  John's  river,  and  its  branche*.  are  very 
rich  and  feriile.  The  pines  on  this  river  are  the  largest 
in  Brilisli  America,  and  alVurd  a  con»>iilerable  supply 
of  inHKis  for  the  Biiiisli  navy. 

The  limber  with  which  the  uplands  are  covered, 
and   (be  cud-fisli,  suhnun,  uud  beriiug,  which   abound 


n 
It 
1. 

N 
>V 

wl 
di 

an 
thi 

rii 

dii 
wli 
nal 
Lo 
pri 
the 
Up 
stei 
ehu 
huu 
15,S 

sub! 

J. 

the 

180 

The 

com 

is  t> 

7 

on  t 

Que 


LK. 

till,  fonncrly  culled 
loiii;.     Il  in  in  lite 

I***  Dretoii,  niitl  uear 
'llie  |irinei|iHi  (own 
it  abuut  Hoo. 


K. 

iiuiiiIimI  on  the  N.  by 
iilf  of  St.  liiiwieiife; 
(he  Buy  of  Fuiiily  ; 

lie  cnpidkl.  I(  iH  un 
m  (he  mouth,  ut  (he 

i'fl(  (own.  I(  in  nenr 
cuudiinH  uitwardfi  of 

(he  province  is  csti* 

'HS8uniii(|iioilily,  bnr- 
«ly  ;  Chigneclo  buy, 
ly  ;  Mvrrumiclii  uiid 
ni(h  (he  Guli'or  Ut. 

llie  principnl  river 
ne,  Hiid  emptier  itn 
for  ttloopH  hO  nnlt-g, 
oute  Fioui  the  city  of 
r. 
^Icrramichi  bay.     It 

di*  on  (he  rivprn,  es- 

8  hrnni'hf*.  are  *ery 

river  are  the  largest 

con)>iilerable  supply 

pliitiilu  are  covered, 
ring,  which   abound 


I-OWKIt  CANADA. 


U 


in  (lie  rivers  mid  on  (ho  ..ohsI^,  «,,■  the  priiicijm?  pro. 
•iiKlioiM  ui  the  eouuir),  aud  ure  txpoilcd  m  coiitiderablo 


qiiaiiliiie*. 


KOWMIt  CANADA. 


SUuiittoH.]     Lower  Camidii  liei  on  both  «;dr<  nf  ihe 
rivcr  M.  Luwrenco,  from  it-  1......1I.  („  l.uke  M.  l-Vanrm. 

It  iH  Uiind.d.N.  by  New  llniaiii;  l).  hv  the  Gull  of  Xt. 

L.wrcnc..,  «.   K    and   S.    Im    N Jilinswick.  Maine, 

XSevv  llamp«hirc,  \  ermont,  ui.d  \tw  \  oik.  S.  W.  and 
W.  hy  Upper  Cunadu. 

«£.?!!:""  ^  '"'7'';  V""^-'"  '*  Jiviilcd  into  di.tricl«, 
whieh  are  Mub.livi.l.d  niin  con,  ,ie,.  The  ennn(ic.  arc* 
"'V.;'*" ,.  "'.'"  '""""''il'^  Hrisn..iic.,  nn.l   pari^hpn. 

ami  ,1  all  Hriii,h  -Am.  r.ci.  ..and,  on  the  .u.r.h  side  of 
"lewt.  I.awreiiee.  at  iIn  conllnei.e.'  wiih  the  river  .S|. 
CbarliM,  about  ;i.JO  mile.  Com  the  sea.  'rhe  lo«ni« 
divided   into    rpp..,  „„,|    L„„,r.      The   Up  er      ,;  u 

u  Inch  IK  built  ,.n  a  lii.nh, p  roe!,,  in  a  plue  •  „f  ,re."f 

naturaUtrengih.andi.  extreoidy  „ell  llrtifud.J-  , 
l-owei-  (own  H  much  (be  snidlesi  part,  ,i,„l  j-  i,,i,,.i,;,"| 
jmncipally  by  tradesmen  and  .Hill.r.  '        i    «    i u  In^ 

steeple  5  when  the  cannon  of  (he  fortiJication*  are  dh, 
r^ar     Tl    '   ''"f"'""""   "'   ""■'   «i'y,  ill   isis.^va. 

Johiil;  „.:i  r  ''"."e'l:^  "■'"""'^  Q"^^«°  p'-««'=«<s  u  mo.t 

sublime  and  beaudlul  scenery. 
JW^-a^  is  8i(ua(ed  0.1  the  east  side  of  an  inland  in 

1  he  populahon,  ni  1  s  ( 8,  was  e«(ima(ed  a(  ao,ooo.     The 
I^reTtfat  ""^  "  "'^"*'^^"  '•  '"^'  I"'-i«^'  ••--"' 

on  (he  norths  deof  (he  S(.  Lawren.e^.„|f"    VSen 
Quebec  and  Moulreal,  90  miles  from  each.    It  was  fi!r" 


i 


low  Kit  CANADA. 


t^  ^ 


mfrly  the  «cnt  of  llu»  Frnicli  govfrinnriil.     It  voiiittiii^ 
alitiiit  J.itoo  iiiliikliitttiiU. 

SiivAlr  in  oil  llie  H.  niilc  of  tlio  M.  I.BW  rciicc,  hall" 
ua)  liclMeen  Muiilrt'u!  aiitl  Tlircv  Uivcri,  l.)  iiiilcH  rriim 
eucli. 

VnpnUifion.  1  I.owfr  Cnnmlit  poiiliiiiiN  nlioiil  ;j(mi.«1(I() 
iiiliiiltitaiilx,  ti  imijiirily  III'  mIiuiii  tin' of  Kniiili  iirii;in. 
The  priiiciiinl  ^ciiU'iuViitu  are  nloiig  «lii'  liuiik*  of  tlir 
**i\..  lillWTonri'. 

Hfllx'toii.]  A  MiHioriiy  of  lli«'  inlinliilrtnl*  on-  of  llic 
Huniiiii  Cailiolic  rfligiun;  luil  l'rt'Hli}li'iiuii«,  na|ili«tii, 
^I'llioili'^iH.  mill  utlivr  I'roli*«i;ku(  icctit  nrv  fuHt  iiii'ri-ai> 
111^  ill  iiiinihcrN. 

Hiytiirij.  j  'I'hiii  roiinlry  wiu  ori^iiiuliy  Hftili-il  l<y  ifie 
FriMuli.  imil  K'limiiieil  in  llitir  |Hi<««fN»ii.ii  uitlil  ITiU, 
wlii'ii  nn  l*'nu;li»li  uriiiy.  iiimIit  (U-iutuI  WoIIV,  tonk 
Qiii'Ik'c:  mill,  kooii  alur-  lliu  uliutv  |iroviiiuL>  iiui'ri>iitlt.T- 
ImJ  to  (lie  Urilinli. 

Al  Itif  (•iiniiiiiiii-rmiMil  of  llic  Aini'ricmi  revoliMiou  in 
177.^.  iImh  |iiovinfi'  \>a»  iti\nili'il  liy  llic  Aiin'rimn  (roop"* ; 

Mniitf'Hl  v\ii>i  iitki'ii,  mill    an  ulliiik  mum  iiiiiilc  it|)im 

Qui-lier,  but  il  faili-il ;  Cifiierul  Muiiti^oiiicry  wits  itlnin, 
anil  III*  iroopH  roiiii'iL 

t'omiii'nr.]  'I'lii-  conmiriTP  of  llii'^  jtrovinre  Inn 
liftn  i/«pnllj  ini'ifuiiiin  f'lr  miiiiy  yenm.  'I'lii' priiici- 
itui  Hiiii'lit  of  export  are  I'iiih,  liiinlier,  potahlif)i, 
^lain.  po:k  anil  Inif  The  proiliue  of  Tppi-r  Canmla, 
in  liroi^lit  ili>ivu  liiu  St.  iiiivvrencc,  uiiil  rxported  from 
IVliiiitreal 

CliiiKite']  I'lic  «in)ern  nre  long,  anil  llie  cold  inlenHe. 
The  iee  on  ihe  rivem  is  uinally  two  feet  thick.  Tliu 
weather  is  very  uarm  in  sunimer,  and  vegctuiion  re- 
markably rapid. 

Far*'  of  (he  vnunlvj,  fitc.  ]  Severul  ranges  of  monn- 
tivitiH  run  from  the  coaiit  into  Clie  interior,  in  parallel 
rid^ert.  Till'  valleys  bchveeu,  have  a  fertile  soil,  yield- 
ing gra^s  and  grain  f.n  abundance.  The  greater  part  of 
the  country  i^  still  covered  with  forests. 

Ilh-iTs.']  The  St.  Laurence  runs  through  this  prov- 
inee.  front  southwest  to  northeast,  and  empties  into  the 
(iulf  of  St.  Kawrenec. 


ni 
I. 

S, 
Im 
II 
III 
bt 

m 
w 

h 

fe 
de 
do 

.St 
en 
nn 
(hi 

MC 

ser 
inl 
po| 


cou 
gie 
on 
t,.h 
on 
sop 
Dii 
J 
div 


t^       ^      — 


\. 


riiini'ti(,     ll  I'liiiiuiii^ 

•  SI.  |,a\tr<>iicc,  linir 
(ivcrs,  a  iiiilcH  from 

iiliiirDi  nlitiiil  aoii.oon 
rt'  (ll*  Kmii'li  <irii;iii. 
iig  (III'  liikiikt  III'  (lir 

ilialiilAiit*  orr  of  (lie 
<il(}l('iiuiiii,  nupiUm, 
LictM  nre  iuNt  iiii'mu* 

:;iiiull)  Nftilcil  \,y  llic 
i<«i4t'Nkii.ii  uitlil  1T6U, 
^SciiiTuI  WollV,  tiiiik 
L-  |iroviiitie  nurrcndLT- 

ncrirnn  ri'voliiliou  in 
ilic  Ainfrii'Hii  lriiii|i'« ; 
lack  wiiH  III  11  tit*  it|)(iii 
)nt!{iMiiery  \\>\%  sluin, 

f  llii^  |irnviiire  liii< 
I'  yi'Hrtt.     Till'  |iriiu'i- 

.     llllllllIT,     polBhllfH, 

■»'  ol'  r|i|i<T  Caimiln, 
I*,  uiiii  rxported  i'rtiin 

oriil  llie  cidd  inlcntd'. 
wo  feet  lliick.  'I'liu 
',   and  vegi'tuiioii  ru- 

ral  rangeR  nt  mniin- 
inlerinr,    in    parHllel 

'C  a  iVrtile  Noil,  yield- 
Tlie  greotcr  jiarl  of 

resli. 

ns  throiigli  tliiit  prnv- 

and  empticH  into  tbe 


I'I'I'KH  CANADA. 


4f 


The  Oulawnt  iivit  implic*  iniii  jIip  fHj.  Lnuronre, 
iH-ar  Miinlrcul.  ll  t\*ie%  in  (he  hi^h  iundii,  belwecn 
l.aki>  Huron  and  Ifiidion'N  liav — Tht-  Sim-elh  and  thu 
St.  FraiiriH  I'lnplv  iiilii  ihi*  W(.  LuMnnre  from  (he  iuu(h, 
lit'lvvi'tn  Mtinlreal  and  (^niliep.  'I'he  Sorelje  ii  the  iiul- 
lt(  III"  l.akc  (  hainpluin— -The  Vhunilwie  t'omen  frnin 
(he  Miiilli,  and  einplieit  itUo  (he  Hi.  Lawrence  near  Oia- 
bi'c. 

M\itural  Curiositirs.']  The  eeleliraled  ralli  of  Mont- 
morency are  near  (he  month  of  a  river  onhe  .anie  iianie, 
whu'h  em^iiien  into  lite  .S(.  Lawrence,  u  mile*  hrlow 
yriei.ec.  The  river  p.,nri  o»er  a  precipice,  and  inMuul- 
\y  fall*  perpendicularly  lo  the  unloninhini;  deplh  of  ^'jii 
feet,  preNentin^  a  *ceiie  of  wonderful  beauty  and  irran- 
deur.  Theie  falU  are  in  full  view,  as  you  tail  up  and 
down  (he  HI.  Lawrence 

Jsla  \d,}  The  inland  of  Cape  Ureton,  in  (he  (iulf  of 
H(.  Lawrence  i«  altaclied  (o  (liiii  iirovince.  It  lies  north- 
easl  of  Nova  .Heoiia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  strait,  called  the  Hut  of  Canno.  In  1743,  when 
this  island  beion^ed  to  France,  (he  liOieries  on  its  shorea 
were  very  productive,  and  emplnved  no  less  (han  37,000 
seamen.  At  present,  (he  priMci'pul  employment  of  (he 
inhabKants  in,  the  working  of  ihe  coal  mines.  The 
I'opulation  of  the  island  it  abonl  .<,oo(). 


UPI'KIl  (  AXADA. 


Situnlion.]  Fppcr  Canada  is  that  peninsular  tract  of 
country  which  lies  between  the  river  Oul.t*  as  and  (he 
great  lakc^.  Ontario.  Krie  and  Huron,  ll  is  bounded 
on  the  euHt,  sonih  and  we-jl  by  the  United  SiiUm.  from 
t>,hi.'h  It  IS  sepiirated  by  the  Hi.  Lawrence  and  the  Lakei; 
on  the  nortlieust  by  Lower  C  .nada,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Oiilawas  ri»er  j  on  Ihe  nor(hwes(  by  Sow- 
Ifiilain. 

nivisions.}     The   sedled    part    of    this    provinc    is 
divided   into  S  districts,  uhich  are  subdivided   inu.  ;i4 


irpi'i'.ii  r\v\n\. 


ronnliri,  «n(l  thcie  arc  iigiiin  dividfii   iuUt   IDA  loun- 
ktiipn. 


mm  iitt. 

,lllllll<llOUi|l, 

Klidluml, 

llnme, 
NiiieitrH, 
liOiitliin, 
>Vt»uri», 


H'hift  iitiiairj. 

on  III!'  He,  LitMrfiicf, 

on  liiki'  OiilHii", 

ilo. 

do. 
on  \irt^.*n«  rivpr, 
on  l.iikf  Krit*, 
nit  l.uku  ^1.  i'ltiir, 


f.lii'/  Tuvini, 

t^irintiill. 

1*11 -cnH. 

Kiii^Miiin. 

N'l'ucuille. 

Vwrk. 

(^IliMnitOMOi 

Sar  dwirli. 


Vopnliition']  T'pppr  r  ui'idd  in  a  new  I'niiiilry,  anil 
1lu>  piinil.ilion  infrt>uMi'>i  Midi  nn-at  nipidilv  In  C^»3 
i(  uii«  (>«|iin.iipd  Ht  n:>ly  IO,(iUO|  in  ISliat  iifl.ooo. 
it  mil  pmbtitily  ciMMiiiiit.'  Im  iiii-i'rA«c  rH|iidly  lor  iiiiiny 
yi'Hrii.  'I'Im*  ii'iilfiiu'iiiii,  n*  pri'iiciiti  ar<>  rooliiit-d  (o  liie 
neiglilinrhond  oritii-  Ht.  Ijtwr^iicp,  and  llti>  mhure*  nf  (lie 
Hreiti  luki*  ;  Imii  llicy  are  iunl  i-xlendiiiu;  itiin  the  iiite-' 
rinr.  I'Iim  <«i>titi>r«  are  |iriiicip:illy  t*mi;i;raiiu  from  the 
UiiiiciJ  hinli'i. 

hWf^  nf  \hf  amntrtj,  nuiL  Ste.J  The  roiintry  on  iKe 
St.  I<.|^vrl'lll•e  tiad  tlni  li»ki"«  i*  it  lini;  level  foiinlr}',  mHIi 
A  rich  miil,  well  adapiud  fnr  oiitlivalion.  There  i*  • 
great  qiititility  of  IVrlile  land,  at  preKi>iit  iionciMipifd,  in 
lhi«  province,  hut  the  m'tltt'ini'iii*  are  fani  exli-nding 
over  ii.  Miirh  of  the  intfrior  of  the  province  hait  tietiT 
hi>en  ftplitrtfd. 

dhiff  TowiiH.]  York  U  the  neat  nf  government,  It 
i«  retjiitnrly  laid  nut,  im  the  iiurlhvvcHt  mdo  of  Lake  On* 
tario,  has  a  lieiuitiritl  uiid  commodious  harbor,  and  about 
i.aon  inhabitanli. 

Ktizi'ton  Htaitds  at  llie  egreM  of  the  Hi,  I<awrene« 
from  Luke  Unlario.  It  io  the  moil  flnitri^hinK  town  in 
thi>  provinee,  and  oimtninii  about  ^.ooo  inliuhitaiitfi.  It 
hi*  an  exeilleiit  harlior,  and,  in  time  of  war.  in  the 
priiieipal  itatiun  Tor  the  Brili«li  nhipping  on  Lake  On- 
larin. 

J\>irnrt  iM  at  the  month  of  Niagara  river,  where  it 
enter*  Lake  Ontario,  ({ueemtown  m  on  ihe  mime  river, 
?"  mil,:B  from  Newark.     Vhippncai/  in  «u  the  aaine  river, 


i 

ii 

II 
H 
»} 
T 
L 
III 
th 

ho 
ra 
ie| 
coi 
thi 

CO  I 

lh( 

La 

on 

in  I 

'J 

aD«i 

i 

the 

and 

thn 

C 

hnn 

rem 

llur 

oft 

The 

prod 


IICl', 


(Jinf  TuMint 

t^iriiuiill. 

l*iccr>U. 

Nt-ncuilb. 

Y.irk. 

Saiilvticli. 


1  ft  nPW  fniiitlry,  anil 
t  nipidily  In  17^3 
i  in  ISli  at  1.i(t,0<iO. 
ic  rH|ii<!iy  loi*  niuny 
li  nr<>  roiiluiftl  (n  ilie 
Hn<l  llti*  ulifireit  nf  (lie 
■nifiiia;  itiin  the  iiiic 
)  emi^rittili  IVoni  the 

I'll?  ctMinlrj  on  iKe 
le  level  fotintr)',  «ilh 
ivKlioit.  There  itt  • 
e«i>iit  iiiinriMipicil.  in 
are  Xm\  fxti-mling 
p  pruviiice  huit  \w\vt 

It  of  ttftverhmcnl,  It 
cut  xiiit*  (»r  Luke  On* 
lus  harbor,  and  abuut 

f  the  St.  I<awrene« 
il  flniirinhinx  town  in 

000  inhuhitaiitit.     It 

1  imp  of  war.  i«  (he 
i|>|iiiig  on  tiokt'  On- 

(;ara  river,  where  it 
\*  on  the  mtm^  river, 
in  oil  the  Mine  river, 


tPPKH  CANADA.  ^^ 

to  mif..«  alM.ve  QMeenM..»v».  nail  j  «L„v.    NiM»„r«  f.,n, 
r,  „  I  akr  Kiie.     .»/.,/,/r„  „„|    .sv,„^,^,,/i    are  .oulli  ..f 

!'iri:;jV:?i:/'*"  *^'''«'' "»'-•" '^••^^  «••  ^''-J 

«ke  T,  «  '  •!  h'".-''  V^i""  •'"«  •>"•"  l.«k..  ll..r.M,  to 
IhroHuh  Severn  river  into  Lake  Huron  x  near  L.,ka 
».me«e  are  the  Shallow  lake.,  which  eZ  y  ?hr,n  uh  a 

I  'Ho-nrr  I-   ""^    "^  guinti.  whi'h  open,  into 

like      11    *  """  ^  ""•*"•"•     '"*•"■  ^'♦V,.«„./„  „  |.,r  " 

lt;;;:';^;i:2;;:;r-''^-''-*«'-M.;k^ 

the  province  fr„,„  Michigan  Territory  •''P»'"««^« 

LakeTrie'T  'V  ''*'"«''   "'/''""''  «'"^''  "'"P'*-  !"•« 

:^«^;;;;'^;i.!;-^sii.:'i^^^^^^^^ 

.n,^.e  po.p„...»  of ,h.  Si,  Nmi„,.,  of  ,,;fi;;,V"  •'  '• 

iiie   lhamf»  ruei  near  (he  Doiireei  of  Oranil   river 
and  flow.  «outhwe..  i„i„  L„ke  St.  C:air  ' 

.1.    ^^*.L    *''"^ '"!''  »**Q"''»'  '»  ft  lonff  narrow  harbor  at 

through  it.  whole  1^;,;'*'  "'"'  ''^''^*   *^^'  nav.,alio« 
Commerce.     The  commerce  of  thi»  province  hitherto. 

reniL,  but  h  ,en  the  gr?.n  canal  from  Lake  Krre  (o 
Hudmm  riven,  completed,  the  tr«.le«nhe  "extern  nar^ 

produSr      ^    '•  *"■"  '"•'•'''*'  •"''  «"'«'  »3ricultur.| 


i 


m  NKW  BIUTAIN. 

n*Uxlitn.  'III.*  |iilii»l»»(rtiiU  lm»#  rMfBth  uninrmi-.l 
frum  *«rioM«  piru  "f  ili»  l'nilp«l  Ml*if»,  mnl,  ««  iiiti^lil 
br  ri|irclril,  ufi'  "f  mmiij  iliJIftinl  r»lii<tiiM«  •IriiniMiM*. 
lW»n«.  Tin-  MtllMMli»l»  mv  m«ul  Hiuiirruti*  i  iii»l  lo 
them  nrr  llir  H»iHi«i"i  nml  rrr»l»jl»r»tiM«.  I.ik»  all  im^U 
•rlllril  rniiuirif«  llii*  |iruvineu  i«  |iourly  (U|)|iliv<]  willi 

W(.fu/i.        I'liliTiilily  noml  ri»ml»  liBvr  lurii  mMf  «mm 

t)k| te  of  lln*    ^llvl•rmln•l••.  llir<.ii«li   all  llif  |»riiiri|Mil 

•I'lllcmi-iili.  Nowrly  llif  wluilt-  rcvmin'.  nf  lii«  nr«vim» 
hut.  r<ir  •ovrml  ^puri,  ljt'«ii  ei|»cmlc«l  I7  (lit  King  m 
niM>iiii)«(  iM'w  itm«f*.  .1.1 

Climittf,  I'lif  provlnee  !•  In  «  morp  ioiHhprn  l«li- 
Itiili'  iliuii  Lomr  t'ttnatU,  ttii«l  llic  ilmiulc  !•  niiicli 
WKMiirr. 

NKW  imiT.MN. 

Hllunllnu  New  nrilnlii  eomprilieniI»  »li  (liR(  part 
of  HrHinli  Americn.  wliicli  Iim  norlli  itiitl  n<irlliMe«l  »t 
lJp|Mr»ii<I  I-«>w.tC«iiiuI«.  Il  i«  »  v««l  country  n- 
IcmliiiK  from  the  AilaiHio  Ocean  on  llic  catl,  •»  ■  .;  la- 
filkoii  the  w«l  »  anJ  fmiu  Cana.lft  an<l  llie  LmWiX 
8lalM  on  Jlie  loinh,  lo  lli«-  Kronen  Ocean  on  I  lie  norlh. 

invisinm.  Ilutlion'*  H«v  diviilin  llii«  eounlry  into 
two  |iarl»,  llie  fn-lfrn  immI  llie  ivesti-rn.  The  cailcrn  u 
•ubdivideU  inio  Ulmulor  ami  '^'l'' /'«•;«'»";'  •"* 
weilern  into  ^\w  South  n'alea  anil  *\>a>  JS'iirth  ft  ales. 

Faef  of  the  coutitry.  Thin  !•  »  ilreary,  ilenolaje 
counlry.  The  »urface,  to  a  Rreat  exieni,  i*  nakcil  rock, 
or  covered  with  a  loil  to  ihio,  Ihat  nothing  bul  moM, 
nncl  .hrubn,  or  «lin(eil  Ireei  can  av»w  upon  il.  There 
are  innumcrahle  lakei  and  po"d»  of  frc«h  water  icalUred 
over  Ihc  whole  country. 

Ilttyt.  l  he  two  principal  bav«  arc  Ihffiu  a  and  nuit- 
.son's.  The  loulhero  pari  of  lludion'*  Bay  ii  call..d 
Jamen  Bay.  .    ,  . 

J^kes.  'f"^  '  •mall  lakei  are  too  many  to  be  enumerat- 
ed The  >  lee  largest  are  Slave  Lake,  Mhapescow 
l.ake,  orliBKeofthc'hilU,  and  Lake  Jt'inniprg. 


M 
I.. 

Ai 
m<i 

wi 

iid 
en 

t 

liar 

hill 

buii 

i 

tm 

nil) 

Ira 

Ind 

ln» 

liei'i 

'I 

eh  II 

«■*. 

Ihc 

e«(i 

and 

lOfn 

this 
the« 
and 
pa<t« 
and 
engn 
carr 
.S-, 
Nmal 

f'OIUI 

The. 

^ttijei 

UII'U. 


tiUca,  mill,  ««  iiiii^ltt 
rflli(tiiM«  tlvnilllllMM- 
MUMM'rtlM*  I  IH'tl  III 
III*.  I.ikv  «il  lii-^vly 
mi\y  itiiiitlii-)!  Mild 

ivr  lii'i'ii  niKili*  Ml  llta 
It  all  llif  |triiipi|Mil 
Miip.  of  ilt«  |»riiviiM«> 

mntf  loulhfrn  Uti- 
le iliiimU    i*    niiicli 


elienili  all  iliitl  pnrt 
■ill  mid  ntirlliwvit  u( 
n  va«t  couiiir%,  vi- 
I  I  lie  Oil,  •<»  *  '■  Ht- 
iiln  ami  (lie  I'liilt'tl 
Oceaii  uii  I  lie  norlh. 
f»  Itii*  rounlry  inio 
frii.  The  cailcrn  it 
i»t  Main  I  anil  (lie 
I  ,\Vjf  JShrth  HaU». 
I  n  tlit'ttry,  tieioiale 
'Xlenl,  in  iiakpil  rock, 
at  nolliing  but  moM, 
ritu  iipiiii  it.  There 
Trctli  water  •eallcred 

arc  IhJIin'i*  ami  //«</- 
idiun't  Day  ii  calli.'d 

many  lobe  eniiitnTat- 
vt  Lake,  Jilhapeacuw 
nke  jyinnipeg- 


NKW  UUITAIN. 


ii 


ffM#r*.      M<i,i0HtU'»  rlv«r,  wfiUli   U  th^  mttUi  nf 

iV"  .!:*"'•  •'"'  •^'•'/"""••«  f'v'N  wliieli  ••  flip  »uilH  i.r 
l.»Wf  W  iniii|ir^,  ttri>  ttiiioMir  ihc  g(real»«l  rivrra  in  Norlli 
Amerua.  rnjignh  and  Afhaii¥n,„w  rivir*  are  lltt*  re- 
m..lo  «.Mir<'M  .,r  \lark#n/ie'«  rUrr  ,  ami  I'le  Sa*kat,hn- 
it'inf  K  ihc  nmoli-  •iMireo  of  VrUunN  river. 

rAWi<«and  /if,;rn  river*  rmnly  int..  (he  we«lern 
•i.li.  of  llii.Noii .  Uuy.  J/6«„y,  jtuoH,  and  ///»«#r«  ri». 
er«  empijr  inin  ||||.  „im|„.rn  purl  «r.l.»mi'ii  lluy. 

I  fwtmh.m*.  VUt  eiimaie  i«  .0  fold,  and  llie  .ail  10 
.arreii,  ilhit  niHliin^  of  the  ^l■^H4lll.•  kind  t>aii  n.>ufi«li 
•«r...     \V,I.|  niii.imU  are  abundant,      riif  nrineiii.il  are 

tiiv  /'»i'^.  N.-»v  llrilain  i^  tlia  reni.m  of  llie  f^r 
lra,h^  On  all  llu.  ,,ri..ci,,«l  lak.,,  and  ai  )h..  ni.i.'.l, 
ami  fork,  ol  ui>arly  all  llio  ..,in<idHr„l,|,.  riv,.r,,  ihiri'  arc 
rrtd.nq  hon.i-s  •■,ubli.|„.d  l.v  llie  Ki.Kli.h.  \U-rr  ihu 
Indian,  brio;/  ij...  fur.  of  (I,.,  animal.  «l,i,.|,  (hey  kill  in 
b.».hMit.  ami  .dl  ilinii  f..r  blank.d,  gun,,  '..'.uder. 
Iii'ikdii,  ike.  o      '   I  •  I 

The  fur  Irndi!  i«  earri.-d  on  by  f»o  oomiMiiiiiw  of  mer- 
.linnu,  (be  /In<Un  h  It,,,/  «:om|.any,  omi  il..  .\ •,„■//,. 
>CM  Umnany.  I  l,i.  irade  of  ihe  former  i.  ..o„(i,„.,|  t,. 
the.  niM^blMMhoodol   lln n'»  liny,  ib„i  „r  ,h,,  |.,„.., 

and  the    Frozen   C.c.an.     Vbe   Xord.uf.l  Vumpuny  i. 
iofnno.id  of  Montreal  iiiorrhMiiK. 

M  oflrai-mnx       The  only  mode  of  (r«vp||i.,«.  in 

III  desolate  eoiinlry,  ..  in  bircf.   bark   eum.M.     \\  i,|. 

lh.«M.   li.e   inlmbiinnl.    |.um   n|.   „„,l    ,I„„n   I'.c    river. 

and  lak..»,  ami  uhen  (biy  m...  t  with  «  rapid,  or  vvi.h  lo 

pay  from  one  nver  to  unolber.  tlu-v  «el  out  „ni,e  ennoe 

and  carr^  it  on  , heir  .houldert.     h,  ,hi.  „.,v.  , „,.,. 

en«a^od  in  ihi.  hir  trade  (ravel  thon.amN  of  mile.,  .uiid 
carry  all  (heir  good*.  ' 

.mall  .e.  iemenU,  aim,ng  ,he  K«i,uin.au«  Indian,,  on  Ihe 
J  o  ut  of  F-abr«dor,  v./..  Ot,Uk,  M,in,  ami  I/nimhl,. 
I  he.o,  am!  the  lorti  and  hou.e.  e.labli.hed  by  tho.e  eti- 

T.f  '"n"  '^"'"••'•"':  T  "'«  ""'.^  H.|ll.m.„u  of  uh.ie 
ui'u.       Iho   principal   fort,  arc   Fort   ChaiJewyan   on 


UNITED  STATES. 


^ 


Athtpescow  Lake,  Churchill^  at  the  mouth  of  Churchill 
river.  iumI  Vork  at  the  mouth  of  NelHon'u  liver. 

Inhabitants.  The  Eni|uimau«  Indiun»  iiihubit  the 
roant  of  Labrador,  and  the  shore*  of  the  Frozen  Oi-eau. 
They  are  of  the  same  race  with  lhi»  OreenlnrnlerH.  Like 
them,  they  live  principally  on  seals  hucJ  whales,  and 
cniifine  themselves  to  the  sea  eoast.  The  interior  is  in- 
hahiU'd  hy  various  tribes  of  Knisfenenux  and  Chepew- 
yan  Indians.    Their  number  is  unknown. 


8< 


UNITED  STATES. 

Situation.  The  United  Slates  is  the  great  middle 
division  of  North  America.  It  extends  from  Britinh 
Ameriea  on  the  north,  to  Hpanish  America  on  the  south  ; 
and  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  to  the  Tacifio 

on  the  wpsl.  .     ,.  ..   ■ 

Civil  Divisions.  This  extensive  country  is  dividrd 
into  24  States,  ♦  Territories,  and  1  District.  The  Slaus 
are  divided  into  ensfem,  wi(/<//«',  soutUern,  and  u-estem. 
The  names  of  the  Slates  and  their  capital  towns  are 
given  in  the  following  table. 


Eastern 

States. 

or 

New 

Ekoland. 


States.  Seats  of  Govemmen. 

1.  Maine,  Portland. 

2.  New  Uam^»hire,    Concord. 

3.  Vermont, 

4.  Massachusetts, 

0.  Rhode  Island, 


C.  Connecticut, 


r  7.  New  York, 
MiDDLS        I    8.  New  Jtrsey, 
Htaies.      •>    9-  Pennsylvania, 


10. 
11. 


Delaware, 
Maryland, 


Monlpelier. 

Boston. 
5  Providence  and 
f  Newport. 
5  liarlfiird  and 
I  New-Haven. 

Albany. 

Trenton. 

Hnrriiiburg. 

Dover. 

Annapolis. 


.s 


Tf 


Dii 

Lai 

the  t 

Unite 

rior  a 

lirili« 

M)i 

are  tl 

mount 

from  i 

J)  until 

Kiitisil 

li'l  wi( 

iiessee 

ItiVi 

necticu 
'hire,  i 


,9. 

mnuth  ofClKirc'liill 
hod's  liver, 
[iciiun*  inliitbit  (lie 
(lie  Krii/.eu  Oi-oaii. 
reenltttnlern.  Like 
8  Hiid  mIihIi'a,  anil 
The  interior  i»  in- 
lenux  and  Cheiiew- 
D»n. 


ES. 

fi  (he  great  midille 
[(pndu  from  Brilinh 
icriua  on  the  Houth  ; 
east,  to  the  I'ucifio 

country  i»  divided 
IMrict.  The  States 
tUern,  and  u-estem. 
r  capital  tuwnii  are 


eats  of  Governmen. 

Porilnnd. 

Concord. 

Monlpelier. 

RostoD. 
5  Providence  and 
}  Newport. 
5  llarli'iird  and 
I  New-Haven. 

Albany. 

Trenton. 

Mnrrixburg. 

Dover. 

Aniiapoiis. 


I'MTKI)  .^TATKS. 


Stairs 
ft-!. 


Vi 


I  t.J.   North  (Jh 

loUTHEU.V         14.    South    Ctti 

WiAnts.      «^  ta.  tieori^in, 


iri^inta, 

rolina, 
arolina, 


Si'dts  of  (idvcnimewt. 
Kiehinmiil. 
Kiilei^Hi. 
iJolurnbin. 


Iti.  Aliibanin, 
.  IT".  iMisKixsijtpi, 
[,tS,  l.ijuisiunu. 


Westeun 
••States. 


no. 

j  20. 

)2t. 

^  22. 

I  23. 


Tennessee, 
Kenlueky, 
Ohio, 
Indinnu, 
lilinolH, 
Missouri, 


rMichigan, 
rEimiTo.     )\orfh»ve»f, 
wiES,  i.Missonri, 

vArkansaw, 

DisTnicT  of  Columbia, 


Aliiled-eville. 
(Jaiiawha. 
iMonticcllo. 
New  Orleans. 


MurPrecsboro'. 

Frankfort. 

C'(ihnnhu«. 

<"i>rjdon. 

Kaikaiikiu. 

St.  Lotiig. 


Detroit. 

Arkansaw. 
Washingtox. 


J-af^es.      Lake  .^rlc/u^;an  and  Lake  Champhuu   are 
he   two   largeni    lakes,    which    lie   wholly    wK  n    He 
United  States.     Lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  /y«roH  a       SV ' 

are'^rS  '^'"  '^*"  P""'''''"'  ''""S^'^f  '"onntains 
aie  tUo  Hoclcif  monntains  in  the  west,  and  the  Me^aZ 
mountains  n  the  east  Tlir.  »  .„i-.,  """  "'*-.*"'<^o«"y 
(Vnin  t!n„„:J.    A  .     Kocky   mountains   come 

lom  .Snansh  America,  and  niMnini,' northwest    nearlv 
Fral lef   with  the  coast  of  the  l-acit^;  ocea  ,  nl    ?„  J 

i"  wIth'JrVM'-  i'*''"^  ^^"•'^"".V  mountains'rCa  "u". 
il  with  the  A  lantie  coast,  from  Georgia,  throu-h  Ten 

Lessee,  V.rgm.a,  and  Pennsylvania  loNew-S 

Itu'ers.      Among  the   principal    rivers    are  i    r,., 

'-  .c„.  river,  which  dividL  VeLont  f^o,  NW  Hamn" 

»i...e,  and  paHs.og  through  Maisachusctts  a.nl  Lnneel!: 


61 


t'MTED  STATES. 


cut  emplies  iiilu  LunglHland  Soiinil.  3.  lluilstw,  wliioli 
riiei)  near  Lake  Cliuiiiiilaiii,  anil  running  noutli  implies 
near  JScw  York  ciiy.  3.  Detauare,  wliith  He|iuraU'ri 
New  Jersey  from  IVnasylvaniii  and  eaiplics  inlo  Dela- 
ware Bay.  i.  i'ofomaf,*wliieli  sepuruleB  Maryland  from 
Virginia,  and  empties  into  Clietapeak  Hoy.  5.  Savan- 
nah, which  beparafe*  South  Carolina  IVoin  Georgia,  and 
emptien  into  ihe  Atlantic.  6.  The  great  river  Jij.ssis- 
aippi,  which  rises  near  Lake  Superior,  and  running  south 
empties  into  the  Gull"  of  Mexieo.  7.  The  0//io,  wliieh 
rise*  near  Lake  Erie,  and  separating  the  stales  of  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois,  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky, 
empties  into  the  Mississippi.  8,  »,  and  10.  J\Iissouri, 
Jirkamuw,  and  ]tedrh'ers,M  of  which  rise  in  the  Kocky 
mountains,  and  run  southeast  into  the  Mississippi.  11. 
Columbia  river,  which  rises  west  of  the  Uucky  inoun- 
.  tains,  and  empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
_  Natural  divi>>ions.    The   most  important 'natural  di- 

"^  vision  is   made  by  the  JUississippi  river.    This  river 

runs  froni  north  to  south,  through  the  whole  length  of 
the  United  States,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts.  The 
western  part  is  a  wilderness,  inhabited  liy  Indians  ;  the 
eastern  is,  to  a  great  extent,  d  cultivated  country,  inhab- 
ited by  white  men. 

In  the  part  of  the  United  States  lying  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  a  natural  division  is  made  by  the  Jlllegany 
mountains.  The  states  lying  w  holly  west  of  these  moun- 
tains are  called  tyestern  States.  Those  on  the  east  of 
the  mountains,  generally  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
ttnd  are  called  Atlantic  States. 

The  rivers  Hudson  and  Potomac  divide  the  Allanlie 
States  into  three  parts.  Those  east  of  the  Hudson  are 
called  Eastern  Stales,  or  New-England  ;  those  between 
the  Hudson  and  the  Potomac,  are  called  Middle  Stateti 
and  those  south  of  the  Potomac,  including  the  three 
vfhich  border  on  tbe  Gulf  of  Mexico,  are  called  Southern 

Shape.    The  part  of  the  United  States  east  of  the 

Mississippi,  is  narrow  in  the  south,  and  grows  wider  as 

•        jou  proceed   north.     It  resembles  the  trunk  of  a   tree, 

with  two  short  thick  branches.     Lake  Erie  is   in  the 


crol 
bra 
mal 
trill 
boui 
Virj 
neai 


S 
east 
Ver 

S, 
aboi 

E 
land 
plac 

.^i 
rana 
ofN 
the( 
sach 
Com 
near 
Mas 
_  t'l 
pier< 
ble; 
cept 

Ri 
Engl 
mont 
chus 
So 
Meli 
OntI 
an  al 


u.  ..„^-    ^      _ 


s. 

2.  llwlstm,  uliici! 
iniiig  siiiitli  i'lnplii-H 
e,    Mliich  He|iuraU'8 

eaiplics  into  Dela* 
uteB  Murylniiil  friiin 
Ilk  Hoy.  5.  Savun- 
I  tVoin  GeorijiH,  uiid 

i;reul  river  Jlisnis- 
r,  anil  running  soulli 
r.  The  Oliio,  «liich 
;  (he  !tlnlCH  ol'Uhio, 
liu  an<l  Kentucky, 
,  and  10.  JHhsouri, 
ch  riHC  in  (he  liocky 
lie  MissiHsippi.  11. 
if  (he  Uueky  inoun- 
)cean. 
iporlunt  'natural  «!!- 

river.  Thi»  river 
Ihe  whole  lens^lh  uf 
ill)  twu  parts.  The 
ti'd  by  Indians  ;  Ihe 
rated  vutintry,  inhab* 

s  lying  east  of  the 
ladc  by  the  Mlegany 
y  west  of  ihrse  nioun- 
riiose  on  the  east  of 
the  Atlantic  Ueean, 

divide  the  Allaitlie 
it  of  the  Hudson  are 
land ;  those  between 
ailed  .^id(f/«Statee; 

including  the  three 
>,  are  called  Southern 

d  States  east  of  the 
I,  and  grows  wider  as 
the  trunk  uf  a  Irre, 
jake  Erie  is   in  the 


KASTKUN  S  I'A'l  i:S. 


bit 

crotch.  New  York  and  the  Kastern  Stale*  nmke  one 
branch,  and  Ihe  Miebigun  and  Norihwc-st  'iVrrilories 
make  the  other.  The  re»l  of  Ihe  Sluies  con^ljiuie  Ihe 
trunk.  The  parallel  oT  m"  so'  north  lat.  »bifh  is  Ihe 
boundary  beUveen  Kentucky  und  'i'cnneMcc,  and  beHvec  n 
Virginia  and  Norib  Cirulini,  cuts  the  trunk  into  iw« 
nearly  equal  parts. 

KASTEKN  STATES,  014  NEW  ENGLAND. 

SUuttfion.     The   Eastern  Stales  are  (liose  which  lie 

east  of  llndsoii   river,   vir Maine,   ^Yew  JlampMre, 

i  ermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut. 

Heacoast.  New  England  has  a  long  bold  sea-coasf, 
aboundine  with  as  fine  harbors  as  any  in  Ihe  world. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  western  part  of  New-Eng- 
land  IS  mountainuus ;  the  rest  is  hilly ;  but,  in  some 
places,  spreads  out  into  plains. 

Mountains.  The  Green  niounlnins  and  Mount  Tom 
rar^je  run  from  north  to  south  through  the  whole  .'eiigih 
of  New-England.  The  Green  mountains  commence  near 
the  Canada  !ine,  and  passing  through  Vermont  and  Mas- 
sachusells,  terminale  at  New  Haven,  in  the  south  of 
Connecticut.  The  Motint  Tom  range  commences  also 
near  Canada,  and  passing  through  New  Hampshire  and 
Massachusetts,  terminates  also  at  New  Haven. 

Climate.  In  ihe  spring  of  Ihe  year  cold,  damp, 
piercing  east  winds  prevail,  which  are  verv  disagreea- 
ble;  the  climate,  nolwilhslanding.  is  very  healthy,  ex- 
cept to  those  who  have  pulmonary  complaints. 

Biver.  The  Connecticut  is  the  great  river  of  New- 
England.  It  rises  near  Ihe  Canada  line,  separates  Ver- 
inont  from  New  Hampshire,  and  passes  through  Massa- 
ehusetts  and  Connect icut  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

Soil  and  productions.  The  soil  of  New-England  is 
M-eli  fitted  for  grazing.  Grass  is  the  staple  prui^uclioo. 
On  this,  large  numbers  of  callle  are  led,  which  furnish 
ao  abundauee  of  beef,  pork,  &o.  for  exportalifca. 


■15 


^1 


s(!  mainf:. 


maim:. 


Silitalinn.  Ulnine  i<t  in  tlir  nnrllipimt  nxiromily  of  tlic 
\'nit('(l  Studs.  On  llic  norlli  uikI  «'a!><  nri"  llio  nriti<4li 
p.'iiviiit'eH  of  lii»«t*r  Cuiimla,  hiiiI  New  Kiiinxuirk  ;  on  tlie 
south  is  the  Atlikiitic, unil  on  the  wi-nl,  New  lliimpHhire. 
It  liH»  more  stpii-ennftt,  uiitl  more  good  hurhoix,  than  niiy 
other  State  in  the  I'nioti. 

IHvisious.     'llie  State,  is dividcii  into  U  counties,  viz. 


Counties. 

i  York, 

a  ('iiniherlanil, 

a  Lineoln, 

■t  Hancock, 

0  Waithington, 

ft  Oxford, 

7  Keniiehee, 

H  Siiniersel, 

9  Penobscot. 


Chief  towna. 
York.  >Yclltt.  Sueo,  Berwick. 
I'oHTi.AND,  Falmouth,  UruiiKwirk. 
WiHcansel,  Bath,  Wahhiborouijli. 
Castine.  Fenobhcot,  Bell'uHt. 
Machias,  Kustpnrt. 
I'aris,  Frjeburj^. 

llallowell,  Angiisia,  Ya«HalboroiigIj. 
Xorriilt^cMock.  Fairfield. 
Bangor,  Hampden. 


The  five  first  named,  border  on  the  sea-ennst.  the  rest 
lie  lii-liind  thcui,  in  the  interior. 

//((_//.«.  'I'he  principal  bajH  are  Casco,  I'enobscoty 
Frencliman's,  and  I'assnmaqnodily. 

Kivers.  'I'he  I'eiiobsvut  risen  amongtbe  lake§,  in  the 
noribwcst  pnil  of  the  stale,  and  taking  ti  circuituus 
ocMirse,  cin|»iics  into  I'enobscot  Buy.  It  is  navigable  dU 
miles.  Id  Bangor,  for  huge  vessels,  and  for  boats,  60 
miles  further. 

I  he  h't'tinehei:  rises  also  among  the  lakes  !n  the  north' 
vest,  and  cnipliis  into  the  ocean  16  miles  below  Balh, 
It  is  navigrtlile  l.'i  miles,  to  Augusta.  'Vhv  Jindroscu;rn^in 
is  II  branch  of  the  Kennebec,  and  empties  near  its  month. 

Saco  river,  rises  Hmong  the  White  Mountains  in  New 
llainpsbirc.  iind  liuwing  southeast,  empties  west  of  Port- 
land. I'isc(il(i(/itn  river  forms  a  pari  of  the  boundary 
between  Maine  uiid  New  Hampshire. 


i 

lyi 

is  t 

casi 

Dthi 

vcr 

Lav 

S 

( 

Win 

dce| 

o»vr 

ai  (I 

/i 

<A  n 

A  V 

wid 

h 

Ken 

nil 

H 

mile 

dirci 

corn 

Unil 

P, 

inha 

popi 

half 

plori 

the  t 

ly  fo 

El 

flour 

whic 

tains 

A 

alistt 

porte 

Re 

'he  p 


I    ^^ 


n*t  PX(r('mi(y  of  Hip 
it^l  nri*  llir  liritisli 
ItiiiiiMwick ;  no  llie 
il,  New  lliintpHliiro. 
il  liurbiirw,  ihitn  niiy 

into  U  cnunties,  viz. 

iftowna. 
CO,  Herwiclt. 
iiniitli,  UruiiKwirk. 
,  Waliliiborouijli. 

Ot,  Bl'llUHt. 

rt. 

Ma,  VaRHalboroiiglj. 
^airfield. 

M. 

I'  sea-cnasf.  l!ie  rest 

Casco,  Penobscot, 

)n^  tbo  ljike§,  in  tlic 

akiii^  ti    circiiituiis 

Il  in  navigable  SO 

>  anil  fur  boaU,  60 

?  lakes  ill  tlie  north' 
miles  below  Kalh. 
Tbe  Jindroscu^<:;in 
[>lies  near  its  inoutii. 
Mountains  in  New 
injilies  west  of  Fort- 
irt  of  the  boundary 


MAINE. 


5T 


Lafieg.  Thd  Umhagog;  lies  fsrlly  in  Maine  and  part- 
ly  in  New  Ilainpsliire.  Jlooaehead  lake  in  llie  nortliwent 
is  the  largest  in  New  England,  It  is  the  sonrcc  of  the 
eastern  braneh  of  tbe  Kennebec,  There  are  several 
other  very  larsje  lakes  in  the  north  and  northwest,  but 
very  little  is  known  about  them,  the  country  around  not 
liaviiiy  vet  been  explored. 
Small  lakes  abound  in  every  part  of  the  district. 
Chii'f  Towns,  i'ohtland  is  much  the  largest  town. 
It  IS  built  on  a  peniimula  in  Casco  tiny.  The  harbour  it 
deep,  siife,  eapacioii.,  and  seldom  frozen  over.  Portland 
o»vns  as  much  sbippiiig,  in  proportion  to  its  population, 
ai  almost  any  town  in  the  United  Slates. 

Hath  is  on  the  western  side  of  the  Kennebec  river, 
1«  miles  from  the  sea,  at  the  bead  of  wint:r  navigation. 
A  very  large  amount  of  shipping  is  owned  here.  Wruns- 
wlck  in  on  the  Audrosco»^ill,  near  its  month. 

rViscaHitft  is  on  the  SbVepsKot.  a  few  miles  east  of  the 
Kep-ielue.  and  12  miles  from  liie  sea.  'ihe  river  is  here 
ni»        .u)e  for  the  largest  vessels. 

HaUowfll  Ufa  on  "both  sides  of  llie  Kennebee,  40 
miles  from  its  mouth — .//m^'1<.s/«  lies  on  t-.e  same  river, 
directly  above  Hallowell.  J'orA-,  near  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  state,  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the 
United  Stales.     It  was  settled  in  16S0. 

Population.  This  state  contained,  in  <810,  339,000 
inhabitants.  The  part  near  the  seacoasl  is  the  most 
populous;  particniarly  in  the  southwest.  The  northern 
half  of  the  state  is  yt't  uninhabited,  and  almost  unex- 
plored.  There  is  so  much  vacant  fertile  land,  that 
the  population  of  Maine  will  doubtless  increase  rapid- 
ly for  many  years. 

Education.  Hou-doin  College,  in  Brunswick,  is  a 
flourishing  institution.  It  has  a  large  propcrtv  in  lands, 
which  in  time  will  be  very  valuable.  The  library  con- 
tains about  5.000  volumes. 

A  Theological  Seminary, supported  by  Congregation- 
alists,  has  been  established  at  Ban<;or,  an<l  another,  sun- 
ported  by  Baptists,  at  Walerville. 

Religion.  The  Congrcgationalists  and  Baptists  are 
flic  prevalent  denominations. 


I     ...^ 


DO 


NEW  iiAMrsmuE. 


Goi'ernment.  Maine  was  foriiierlv  iinitPiI  with  Man- 
KauliunellM,  iiixler  the  same  (;nveiiiiiieiit,  bui  in  IMJO,  liv 
iiiiiIiihI  Hgreement,  the  uiiiun  wai  uiiiicalilv  «li«itolve(l, 
ami  Maine,  atU>rioriniiig  a  vunittitution,  wan  erected  iiitu 
nil  iiidi-pentleiit  Htate. 

Soil  uiid  prutluctiom.  Along  the  ica  coasl,  the  lan.l 
is  poor.  Ill  Ihu  heart  of  the  itaie,  between  the  Kennelieo 
anil  Penobscoi,  there  i»  a  fine,  fertile  noil,  yieiilini^  srnnH, 
anil  grain  in  abundance.  The  eastern  and  western  part* 
of  the  Htate  are  lens  productive  ;  the  northern  hair  is  a 
wilderness,  about  which  lillle  is  known. 

Uankn.  Uuiiks  arc  established  in  Portland,  Bath, 
Ilaliowell,  Augusta,  Bangor,  Castine,  Kustport,  Gardi- 
ner,  Kennebuuk,  Saco,  Waterville,  and  Wiscasset. 

Commerce.  A  large  portion  of  this  state  is  yet  unin- 
habited, and  covered  with  forests.  This  is  the  case 
around  the  heads  of, all  ihe  principal  rivers.  Hence 
lumber,  at  present,  is  the  great  article  of  export.  It  is 
brought  down  all  the  rivers  in  large  quantities. 

Maine  is  finely  situated  for  cnniinerce.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive sea  coast,  abounding  with  good  harbors.  In  the 
amount  of  its  shipping,  it  is  already  the  fourth  state  in 
the  Union. 

Isliinds,  The  island*  on  the  coast  nro  numerous. 
The  principal  arc,  JIouiU  Iksert,  Ikvr  island,  i'o.v' 
island,  &.c. 


NEW  HAMPSIIIKE. 

Sytuidion,  Nmv  Hampshire  lies  between  Maine  on 
the  east,  and  Connecticut  river,  which  divides  it  from 
Vermont,  on  the  west.  On  Ihe  north,  it  touches  Lower 
Canada,  and  ou  the  south,  Massachusetts  On  the  south- 
cast,  it  borders  on  the  ocean  for  18  miles. 

Shn\)e.  It  is  narrow  in  the  north,  and  grows  wider 
as  you  proceed  south,  resembling  a  fan,  with  its  handle 
towards  the  north. 

liivisions.  This  stale  is  divided  into  fi  counties ; 
vias. 


Cfi 
Coi 
(iru 
Ch* 
Mil 
Hoc 
Sin 

Fa 
coast 
into 
norib 
peak 

La 
the  I 
north 
few  11 
west, 
cut. 

nil 

Verm 
Have 
and  r 
state 
the  Of 
bet  we 

Cm 
aruun 
can  n( 
piseoj 
Winni 

Chi 
state, 
river, 
having 
protec 
well  1 
iiecessi 

Jixe 
Phiilif 


(L. 

Iv  united  with  IVIhk- 
lent,  bul  ill  IM^O,  '.iv 
uiniculil)  (liiitulveil, 
on,  wai  erected  into 

tea  coaul,  the  liin.l 
Ineeii  llie  Kennolivc 
Hoil.  yieldiiiif  v^ram, 
rn  und  westerii  parM 
e  northern  halt  is  a 
wn. 

in  Portland,  Ruth, 
le,  KaHl|iort,  Uardi- 
ind  WiltcaRHet. 
his  state  is  yet  unin- 
This  is  the  cawe 
lipul  rivers.  Henee 
tie  of  export.  It  is 
quantities, 
crce.  It  has  an  ex- 
nod  harliors.  In  the 
I  tlic  fourth  state  in 

)aHt  nro  numerous. 
I  Jkvv   island,  I''o,\! 


kK. 

;  between  Maine  on 
lich  divides  it  from 
h,  it  touches  Lower 
i«etts  On  the  south- 
miles. 

th,  and  qrows  wider 
fan,  with  its  handle 

id  into   f)  counties  ; 


M:\V  ilAMl'SIDfiR.  50 

Connfhn.  rviun/ml  iuwn». 

*'""«>  I.I|IICU<tl«T. 

(iralton,  Hu  .over,  Haverhill,  T.elianon. 

JuMhire,  Kerne,  Charlision,  Walpole. 

Milishorough,  Amlierhl. 

Uorkinghttm,  l'(.:.  isMOLiii.  Cncnrd,  E.v^tn: 

**"■""""'»  'iilniiinlou,  Harrington,  Dover. 

Face  of  the  mnntnu  nwunfani'i,  Ji^^c.  N,.„r  (he  soa 
coast  the  land  is  level.  Ju  the  «est'und  north  it  rines 
into  lolHy  mouiilaiui«.  The  ll/iite  mountains,  iu  llio 
north,  arc  the  highest  in  tlie  IJiiiled  States.  The  loftiest 
peak  IS  Mount  n'ttshitis;ti,n  ;  it  is  nearly  7,000  r.cl  lii<'|| 

iMkrs.  n  inmiHsrn-si'e  lake,  is  near  the  i-cnire  of 
the  state.  It  is  ij  n.il,.,  \  ,n^.  Vmhaj-os  is  in  the 
northeast,  and  lies  partly  in  Maine.  Hmam  lake  is  a 
few  miles  north  of  Winnipiseogec.  Sumim-  is  in  tho 
west,  and  empties  thrcugii  hni^ar  river  into  the  Conuecli- 
cut. 

Rivers.  Connecticut  river  divides  this  state  from 
Vermont.  It  is  navij,'able  to  Bath,  a  few  milts  al.ove 
Haverhill.  1  he  Jlerrimac  rises  in  WinnipiseoKte  lake, 
and  runs  from  north  to  south,  through  the  middle  of  the 
state  into  Massachusetts.  The  PUcatm/iui  empties  into 
the  ocean  at  Portsmouth.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  this  slate  and  Maine. 

Cnuats.  Canals  have  been  made  in  several  places, 
around  falls  and  rapids  in  Merrimac  river,  so  that  boats 
can  now  ascend  without  obstruction,  and  enter  Wiuni- 
piscogee  lake.  A  canal  has  been  proposed,  to  connect 
Winnipiseogee  lake  with  Fiscalaqua  river. 

Chief  Towns.  Portsmouth,  the  largest  town  in  tho 
slate,  is  on  the  sea-coasi,  near  the  mouth  of  Piscatanua 
liver.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  continent, 
having  a  sufficient  depth  for  vessels  of  any  siae.  It  is 
protected  from  every  wind,  is  never  frozen,  and  is  so 
well  fortified  by  nature,  that  only  a  small  expense  is 
necessary  to  render  it  impregnable. 

Exeter  is  about  15  miles  southwest  from  Portsmouth. 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy  is  in  this  town. 


k 


I 


fO 


NEW  llAMPSUlItE. 


Concord,  the  tcut  nru;nvprnin<>ril,  i>t  afliiuriiiliin^(uMi« 
on  (lie  .Mt'rriiiiac.  Hy  iiieuiiN  of  (lie  Mi-rririmc  unil  llie 
Miiltlletei  oaiiul  there  in  now  a  liout  «-uininiiiiicalion  bv- 
tweiMi  lliit  tuun  and  Uu>«litn,  which  much  incrcaii«i  id 
importance.  Much  of  (he  trade  of  the  upper  country 
centre!  here. 

Hanover,  the  teat  of  Dartmouth  College,  i*  on  Con- 
necticut river.  Haverhill  ii  a  iluuriAhiiig  town  on  thn 
■ame  river,  ultovo  Hanover. 

Eilucniion.  Dartmoulh  college  at  llnnover,  it  one  of 
(he  oldeitt,  and  nioHl  renpectahlf  in  (he  Unilfd  H(utei. 
There  is  a  medical  i«cii:<ol  connected  widi  the  college, 
eontitining  from  SO  tu  80  Htiidculs.  The  college  library 
contains  about  4000  vuliimeii. 

I'liillip«  Kxi'ter  Academy,  at  Exeter,  i«  the  beitt  en- 
dowed Academy  in  New  Kriglatid.  It  lia«  funds  to  (he 
amiHiiit  uf  80,000  dollam,  a  library  of  7oo  volume*,  and 
a  nia(hcmi«ticul  apparatus.     It  is  in  high  reputation. 

J'i)])u!ntiun.  New  tiampsliire  contained,  in  tsto, 
2t  i.ooo  iiihabitaniK.  The  great  mass  of  the  population 
14  in  (he  sou(hern  half  of  the  state.  Nortli  of  Winni* 
piseogce,  lake  there  arc  very  few  inhabitants,  except  on 
Connecticut  river. 

Itcligiun.  The  Baptists  and  Cungrcgationalists  are 
the  prevalent  denominations. 

Commerce.  New  Hampshire  has  but  one  tea-port. 
Roston,  in  MassachuscUs,  is  the  centre  uf  trade  for  (he 
grea(er  part  of  this  state.  The  Middlesex  canal  in 
Massachusetts,  connects  Merrimac  river  with  Boston 
harlior,  and  opens  a  water  communication  between  that 
town  and  all  the  country  on  the  Merrimac,  and  lake 
"NVinnipiseogee. 

Curiosity.  The  t\'otch  or  Gap  in  the  White  Mnun> 
tains  is  a  great  curiosity  It  is  a  deep  and  narrow  diiile. 
The  mountaiD  appears  as  if  it  were  cloven  down  quite 
to  its  base,  perpendicularly  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other, 
at  an  angle  of  49  degrees.  The  road  which  has 
been  made  through  this  pats,  is  crossed  by  the  river 
Saco.  which  comes  tumbling  down  from  the  side  of  the 
mountain.  The  tceuery  i»  ttrikiogly  grand  and  pic- 
turesque. 


ail 
ed 
wt 

by 

na 
its 
V. 


I 

Be 

W 
Uii 
\\ 

A<l 
Ch 
l-'ri 
Oi 
Ch 
Ks 
Or 
Wi 
On 

i 
mo 
nor 
ami 
ot  I 
Mo 
tail 
moi 
Wi 
L 
Stat 


IHE. 

,  in  afl)Miriiiliin^(uHM 
le  Mcrrinmc  unil  llif 
tit  «'uiiiiiniiiicalion  be- 
much  iiicrcanei  h% 
t the  upper  country 

Collego,  i*  on  Con- 
iri«hing  town  nn  ihn 

at  llnnnver,  ii  one  of 
(lie    Uiiilfd  Htittci. 

td  with  the  college, 
The  cullfge  lihrnry 

leter,  i«  (he  liext  on- 
It  \m»  runtls  to  (he 
'  »r  7uo  volumes,  and 
n  liio;h  reputation. 
[■oniiiiiuMi,  in  1S10, 
ussot'the  population 
e.  Nortli  of  Winiii* 
nhuliitantii,  esucpl  on 

ingrcgationaliHts  are 

nn  but  one  len-port. 
nireuf  trade  for  the 
Middlesex  canal  in 
:  river  with  Boston 
nicatieti  between  that 
Merrimuc,  and   lake 

in  the  White  Moun- 
I'epand  narrow  diiile. 
re  cloven  down  quite 
tide,  and  on  the  other, 
he  road  which  has 
crnsHed  by  the  river, 
I  from  the  side  of  the 
ngly  grand   aud  pic- 


VERMONT. 


VKUMOM'. 


91 


Sitnntion.  Vermont  iv  bounded  north  bv  Lower  Can- 
adii;  fiiKt  by  N'l'w  llampuhirc,  from  wiiieii'u  i«  «cparHt> 
ed  by  (.•.mueclii-ut  river;  Miuih  by  Mu4»(iihun'tls  }  mid 
ue»i  bv  New  York,  from  wbieh  it  it  M-paraied  in  iiait 
by  f<i«ke  Cbaniplain. 

Shape.  VermoiK  it  broad  in  the  north,  and  nnt\\% 
narrow  a«  you  pric-.d  sniilli.  It  rcitemhieii  a  fan,"  with 
lid  hiuidlf  to^.inU  the  Nouih.  New  Mump*hire  and 
Vermont,  taken  together,  form  quite  a  regular  four-iided 
hgure. 

DivisiotuH.     Vermont  i%  divided  into  13  counties;  via. 


Vounties. 
Hennin^lon. 
Windham. 
Uulliind. 
M'indnor. 
Addition, 
('hittenden. 
Kruiiklin. 
()lilll^e. 
()ale<loiiia. 
KsHex. 
Orlean*. 
Wiiiliin^ton. 
Grand  lule. 


r/iiV/  Toivns. 
nennitigion,  Manrheitler. 
Hrutllebnrough,  Wenliiiinnlcr. 
Holland,  I'oullni'y,  Clarendon. 
Windnor,  Woodntoeko 
Ivliddlebury.  Veri^enoe*. 
Burlington,  (Miariotie,  iMilton. 
Ht.  AlbanN,  Swanton. 
Newbury,  Kundulpb,  ThetrorJ. 
Dauville,  Feiiehnm. 
(•uildliall,  liUnenburgli. 
Derby,  Craftibury. 
Moiitpelier,  Waterbury. 
Albur^h. 


Face  of  the  country,  Mountains.  S;c.  Vermont  is  a 
niouiitainouH  eounlry.  The  Gmn  nionnlaiiiH  run  from 
north  to  south,  through  the  whole  lentil  of  the  state 
ariil  J..ISS  into  Ma<isuuhu^eits.  'Ihe  two  highest  summits 
01  Ibis  range  are  Cam^'I'a  riimi>.  about  h:.IC  «Hy  belwien 
Moiiipelier  and  l.uke  Cliuuiplain,  and  MinsjiM  moun- 
tain, a  few  miles  north  of  the  other.  'Ihty  are  each 
more  than  *,ooo  feet  high.  Jiscutnei/  mountain  near 
Windsor  is  more  than  H.ooo  feet. 

L'lk-es     I.,;ike  Chnmplnin  is  the  boundary  between  this 
Htate  aud  iNi  w  York.      It  is  100  miles  long,  and  from  t 


;» 


I 


«l 


VK.n>IONT. 


10  .M  hfflinl.  li  pmplie*  i.ilo  Uip  HI,  I,ii«*r»n*f,H#lw.  .1. 
Moiilrr«l  Ht«)  V"*'*»«'''  ••"•""«•>  »►"'  '•*«''■  '^""••Ip.  l-itk" 
.V.'m/i/»r.'iHrt;f.<;f  ii  liurll)  in  lliw  •««l. ,  bul  princ>|mll)  in 
Ijiiuir  ('uniiiilii. 

Hirer*.  I'onnfrticut  river  ii  Om  boiiniUrjr  bclMfni 
Vtrmiiiil  »nil  N>'«  llt»niptfiir«'.  Tlir  |iriiiti|)tl  rivir* 
tnt|il)iMg  iiitit  Luke  (,ii.irii|iliiin  nre  Oiii«n  ri»rr,  wliifli 
iM)<  Ml  llii>tu»l,  iMtl  |•l•••<ill^  ••)  ;Monl|Mli«fr,rMii.«ifi  luar 
lliirliiiiftoni  ami  Otter  Crrrk.  AhtrU  n»t»  in  lh«  •iiuUi, 
tnil  ptttmiif;  bj  UuiIiiimI,  Miiltlltbtiry,  Ami  Vfr^ninr*, 
«-tnplH'«  iiHUli  of  Oiimn  river.  Ijtmoilh  kimI  MMttjH* 
iitipl)  mirlli  of  Onion  riviT.  Tlic  rivi-r*  riiiplyini;  into 
the  ('oiiiHelieul  are  •mall  anil  nuinfroii*.  .Nunc  of  iheti* 
riviT*  «ri'  MiiMj<»b|p,  r»fipl  for  «  few  milm  from  their 
iiiMutli*.  but  they  hUoiiimI  with  viilM«ble  mi'l  teatm, 
iM>|triiallv  tMtrr  C*rrk\ 

C7(ir/"ioHH<.  Urnuiiigt'tn,  M^r  iUe  *ntti\\v>r*i  enr- 
|irr  «•'  tltP  Hintc  i«  uiic  uf  iln* oltli«t  to\v!M.  it  i«  rainouH 
fnr  iIk-  lialtl-;  firAii«u»l,  i:::,  iu  wliii'li  tbc  AuM'rio»n 
tnililin,  iiiuliT  (J«'IiiibI  Hmrk,  difratei!  (In-  Hriiith. 

It'ittthor  i*  ft  boiiliful  town,  on  the  Imiik  of  I'onnceti- 
rut  liver.  It  U  •  place  of  euntitlerable  butineu.  Tiie 
Virmont  tlato  pri>»i>ii  »•  in  tbi«  town. 

.ViddUburi  i»  pUaianily  •itualeil  on  Otter  creek,  at 
Ma-  full*,  20  milii*  from  the  muuth  of  the  river.  A  ton- 
inferable  nuinlier  «f  milU  anJ  fnctorie*  are  eitabliiheil 
iiinr  tlic  fdU.— An  eil'-n^ive  nuarry  nf  .narble  wan  re- 
r.-ntly  iliiewvtfreil  in  tlii<«  place,  anti  a  mill  hai  been 
( rcf It'll,  where  it  in  "aweJ  into  Rlnb*. 

Ilur!iiixl'i>'  «lantl«  on  a  ni«»t  lieautifiil  harbor,  on  Lake 
fhninplttin  .ni-arila' in«uth<ir'i)nton  river.  It  isonele- 
vnlril  i<riiun<l,  enmniandins^  a  nubk*  view  of  the  lake  ami 
(he  tt'ljtieeiit  coiintrr.  Byriinijton  eArriea  on  t«n»iilera- 
bic  Iriiile  "H  I**ke  Chaniplain.  Almost  alt  the  vctneU 
Mhieh  iiavii;nts  the  lake,  are  »«ncil  here. 

Miiiititrlirr  ii  the  «eat  «»f  q:.ivernroei»l.  It  to  on  Onion 
river,  a  liUle  north  of  tlu>  ccnire  of  the  iilate. 

St  .i/6rtn.<  in  n  Houri«!iiiij;  town.on  LakeChamplaiii. 
near  the  northwest  eorncr  of  tin*  tilate. 

Kihientioti.  'I'herfl  in  an  in«titulinn  at  Murlinajtoii. 
pitJIeil  ihe  Vennunt  f'niffi situ, \shiv\\  hHsbecn  libirall* 


Uer  Siifi'lli'.     I,,itk" 
•  ,  bul  princ>|mll)  iti 

>  boiiniliirjr  bi'l^em 
lir  |iritifi|ul  river* 
Ouiun  ri»rr,  wliifli 
l|»«'lii?r,  eMit»ti«i««'«r 
I  rt»«i  ill  Ihu  tnulti, 
iry,  Riiil  ViT^ninr», 
noiUf  himI  «tf(S»»iw/K« 
ivrr*  riii|ilyin|{  inio 
roll*  .Niiiir  of  lhe»i» 
iw  milcn  from  their 
vulutlilr  mi'l'ii'dlii, 

(lie  iiniitliMr«t  rnr' 
liitviM.  It  i«  fuinoui 
\s\\\vU  tlic  Aiiifriocii 
tteil  (lif  Hriiiiii. 
he  bunk  of  Coniieeli- 
rakle  bunineii.  Tiie 
«. 

il  on  Otter  creek,  Rt 
nf  the  river.  A  ton- 
irii't  Krr  ettabliibeii 
•y  of  .narltic  wan  re- 
111  A  mill  h«i  been 
%. 

lifiilliarlinr,  on  Lake 
n  river.  1 1  i«  onele- 
vieu  of  the  lake  and 
earriet  on  eonniilera- 
lmo«t  all  (be  vci*eU 
il  here. 

Mriit.  It  ie  on  Onion 
F  the  Ntate. 

,011  LakvCbaniplaiii. 
Hie. 

ulion  nt  l)urlina;(oti. 
ifh  hnstieen  libirall* 


I 


MAttaACIlUOeTTfei. 


»»♦ 

S-atroiiized  by  thd  •l»te  i  .nd  a  flouri.liiniir  rolli  ai.  n( 
.Utdillehurtf,  whid.  ba«  briMi  «ii|.|Mir|i^<l  cliirlly  1.^  i.ri. 
♦  ate  Iwiinsy.  C'ommon  «ehooU  ar«  univertullt  tiiubli.b- 
III  IhrouKhont  (lie  iiate. 

I'i'piilalioii.  Vrriuimt  eontained  In  IHIO.  tJir.oofi  in- 
boliiunt..  About  half  ihi.  (.opulnuon  «*n«  in  ibc  four 
».iiil hern  eoiiMiei.  T|,p  nurlbern  iiart  of  the  Hale  Ma* 
Uiiiily  •fUleJ.  • 

Hrliswn.  The  ni.p(i«i,  and  Congri-gationalitti  are 
I  lie  |>rev.iK'nt  denoniinaiioni. 

SuU  anil  imJuvlium.  'i'he  toil  it  f.-rlili',  virMinR 
«rr«i»  ami  gram  in  abiimliinre  The  nuHHilaihou*'<  minlrv 
I*  ijo.,.1  ^ra/in^J  iuii.j,  and  large  number*  of  caitic  nr'i- 
rtiicil  tbiTi". 

Tiailf.  In  the  n.-rthern  part  of  ibe  «lnle,  ll.p  peonl^ 
earry  their  |,ro.liife  m  M„„(mh!  j  in  tl.o  en^ie.i..  t,. 
"'•»|<.n  and  Han  lord  ;  und  in  the  »oi;lbu.  .t.rn.  i..  .\>« 
»ork.  I  be  vi|.<>rt*  ioii<i«t  of  lite  trtitk.,  iff,  pork. 
|i'.t  aoil  penrl  u»he»,  und  n^ricullorHl  prodiii  ,•. 

.Hinei-als.  Iron  mitti-,  and  ni.uld.-  ..i.arii.*  almond 
>veit  of  tb-  (ireen  tn.Minhiin*.  Tlioy  huve  botr.  oiHOid 
lu  •eti-rnl  jdtict*.  ' 

Curio',iit>-H.  io  (Mnrrndun  ncni  Uttllnnd.  in  Hie  «.Hitli. 
vie.urn  part  of  (be  «lnle.  there  i*  a  remnrkuM,.  luve 
in  a  inouniain.  I  be  totranee  in  a  narrotv  pa»»rticc.  J  or 
a  rcct  in  diuin.ter,  and  Ju  IVet  l<,n^.  which  open*  into  a 
*papiou*  room  M>  feel  loni?,  U  ui.ie.ai.d  is  or  .•«  Uii 
high.  At  the  rod  of  thi*  room.  Hiere  i*  another  narro»v 
|.a**aije  leH.l.ng.lovvn  to  a  .eroml  r„om.  lMr^.■r  than  ilie 
lir*l.  Iber,-  «ro  other  eave*  .-.pially  rfniuikable  at 
iior»t'i  aoiJ  llauby  iu  (he  tame  neijjhbourhood, 


MAS.SACni:SKTTS. 


I 


4 


f 


'■ 


04 

IHvhion*. 

VnitnHif*. 
H«rk»hirt. 
ymnklin. 
IUmp«liirr. 

Ilam|iili'n. 

Wurcv«(tr. 

.Miililli*ipi, 

.SulV..lk. 

Vorl'ulk. 

I'lyinoiiili. 

Hurimtable. 

DriMtal. 

iJiiki'l. 

Nttnluckel. 


M\H8Ar||l'«KTT». 


VMff  Town: 
rilbn^l'il,  Mdii-khriilifr,  I.cnna. 
IlffrlWIil,  (IrocriHi  1)1, 
NiHlhnmiiliiM,  llnillry,  Anihmt. 

iHnri^^Al'l)l,  Wcil  H|iriiiKlifl)l, 

\V«f«'«'«lrr,  Itrniikrii'lil.  Miiiiim. 
[Hitli'Mi.  Ni-Mliury|M)rt,    Mnrhlt'lirkii, 
I  Lviiii,  Aiiili>viT.*lli'v«'rlj,<ilour«'»lfr. 

(;li«ric<ilo«>ii,  CHiiibriiliju,  Coticurd. 

l|r>S  ION. 

Kfidiiirv.  Di'illiHDi.  DorrhcAler. 
I'lytnnii'lli,  ltriili<i'\viil«'r,  Mi-iiuwlf. 
FHlmoiith,  Vtirnioiitli,  I'rovinrr town. 
New  Ui'dt'urd,  'i'auniun,  Hvbubutk. 
MtlKMrloii, 
Naiituukift. 


MoiiulnhiH^  Tliri'  «re  «evrr»l  rnpa;ni  oT  mountaini 
ill  llif  weoh-rn  Jiurl  hI'  ihe  uliHe,  wliiuli  ciiiin'  I'roiii  Ver- 
mont Hill)  New  liani|iitliire,  mid  run  ucroii*  llif  •Uli*  into 
OoniiGPliciit.  'I'lie  i»rin('i|ial  are  (lie  Ttiu;hconnuc, 
(iii'en  moiiulaiii,  mid  Mount  Turn  r«nni"». 

Finht^iila  The  riiutity  of  Mnriwlnlili*  in  n  |ieniniiiila, 
(■oiiiinonly  called  the  ittninsula  of  Unite  Cod.  Il«  »lm|ie 
ii  tliut  of  ti  man**  arm  lient  inwaidH,  bitli  iit  llic  elltow 
and  wriit.  A  threat  purt  nrilii*  |ti>iiii»>iitn  i«  naiidy  and 
barren,  aud  in  uianpr  p!aee«,  wliolly  dvAtitutP  of  vi^ela* 
(ion  ;  vet  il  in  )|iiite  |iopnloiiii.  The  inhabilant*  get 
(heir  liviii^  ulinimt  I'litirt-ly  i'roin  thi>  nri'iwi  t  tlie  men 
heins;  ponntmitly  finploved  at  mu  t  and  the  buy*,  a»  «non 
an  tbey  have  itlrrn^llt  nimiijh  to  pull  ii  rodiikh,  arc  put 
nil  board  tfie  iiii|ittt)»  boald.  In  coiii«'(|uciici'  of  llie  vio 
lent  i>nitt  wiii'lx,  il  in  tuppuitvd  that  the  cape  i«  j^rudually 
wear  nif  away. 

UntjM  Mlssnchusfttn  bay  lie«  bctwscn  Cape  Cod  and 
t'npc  Ann.  Harv  i'hir  bay  is  llto  ^ouilicrn  pnri  of 
MaMaubunelts  Uay.     Buxxtrd's  bay  i«  on  the  »uiilh\vcit 


I'ti  into  l«««unii*«, 


iillcy,  Amhrrat. 

kni'M.  Million. 
|Mirt,    Miuhlt'lirtti, 
li'v«'rlj,tilouri'»lrr. 
iibri'lgu,  (Juticurdt 

II,  Dorrhi-iliT. 
•waUt,  Mi-iiiiHlr. 
iiitli,  I'rovinrrhHvn 
luniun,  lU'bubulb. 


in^m  nf  mniintalnt 

lili  iMiiiH'  I'roiii  Ver- 

ernii*  tlif  iiMle  intu 

llie    Tiigliconnuc, 

:nkl<*  it  a  |ipniii«iila, 
tie  Cod.  Il«  uluip* 
b'ttli  lit  llif  clliow 
iiHiita  ii  miiiiljf  anil 
leiilitiitp  ur  vigeta* 
le  iiibabilanlii  grt 
i>  nri'iwi  t  llie  inrii 
li  lhi>  liiiyi,  a«  ftnnn 
Ii  ruiliikh,  lire  put 
■i|ii('ii('t'  uf  llie  vio- 
e  cape  i«  j^cudually 

v»(>n  Cnpe  Coil  ami 

i^oiKlii'in  |inrl    oi' 

is  on  Ibc  tuiilhncit 


.MAJ*H,\C'l|r(?ETr!», 

*hI.<  of  iJiP  nrmiMMlu  of  «:„,,..  r,..|.  UI..I  .iniiruUil  fi 
llirininlil..  Hrtv  1,1  «  ,ittri.m  miIhuim. 

Hivtrn.  lb.'  i{iii,,ultiiinui-  rM«'«  in  tbi>  wttirrn  imrt 
nr«bi«  »i,iii.,  ami  [uh.^,  jm,,  «:.,iuivi'li«;ui.  Hliiifkliriil«i> 
•ml  ?^b.lll.|.|  mn  ,„i  lu  huiik*. 

<'""";•'•'("*'  riMi-  , ,,  |m„i,  ihr  iiorib.  uihI  umtt 

lliriMi^l.iibi'  ulahi  miit  (!(iiiiii-p||fui, 

.Uiriima,'  rivt-r,  in  ihi ribt-mi,   rotnf*  from  New 

•  'iin|Mbi.i',  Mild  |i.u.ii.jj  Uy  llavirbill,  fmiiiii-,  m  >',«. 
liiirt|Mtrt.  ' 

IMi'l^H  anil  J\\i„>utd  rlvi>r»  nrr  4m«ll  «lrp(iiiM  nnpl* 

'"<    '"•"   " •"    b.nbor.     Tnini/on  river  fiiii.iiM  iiiiu 

.Narru^.iOM'i  buy  in  UbiMli-   UUnil. 

F.uenj-ihe  ,,„»w,y,  ,»„,/,  &^.  -j-i.p  j,„rl  of  iliP  aiaie 
w«»l  or  tiMiiifPliciit  rivifr  i*  moiiuiaiiioiM  i  (m.i  of  ibnt 
river  llie  romitry  i«  hilly,  t-xcpi  i.  (hi.  .oulbeMlerii 
co..ulii'»,  ivbire  It  U  l«wl.  (I,i  il,c  „.ft.oon,i,  pinicu- 
larlv  III  ibo  •oiiibi'iiMiTii  eoiiiiiie^.  ibe  Inii'l  m  poori 
In  ibe  ret  ,1  lb..  ...11,.  iberi.  i^  ne,:eiHlly  «  .Iroiig  aouU 
•oil.  wi'll  iitlnpttil  10  gri,»!iii«  anil  Kruiii. 

CfiUf  TuwHH.  Ho.iu.v,  ibf  {:iipiial  oi"  'bo  miilf.  anil 
lb.'  larne.!  !»,»„  ,„  S^'^s  Kn^hmJ,  j,  pK.,„Huilv  .iiimi.'.l 
0"  11  pHiiiiNula,  nl  lb.)  biuii  of  A/,u.„ebii.Vii,  ll,iv. 
I  he  iituli.irM  .1.  i-p,  .«ii«V.  capui-ioim  ari.l..,„ily  i|.|,.,Ml.i|, 
ll..,ioM  oHM«  iiiori'  .bipnihg  iliun  uny  liiy  in  i'„.  irniie.l 
Hla.e.  ..x....p.  NewNork.  |i,  ,810,  it  .oiMnim..! 
aj.^no  iiibabitanl.,  and  «a«  lb«>  fourtb  louiiofibe 
Union  in  poini  of  popnlulion.  •rb.'r«  i,ri.  probably  IViv 
ciii.-»  III  ibi.  vvo.lil  wb,rc  Ihf re  i,  ,„  innrh  wealib.  in 
proporlion  to  ibe  p..p.i|nlion,  a*  in  Ho»ion.  Tbi.  nun.biT 
Jar  ..''"'''"^    ""      '*^*'"   •'•'"""*=*'  '"«'"  '•  sl'o  unu^inally 

Kxccpl  tbe  MiildU'iici  canal,  which  oppn«  n  water  enm- 
mui,i,.ui,on  uiMi  the  interior  of  Neiv  Hamimbire.  H..»i„n 
ha»  no  connection  iviih  ihe  lom.'ry.exeepi  bv  uo.mI  n.u.l* 
I  be  couuiryin  ibe  imni.MlmIe  vieioiiy  i^  i-omil.MU  ,„„i 
■.eaunfiil.  AmoMK  ibe  public  b.iildi..^^  are  «  Lie  Im!  "o 
and  .JH  bou-ea  ol  ,M.I.|ie  »v«r,bip.  .n,.,.y  of  ib.m  HiuMnl. 
6/i«r/^./««„  i,.|,ri.,.i|,  north  olHo.ton.  anil  foun.;...d 
with  It  bv  rb,,.!,..  rive,  bii.l;:-.  \„  |;„„„|  ,s,,M.-«« 
navy  yard  »  in  ibi«  town.     Aiuons  lljc  public  buildingd 


1 


Ot> 


MAHSACIIfftiliTTS. 


are  (lie  iMaHtiacliuselU'  Slate  prison,  h  niniiiic  hospital, 
nn*l  A  lioHpilul  lor  llie  iii^iuie.  The  nieinnruhlc  bnttli*  ol' 
Bunker  Hill  uuh  fought  in  this  town,  Jiiih!  17th,  1773. 
lii  IHIO  Chark'itt(>\»^ii  contuini'il  4.<J3*.t  inhubilunli. 

Salem,  the  second  town  in  New  tliiglHnd  in  wealth, 
uiul  pupiiliitioii,  is  13  miles  nuitheaitt  of  Koslnn.  In 
ainouiil  oi'  bliipping,  SHk'in  is  the  Mixth  town  in  the 
Uuileil  Slater.  Her  mei'chuiitH  arc  very  cxtcuHively  en- 
gaged in  the  Kust-India  trade.  The  pupiilatiun  in  1810 
waM  12,613. 

lievei'ly  is  the  next  town  to  Salem  on  the  north.  It  is 
lar^^eiy  concerned  in  the  iiitheries.  In  1810  it  contained 
4,n08  inhnhitiints. 

Marblfhead  is  on  a  peninsula,  4  miles  southwest  nf 
Salem.  The  inhabitants  arc  employed  almost  ex- 
ciuKively  in  the  li^heries.  In  miu  it  contained  3,U00 
inhabitants. 

Mwburyport  is  a  bennliful  town,  33  miles  northeast 
nf  Boston,  ni  the  mouth  of  MeiTiumc  river.  The  harltur 
is  safe,  large,  and  deep,  but  dinieult  to  enter,  in  1810 
the  town  contained  7,QSi  inhabitants 

•Ww  Bedford  is  02  miles  south  uf  Boston.  It  is  on  a 
hranch  of  Btizzard's  Bay,  and  has  a  safe  and  convenient 
harbor.  In  1810  there  were  0,Aai  inhabitants.  They 
are  largely  concerned  in  navigation. 

Plymoutk,  36  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  is  the  oldest 
town  in  New  England,  having  been  planted  in  1620. 
Lynn  is  between  Salem  and  Boston.  It  is  the  principal 
geat  of  the  shoe  manufacture.  fVorcester  is  37  miles 
west  of  Boston,  and  connected  with  it  by  a  fine  turnpike. 
The  principal  towns  on  Connecticut  river  are  JVor/Zuim/)* 
ton  and  Sprinsjield. 

Islands.  JVantucket  island  is  IS  miles  long.  It  con- 
(ained  in  1810  about  7,000  inhabitants,  who  are,  princi- 
pally, robust,  enterprising  seamen,  extensively  engngptl 
in  the  whale  fis(<ery.  'I'he  Nantucket  seamen  are  noted 
as  the  most  skilful  and  adventurous  in  the  world.  Tho 
inhabitants  of  this  island  are  prineipaiiy  Friends  or 
Qnal<ers,  who  hold  their  lands  io  common.  All  their 
cows,  amounting  to  about  500,  feed  together  in  one  herd  ; 
«ll  their  sheep,  14,U00,  in  one  pasture. 


iih*i 
wr( 

4a 

* 

mil 

G«. 

mil 

sou 

/ 

mai 

ton 

deni 

'1 

rive 

the 

nect 

mosi 

A   c 

Bay 

Ji 

Bris 

have 

Berl 

Po 

inha 

sons 

state 

very 

othei 

grat( 

coun 

Hi 

ous. 

Ec 

the 

weal 

If  w 

first 

iuat  : 

the  i 


'Tm. 

I  ninrinc  hoDpilal, 
leiniiruhlc  bHltli'  of 
,  JiiiH!  17tli,  17T3. 
iiiliubiluiili. 
liiglHiid  ill  wcallli, 
mt  of  Koslon.  Ill 
Kixtli  loMti  in  the 
;ry  cxtciiHively  eii- 
{xipiilatiun  in  1810 

m  lliennrlh.  It  is 
I  1810  it  contained 

lili'ii  Ronthwefit   nf 
iloyeil    ulmofit   ex- 
it contained  3,U00 

S3  milcH  nnrtheatt 
ivcr.  The  litirliur 
lo  enter.     In  1810 

Llimtnn.  It  is  on  a 
lite  and  convenient 
nhabitants.    They 

ostnn,  is  the  oldest 
1  planted  in  1620. 

It  is  the  principal 
rcester  is  37  miles 

by  a  fine  turnpike, 
ver  are  JSTorthamp' 

liles  long.  It  con- 
s,  who  are,  princi- 
(feusively  eni^ns^ptl 
t  seamen  are  noted 
n  the  world.  Tho 
;ipaliy  Friends  or 
minon.  All  their 
getlier  in  one  herd  ; 
e. 


MASSACIIUSETl'S. 


or 


lo  the  soiilhcHst  of  this  inland  are  (he  Nantucket 
shoal*,  where  a  «reat  many  vessoU  have  buiu  shin, 
wrecked.  I'hey  ixicid  about  00  miles  in  len^lh  aid 
43  in  breadth. 

Mn-Uia's  ^MPi/f/rrf,  west  of  Nantucket,  is  about  20 
rnilcH  loug.  The  western  point  of  the  island  u  culled 
Uayhead.  hbxabeth  island.*  lie  in  a  row,  of  about  18 
nules  lu  length,  iiorlhwesi  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  and 
souiheaslof  IJu/./.ard's  Bay. 

Jioadsand  Caiwts.  The  roads  in  (his  state  are  re- 
maikably  hue.  Kxcelleni  turnpikes  proceed  from  Bos- 
ton  in  evc.y  direction}  the  principal  arc  those  to  Provi- 
dence, Worcester,  Newbiiryport,  and  Salem. 

Ihere  are  canals  around  rhe  falls  in  Connecliciit 
river,  at  «oulh  lladley.  Middlesex  canal  is  wholly  in 
the  county  ol  Middlesex.  It  is  30  miles  Ion;?,  and  eon- 
necls  Boston  harbor  with  Merrimac  river.  This  is  the 
most  expensire  canal  yet  completed  in  the  United  States 
A  canal  to  con„e..t  Barnstable  B  ly  with  Buzzard's' 
Bay  has  been  talked  of. 

Jlinerals.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  lar?e  quantities  in 
Bristol  and  Plymouth  eouniios.  Quarries  of  marble 
have  been  opened  in  Slockbridge,  and  in  other  towns  of 
Berkshire  county. 

Population.  Massachusetts  contained  in  1810, 4.72,000 
inhabitants.  It  has  on  an  avfrage  more  than  70  per- 
sons  to  every  square  mile,  and  is  ihc  most  ihicklv  settled 
state  in  the  Union.  The  population  does  not  increase 
very  rapidly,  owing  to  the  emigration  of  so  many  to  the 
other  states.  It  is  estimated  that  20,000  persons  emi- 
grate annually,  from  Massachusetts  to  the  newlv  settled 
countries.  ' 

Religion.  The  Congresaf  ionalists  are  the  most  numer- 
ous.    Next  to  (hem  are  the  Baptists. 

Education.  JIan-ard  College,  or,  as  it  is  now  called, 
the  University  at  Cambridge,  is  the  most  ancient, 
wealthy,  uud  respectable  literary  institution  in  America! 
It  was  founded  in  1638,  in  less  than  20  vears  after  (he 
hist  setlleinent  of  New  England.  A  Law  School,  a  Med- 
ical  School,  and  a  Theological  Seminary  form  a  part  of 
the  institution.    There  are,  in  all  dcpartmenlB.  20  pro- 


« 


^8 


MAS!SAf;HUSKTTS. 


fui4sor8.  The  |iliilu!4ii|ilticnl  and  chemical  apparatus  art.- 
citiiipletu.  Tlie  lil)rnry  in  tlie  lurgeHt  in  Aiiit'iicu,  coii- 
taming  :^0,UOO  voluiiU'H,  unil  iH  HiiiiiiHilly  iiiiToaHin^. 
Tde  number  ot'sluili'nlM  in  iiImmiI  300.  The  eulleges  arv 
3  mileH  nurlhweKl  of  Do^lon. 

f^'illiams  Colle^e  in  William<«lown,  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  state,  was  estubli^hed  in  1703,  anil  is  a  re- 
ipeetabie  ini^tilution.  ., 

The  Theological  Seminnnj  at  Jlndover,  20  niiirs  north 
or  Uoiton,  was  Tounded  in  18U8.  It  hat*  4  proleHgorri, 
and  more  than  100  students.  It  is  very  richly  endowed, 
entirely  by  private  bounty.  Within  the  first  ten  years 
after  its  estabi'sltnient,  it  received  more  than  300,000 
dollars,  in  donations  from  seven  individuals,  ':egides  con- 
siderable sums  from  others. 

I'liiUips  Jlcademij,  also  in  Andover,  is  the  most  flour- 
iiihing  academy  in  the  state.  Its  funds  atiount  to  more 
than  00,000  dollars.  The  number  nf  students  in  1820 
was  140.  This  Academy  and  the  Theological  Seniina* 
ry  are  under  the  same  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  other  academics  in  the  state  are  too  numerous  to 
he  mentioned;  the  principal  arc  i^Hmnifr  Academy  at 
Newbury,  and  Leicester  Academy  at  Leicester. 

History.  This  stale  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  Union. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Plymouth  in  10-20. 
The  original  settlers  were  I'uritaus,  who  were  perse- 
cuted in  England  on  account  of  their  religion,  and  fled 
to  this  country,  then  a  wilderness,  as  an  asylum.  For 
many  years  they  endured  severe  trials  from  sicknessi 
famine,  and  wars  with  the  Indians. 

While  a  colony,  Massachusetts  was  always  forward 
in  resisting  the  oppression  of  the  mother  country  ;  and 
in  the  revdiutionary  war,  which  broke  out  in  1773,  she 
acted  a  highly  distinguished  part.  The  first  battles  nf 
that  war  were  fought  in  this  slate,  at  Leninglun  and 
Charlestown. 

Productions.  Grass  and  grain  are  the  principal  pro- 
ductions of  the  soil.  These  furuish  food  for  large  num- 
bers of  cattle. 

Fisheries.  The  inhabitants  of  many  towns  on  the 
sua- coast,  are  employed  io  the  cod  fislicry,  and  whale 


fis 
th 

nil 
sh 

ex 

»n 
o\\ 
Si 


ve; 
pri 
hu 
pii 
bet 


by 

Cui 
/ 

Cou 
Pro 
Net 
AVa 
Kei 
Brii 

E 

pan 
and 
Intiu 
isia 
is  CI 
ralli 


'TS. 

eiiiical  apjiaraiut  art.- 
;eHt  ill  Aiiit'iicu,  coii- 
^iiiiUHilly  iiiiToaHiii,>^. 
0.     The  colleges  un* 

vn,  in  the  northwest 
in  1703,  awl  is  a  re- 

ilover,  20  milrs  north 
It  hat*  4  iiroleHSorri, 
very  richly  enduwed, 
1  the  tir*)t  ten  years 
i)  more  than  800,000 
ividuiils,  ':esides  con- 
fer, is  the  most  fluur- 
iinds  HTiount  to  more 
r  of  students  in  1820 
Theological  8emina> 
'ustees. 

are  too  numerous  to 
'Jitmnier  Academy  at 
it  Leicester. 
!:  oldest  in  the  Union, 
t  Fiymoulh  in  1K20. 
lus,  who  were  |ierse- 
L'ir  religion,  and  fled 
,  as  an  asylum.  For 
trials  from  sickness, 

was  always  forward 
iiother  country  ;  and 
uke  out  in  177ff,  she 
The  first  battles  of 
te,  at  Leninglun  and 

ire  the  principal  pro- 
1  food  fur  large  num- 

niany  towns  on  the 
d  fishery,  and  whale 


RHODE  ISLAND 


^ 


h«hory.  A  very  numerous  class  of  the  population  derive 
their  subi.teuee  entirely  from  ti.e.e  e...  iloyments. 

JIannfarure>,.  Alamifaeluring  eslahli.hn.enls  are  nu- 
raerous.  1  he  principal  manunietiires  are  coiion  l'o.kIs, 
shoes,  ardent  sp.n.s.  hats,  glass  ware,  furniture,  L.     ' 

Commerre.  i  h.re  is  a  ,cry  dense  population  on  the 
extensive  sea-coust  of  thin  slafe,  who  'de  .end  fllr  ,h  "r 
support  entirely  on  commerce  and  the  fisheries  Thev 
Stales      "  ""'  '^"""^''•"*'  ""^  "I'il'Pn'Sof  the  UuilcJ 

'Ihe  prodnee  of  the  western  part  of  the  Male  is  eon- 
vejed  pr.iK..p«lly  to  X,.„  York.'  A  large  porli.n.  o«  |^ 
produce  ol  WT.nont  and  New  Hampshire  on  th^  o'r 
hu:  J,  IS  exported    from   the   ports   of  this  Hinte.     The 


lUIODE  ISLAND. 

Situation.  Rhode  Island  is  hnunded  north  nnd  east 
by  IVIa.sachnsetts  :  snuih  h.y  the  AMu.tie  :  and  «,.,,  by 
Com.eclieut.     1(  i,  ,he  smallest  .Slate  in  the  U„i„„.       ' 

DnusioHs.     Ihe  State  is  divided  into  5  counties;  vi/. 


Counties, 

Providence. 

Newport. 

^Vashil,'gton. 

Kent. 

Bristol. 


Principal  Towns. 
Providence,  Hcituate,  Smithfield. 
iVewporl. 
.Soiiiii  King'Jion. 
W.irwiek.  Ka«t  Greenwich. 
Bristol,  Warren. 


parts.     It  sets  up    between  point  Judith  on    the    west 

lot'::';  nr"i' ""!''•*  r^-  »'  '^ """""' ^"  -"- 

s  n,.s      v.  ;i""*' *■'"'"■'*'•••''  *^'''""'    e'".sidernhle 

;•"";:;*;;':■;:;?■''''"'•  -"'- -"le,;  rx:,i'L;; 


HtlODE  ISLAND. 


nivers.  Pautucket  rircr  crnitikeH  near  (ht  U^vn  of 
Providence,  anJ  Pautiwet  about  0  miles  below  tlie  (tiun. 
They  are  both  imaJI  rivers,  an<l  abound  with  fdlls,  which 
furnish  fine  ■itualious  for  mill  sealii  and  manufacturing 
establishmenti.  There  are  about  40  cotton  factories  on 
the  PautHxet. 

Face  of  the  country,  ^'c.  The  northern  part  of  the 
state  is  hilly,  the  rest  is  chiefly  level.  About  one  tenth 
part  of  the  state  is  covered  by  the  waters  of  Narragan- 
set  bay.     A  large  portion  of  the  soil  is  lean  and  barren. 

Islands.  The  principitl  islands  are  Hhode  isluud, 
from  wliich  the  stale  lakes  its  name,  Cannnnicut  and 
Pi'H</<>nce  islands,  ail  of  whirh  are  embraced  by  Narra- 
ganset  bay;  and  Itlock  island,  which  lies  iu  the  ocean, 
about  7  mi!cs  from  the  shore. 

Population.  I'hc  population  in  1810,  was  77,noo. 
The  slate  is  very  thickly  seltli'd,  and  many  hundreds 
emigrate  every  year  to  other  states,  licuee,  the  pupu- 
lalion  does  not  inerea*>p  rapidly. 

Chief  Towns.  Puomdenok  is  in  the  northeast  part 
of  the  state,  at  the  iu'ud  of  Narragaiisel  Ony,  about  a 
mile  above  the  mtiulh  of  PautuoTkCt  river.  Ships  of  al- 
tnort  any  size  come  up  to  the  town.  It  has  an  cxten- 
sive  commerce,  principally  with  (he  Cast  Indies,  and 
the  Southern  Stales.  In  1810,  Providence  was  the  third 
town  in  New  England  in  point  of  population  ;  containing 
at  that  timi>  about  10,000  inhabitants.  Within  a  few 
years,  the  commerce  and  population  have  increased  very 
rapidly,  owing  to  the  establishment  of  a  great  number 
of  cotton  manufactories  in  the  neighborhood.  Among 
the  public  buildings  are  three  very  elegant  churches. 

Newport  is  about  30  miles  south  of  Providence,  near 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island. 
Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world  ;  being  safe 
and  easy  of  access,  sufficiently  capacious  to  contain 
whole  fleets,  and  deep  enough  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
burthen.  It  isdefeniled  by  three  forts.  The  fisheries 
in  the  neighborhood  are  very  valuable.  There  is  proba- 
lily  no  fish  market  in  the  world  that  afibrds  a  greater 
variety  offish,  or  of  a  better  (][uality.  The  population 
in  1810  was  about  S-OOO. 


sli 
Pi 

to 

P' 
ai 

If 

P' 

is 
mi 
flo 

fai 
rei 
ed 

nu 
Kl 
tai 

rei 

T» 

of 

It 

Tr 

a 

ma 

cle 

<]UI 

goc 
exf 


i 
set! 
an* 
the 
stn 


h 

I  near  (he  (n^rti  cf 
leg  below  the  («>tvii. 
id  with  rallii,  which 
ind  maiiuracturing 
cottoD  factorieH  on 

thern  part  of  the 
.  About  one  lenlli 
aterii  of  Narragan- 
i«  lean  uiid  barren. 
Eire  Hhode  iiluiid, 
S  Canonnicut  and 
ibraced  bv  Narra- 
lies  iu  the  ocean, 

1810,  was  rr,ooo. 

id  ntuiiy    hundred! 
llcuce,  the  popii- 

ho  northeast  part 
imel  Ony,  about  a 
iver.  Ships  of  al- 
It  haM  an  cxten- 
Cast  Indies,  and 
dencR  was  the  third 
ulation ;  containing 
8.  Within  a  few 
ftvp  increased  very 
I  of  a  8;reat  number 
iburhood.  Among 
egani  churches. 
)f  Providence,  near 
of  Hhode  Island, 
world;  being  safe 
laeiouA  to  contain 
ssels  of  the  largest 
ts.  The  fisheries 
t.  There  is  proba- 
t  afibrds  a  greater 
The  population 


tONNKCTlCUT. 


t1 


Urintnl  It  a  wealthy  commercial  (own,  on  the  cast 
shore  oli"  Narraminact  bnv,  nbouf  half  way  between 
Providence  and  Newport.  Tht  great  suppurt  of  the 
town  is  its  commerce,  which  is  extensive,  active  and 
protituble.  The  population  in  1810  was  3,603,  and  (be 
amount  of  shipping  7,uoo  tons. 

trarrm  is  the  next  town  to  Bristol,  on  the  north.  In 
1810  the  populiitio.i  was  1,773,  and  the  amount  of  ship> 
ping  about  3.0U0  tons. 

raufucfcet  village,  in  the  town  of  North  IVovidenee, 
is  built  around  the  falls  of  I'autuekct  river,  about  if 
miles  northeast  of  Providence.  It  is  one  of  (he  most 
flourishing  manufacturing  villages  in  the  United  States. 

Indians.  In  Charlesiown  are  the  remains  of  the  once 
famous  Narragansct  Irilie  of  Indians.  They  are  now 
reduced  to  about  luu  souls,  and  ate  a  mistiable,  degrade 
ed  race  of  beings. 

Jieligion.  '1  he  Baptists  are  much  the  most  nnmer. 
nus  denomination.  Religion  is  not  supported  by  law  in 
Rhode  Island.  The  clergy  are  maintained  by  the  volun- 
tary contributions  of  their  people. 

Jiduccinn.  Brown  University  in  Providence  is  a  very 
reipeotable  institution.  There  are  eight  proftssorships. 
The  library  contains  about  o,ooo  volumes.  The  number 
of  students  for  several  yeafs  past  has  been  about  130. 
It  ii  required  that  the  President,  and  a  majurily  of  the 
Trustees  of  this  University  should  be  Baptists. 

•Manufactures.  In  no  State  in  the  Union,  is  so  large 
a  portion  of  the  population  and  capital  emploved  in 
roaDufactures,  as  in  Rhode  Island-  The  principal  arti. 
cle  is  cotton  goods,  which  are  manufactured  in  large 
quantities  in  Providence,  and  the  vicinity.  Linen 
goods,  hats,  &o.  are  also  manufactured  extensively,  and 
exported. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Situation.  Connecticut  is  bounded  N.  by  Massachu- 
setts ;  K.  by  Rhode  Island  j  S.  by  Loo<»  Island  Sound  ; 
and  W.  by  New  York.  It  is  very  retfnfkr  in  its  shape; 
(he  bound'iries  on  the  west,  north,  and  :  ast.  being  almost 
8traig!it  lines. 


L-. 


Divisions, 

CuHutii's. 

Ilarirnnl. 

Ni'u  UnTpn. 

N>  w  l<oiiilon. 

FairfieM. 

Wiiiilhum. 

liilclitklil. 

Miilillt'Mex. 

Tolluiid. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Cunnecticut  in  diviiti'il  into  8  counties,  vi/. 

rrini  i/inl  Tinnis. 
IKuipoKD.  \V«'  .iliciNliilil.  HiTJin. 
Nkw  IIavk.n.  Ctit'ohiiv,  (JiiiU'it'd. 
J\'rir  LiDiiloii,  .V«i7((i7j.  Lmiu". 
Fairfiiii    Oiiil.iiit.  Wiriiioril. 
Il'titilliinii,  I'diiiIViI,   VooilHlock. 
LUcltf\eld.  Curnwiill,  ^  ilmliiiij. 
.Miilillftinrn.  Sajliiimk.  iviiliiiijworriij. 
Tulluitd,  C'livi'iit'iy,  Hlutlord. 

Harbiira.  T!ie  oiia«t  ip  i'«»«ry  ulierp  inilpntoil  »vitli 
liarlioi'!4,  innny  oi'  wliicli  are  Huti'  iiiiti  ciinMUMlioiii*.    i'hu 

triiifipul  tire  tliute  ul'  New  Lomloii,  N«>w  lliivi-n  mid 
liiiUfporl. 

/'nee  f<///ic  L'onntry.  f'onnectidit  i*  a  hilly  roiinlry. 
Tli<  tiiiiii  are  geiuTiilly  nCu  iiioilorale  si/.c,  and  occur  in 
quick  Hucrf^^iiiri,  wliicli  niakc<t  a  lii'aulit'iil  and  viUHtanl- 
ly  varying  |iru8|i('rl  fur  the  Inveller. 

Hull  and  Productions,  'I'hc  t;r»Mii  Imdy  of  the  slate  iv 
excelleul  land.  'V\\v  nxuuly  uf  P^tiriieldi  and  the  inter- 
val land  on  Conneclicui  river.  eKpeciully.  are  oC  a  very 
•uperior  riualily.  Imlian  corn.  rye.  !<raHH  and  putatnes, 
are  umniiij  the  must  iuipurtmit  prodiu-iionit.  (.'onncvlicut 
IH  also  fumuuH  tor  pmniikimtHnd  nniuns. 

liivevs  Vonmrticut  i  iver  come*  IVoin  MaKSHrhuHpttg, 
and  running  tirHl  south  Kud  ilii;n  xituiheaHl.  cuipiies  into 
liung  Island  Hound.  It  \%  navigable  to  llurli'urd,  iii'ty 
miles  j'rum  ilt*  mouth. 

The  Jlousatouuuc  riites  in  th^  wenlern  part  nf  9?afiRa- 
chujietts.  and  ai'ier  pu>«<<in^  liy  Siuekbridi^eand  Sin  Hit- lil, 
enters  Connpcticut,  and  runniutr  Houthc.tHi  ern|iiieM  into 
Loiiij  Island  Hound,  a  few  milis  went  of  New  Haven. 

The  TAdnip.s  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  1  lie  stale.  It 
empties  at  New  London,  and  is  navigable  IJ-  miles  to 
Norwich. 

Chief  Towns.  There  are  five  incorporated  eilies, 
Hartford,  New  Haven,  New  London,  Nork\icli  oihI  Mid- 
dietown.     Hartford  and  New  Haven  are  the  eapituU. 

Hartford  stands  on  the  west  hank  of  ('onneciicul 
river,  SO  miles  Irom  its  mouth,  at  the  head  uf  navigulion. 


It 

an 
in 

M 

wi 

"I» 

Silt 

An 
ele 

iaii 

tow 

*i 

on  1 

bur 

J 

hea 

anil 

mill 

tow 

ft 

and 

is  a 

the 

Con 

E 

the  I 

Hiat 

stud 

The 

hanr 

lecti 

wert 

tutoi 

whir 

Bi 

man; 

is  a  i 


T. 

il  into  8  rountii'S,  vi/. 

nl  TiiWfis. 
ii'iNlii-lii,  Dcrlin. 
Itiiv,  (jiiiirit'd. 
/(•(i7j.  |,Mni>-. 
.  Siriiioril. 

,     VoilllHlOI'k. 

I,  >>  iIidIiiii'v 

link.  Killiiii;>ttort'd. 

Hiutl'orii. 

Iier(>  InilcnttMl  ivitli 
•I  I'linMiiMlioiiit.  I'liu 
I,   ISew    lluvfii   mill 

it  I*  a  hilly  roiintry. 
lie  siy.i',  ami  iii'iiir  in 
aulil'iil  and  L-<iiiHtuiil- 

I  liiiily  of  till'  8tnti>  in 
liii'ltl,  uitil  (h«>  iiiior' 
eitillv.  are  of  a  very 
.  uran*  uiiil  putatoes, 
4'iioim.  (.'onncvlicut 
iuiH. 

IVnm  Miio^nrliuHptlg, 
nlicuMi.  i'iii|iiie§  into 
c   to    llurli'urij,  (ii'ly 

iilprn  part  of  ??afisa- 
briili^eand  SluHiflil, 
itlii'.tAi  rin|)iifM  into 
■nl  of  New  Haven. 
rt  of  I  ill-  Hiale.  It 
vigttble   IJ-   miles  to 

ineorporated    oilies, 
U  Niirk\if|i  timl  Mid- 
n  are  the  eapiluU. 
uiik    of  C'onnci'iiciit 
e  head  of  navigdlion. 


CONNKcrJCUT. 


;a 


h  14  in  t lie  niiiM  of  «  very  plennuiit  and  fertile  ecnnlrv. 
Anions  the  P'tl'lic  liinMinij.  are.i  lianiUoine  Htale-lious;. 
nni  an  ele|{u»t  congregational  ehurcli.  'I  |,c  popnialioii 
in  tsio  wnn  0,003.  '    ' 

Maid.M.nind.  1  he  harbor  i«  well  defeniled  from  llin 
»md,,  hot  IS  extremely  shallow,  and  ii  f;ra.|„;,|lv  lillius 
up  with  mnd.  Ihe  city  i.  built  on  a  pinin,  „-hieh  h 
Mtrroun.  ed  on  three  »h  e»  by  high  hill. 'and  n.onnlain,. 
Ainon«  the  pnblic  bnilding,  are  the  cn||e;^e«,  and  three 
elegant  cl.nrcl.e«,  one  or  the  Kpi«copali«n«,  and  two  for 
l.ongrega  lonah.ts.  There  i»  n,  burying.groiind  on  a 
j.eu  p!u.  „;  the.  north  p«rt  of  the  U>J.  1,\  reyo^rl 
aid  out.  and  planted  with  (reei.  The  population  «f, ho 
(ownin  18to  wa»  6,U96.  i  umuuu  U4  um 

Miv-London  i«  neur  the  southeast  corner  of  the  «tnte, 
0  .the  1  ha,ne«,  about  3  mile*  from  it,  m„„th.  It.  har- 
bor  It  the  best  in  Connecticut. 

head  .,f  navigation  on  the  Tliumes.  Jliddletowni,  iileas- 
at,  ly  situate.]  on  M.e  west  bank  of  the  t'onnec. ie ,  t  1 1 
m.les  south  of  Hartford.  The  country  around  il  idle- 
town  IS  uncommonly  beautiful.  ^"luuit 

J/m-uV'^'^'^  '"  ,"""lf  C"""<'=»'C"N  between  Hartford 

and  Middlelown.    It  is  famous  for  its  onion..    Litchfhd 

about  30  mile,  west  of  Hartford.      Sayhrook;  one  of 

con;itt!:ur;!:er'''^^"""'^^'^'*"'''*''''- "-»"  »»• 

iuftx^f^'x  ^«'^C«''''5•^in^ew  Haven,  is  one  of 

Sate  ItT  T' 7T- '"'''*  '=""^«"  '«""-  »J"i««'« 
stinenu  '^  J,*' '""'"'^••'  "«  <701.  I»  has  about  300 
student..      Iheliurary  contains  about   8,000   volumes. 

be  chemical  and  philosophical  appaiitn.  are  ery 
handsome  and  complete.  In  isn.the  two  noblest  cof. 
lections  of  minerals,  ever  opened  in  the  United  Stale., 
vere  deposited  her<.  There  are  fl  professors  ani^  b 
tutors,  besides  4  professors  in  the  medical  institution, 
which  IS  connected  with  the  college.  "«"uuon, 

Bacon  Mem>j,  in  Colchester,  has  «  lar^e  fnnil  and 

ra"L'.lr''r'"  •  V^?  ^'""''^"''   Academy, ';t  CMre, 
»  a  flourishing  institution.     There  are  also  aeuden.Ks  «, 


T4 


(ONNKCTItlT. 


PliiiiiJ'iild,  LiUhp'hU  nnil  almoit  all  ll.P  |)iinci|)i\l  ItnUi* 
III  llie  »»tiUt'.  'llitTf  lin*  \»i<en  for  iiiui»y  jenri  a  rc»- 
|ieotalilu  law  nelioul  at  Litnlilielil. 

At  Cornwall,  a  fiw  milei  northwctt  of  I/itclil'ielil, 
IliiTc  i»  a  iciiool  for  tlie  «Mlucalion  of  lieallicn  joutli,  from 
variom  |iarl«  of  Ihe  world.  Alter  llioy  Itavo  rcci'ivetl 
I  heir  I'lluralion  at  this  neliool,  they  arc  »eiil  home  to  ia- 
fclriirt  llieir  own  poiintryincn. 

Id  1810  an  atylain  fur  tlie  deaf  and  dumb  wn»  c»ti»lt- 
liitliediii  llartfurd.  It  I*  a  very  iiitert»»liiis  and  u»vM 
i'lulitiilioii.  Ill  1HI«  there  were  00  |>ii|)iU,  all  of  lliem 
very  happy,  and  making  woudurlul  pro  re»i  in  knowl- 

Common  icIiooU  are  very  lilierftlly  lupporled  in  Con- 
necliciil.  Thn  italc  han  u  fund  of  more  than  t,0OO,(ioo 
dollars,  the  income  of  which  ii,  hy  law,  forever  applied 
lo  the  Hnpport  of  common  si-hooU. 

Utligiun.  In  1818,  the  (>'on(jresntionaIi«l»  Imd  213 
congrcgalionB ;  Kpiieopaiiani,  7* ;  Bapti»U,  uo ;  Method- 
ists,  03.  There  were  very  few  of  any  other  denomination. 

rupulation.  The  population  in  1810  wai  261,942. 
The  population  dopi  not  increase  rapidly,  owing  to  the 
rmigration  ofiio  many  to  the  western  country.  It  ii 
suppoHed,  that  from  12,000  to  10,000  people  leave  Con- 
necticut every  year,  lo  settle  in  other  states.  There  i« 
no  state  in  the  union  which  is  to  thicklj  settled  as  Con- 
neclicut,  except  Masiachunells. 

liritl^es  and  Houds.  There  is  a  very  handsome  bridge 
over  Connecticut  river,  nt  Hartford.  The  bridges  on 
this  river  are  frequently  carried  awny  by  freshets,  es- 
pecially when  the  ice  breaks  up  in  the  spring  of  thi' 

There  area  great  many  turnpike  roads  in  this  little 
state.  The  most  expensive  is  that  from  Hartford  lo 
New  Haven. 

Mimrul  Waters.  The  medicinal  springs  at  Stailord. 
24  inilftt  northeast  of  Hartford,  are  more  celebrated  than 
any  others  in  New  England.  These  waters  are  an  cf- 
feptual  and  speedy  cure  for  salt  rheum,  and  other  cula 
ncous  alVections,  and  are  much  resorted  to  in  the  summer 
!irn«on. 


n<'i 

'»  I 
ulii 

« 

Vl'H 

(ill 

I  lie 
IK- 

mil 

\\\\ 
} 
otb 
h<i<< 
fuc 
i 
the 

PX(I 

JimI 
the 
and 


will 
\.-\ 
Mu 

/ 
nexl 
alj>n 

C 
not 
the 
»vett 
chfti 


1. 

I  (lip  ptinpipnl  Iomii^ 
iiiuhy   jeitr*  a  rcit- 

fiwc«t  of  liitcUfieM, 
lie«llicn  joulli,  from 
llu-y  liitvc  received 
aru  aeiil  liume  (u  in* 

nd  dumb  wn«  citiili* 

leri'Dliiiij  and  UKifiil 

|tiipili,  all  of  them 

|>iu  :rcki  in  kiiowl* 

Iv  lupiinrtcd  in  Cnii- 
iiiore  iliun  t,0OO,(iuo 
law,  forever  aiiplied 

•>ntinnali4lR  liad  313 
lttpti»U,«0;  Method- 
y  other  denomination. 
1810  wai  261,iti3. 
■npidty,  owing  to  the 
(lern  counlry.  It  ii 
DO  people  leave  Con< 
ler  Htates.  There  i« 
licklj  settled  at  Con- 
very  handiomc  bridge 
rd.  The  bridge*  on 
,w«y  by  freahelg,  e«- 
in  the  spring  of  the 

e  roads  in  this  little 
hat  from  Hartford  to 

\\  sprina;*  at  StaiTord. 
i  more  celebrated  thiin 
vae  waters  are  an  cf- 
leiim,  and  other  cuta- 
urtedto  in  the  summer 


MIUDLK  STAiKS 


tf 


M.fiirnl  CiirimitieH.  Hctwreii  CaihUiii  itinl  hiili^l.iirv, 
iii-nr  ilii-  iioriliMeNt  rorntr  of  (he  stuti-,  (lii>  lloimn)'  niiiii; 
«»  pri'tipiUhMJ  perprndivulnrly  ovtr  a  lidgc  of  rupkn, 
uiioijt  no  fifi  ill  liiighl,  forming  the  liiictt  lataruti  in 
NtMv  Kiitfliiinl 

MiiiiifaLtitren.  The  inanufMoliire  of  tin  into  eiilinury 
vi'HM-l»  14  earrii'il  nri  {,,  u  <ery  grti't  exkiil.  The  Mun-. 
llitm  miulo,  it  tukif  !ty  nedlitrs,  und  siiid  in  nil    purls  of 

t  le  L' tilled  HlaHs.  in  Florida,  I iiiiiuin,  ;iml  Cuimdu. 

Uorlin,  neiir  Huriroid,  is  the  principal  siut  of  the  liii 
niiuinrat'tnrc. 

NVur  New  llnvon  lliere  i*  nn  extensive  gnn  fiicli.rv. 
Hlipri- luigc  (jimnlilic*  of  lire   nrms    hiive'liepn    mm\V. 

Aiiil*.  UluHn,  lirtN,  buitoii!,.  woodiMi  cloi-ko,  and  munv 
ollierarlieks  ure  itmoii.';;llif  iniinufiicliirt'N.  Cimnerlii  n't 
jiJia  larKcr  pnrtioii  of  iu  |i(i|iulution  cic^iimil  •'•  "livnii. 
UnUmn  Ihnn  un^v  oMur  *lui,.,  t'%vf[H  lUmU-  Man.l. 

Commi-rce.  'Mie  Iradrof  C.innf.'liiMit  i%  ihitllv  «ith 
the  NVpNi  India  lniundM,  and  ih-;  Hoiiili.rn  malts.'  The 
I'xporN  rnnsiil  of  Inirsi'n.  iniili-i,  linll^r  nv.i]  .••;.(•*..,  eidt-r, 
Jiidiim  corn.  beef.  pork.  <Vo.  M„ih  of  il.f  pr-iducc  of 
Ihf  M.-st.  ro  purlm.f  CotiiM'cliciii  ,,  carnr.l  In  New  York, 
and  of  ilic  (.'Ukli'iii  purls  to  MokIoii  uud  Providence. 


JMIDDLE  STATES. 

Situntion.  This  division  inelndes  the  five  stales 
wbii-b  lie  between  the  Hudson  and  ibc  roiomup.  viz. 
New  York,  Ncm  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware  anil 
Aluryland. 

Pioductiuns.  The  principal  produclion  is  wheat,  and 
next  to  that  is  Indian  corn,  live,  barley  and  onu  are 
also  extensively  cullivaled;  and,  in  Maryland,  tobacco. 

Climate.  The  climate  is  healthy.  The  winters  are 
not  so  severe  as  in  New  England,  and  the  east  winds  io 
the  spring  are  not  so  piercing  and  disagreeable.  The 
weather, liowever,  is  more  liable  to  frequent  and  sodden 
rhangcs. 


u 


NKW   YOliK. 


NBW  YORK. 

Situalion.  New  York  eHfiitf*  fn.m  tlie  AilmiUc 
'•CfAii  In  Ihr  srral  hkc«.  Il  it  lioun'lvd  ou  iIip  N.  hy 
Lnwtr  Canndii}  on  Iht  K.  by  Vrrni«iiii,  MnmhcIiuipII*, 
and  C'nniifclirui,  frnm  llie  fiirmpr  nfwUieh  it  it  »»piir- 
uImI  Ii}'  Lnkp  ('linmpUini  on  llir  M.  hy  N<  w  ,lt>i'ii«'>  and 
I'l-iinnlviiniiit  antl  on  llir  W.  and  S.  W.  Iiy  I^|i|mt 
''iiiiiMiit,  from  «vhicli  il  i*  RPimrulrtl  Wy  Lakt  Krie,  Luke 
(tiilnrin.  nnti  iKr  rivvr  St.  liUMrrncr. 

IHviMou*.  in  IHl*  Nrw  York  nan  ilividt'd  Into  4 
(li^tricl*,  uIikIi  wrr'-  tuhdividid  into  au  vouniio. 


All 
Sm 
\\\ 
W, 

Km 

Fin 
Mo 


BOL'TII  DISTRICT. 


^uHolk, 
Qiivenn, 
Kiiii^«, 
Hiclimnnd, 
New  York, 
>Vm  Che»Ur, 


Ap.  in  1810. 

C/i/^/"  Toitfw.         /'o;».  Id  1810. 

fli.li* 

Hiverhftd,                 *,7it 

io,a3a 

Norlh  Hempiiead,    fl,7dO 

8,il()3 

Urooklyn,                    4,409 

0,347 

Houthfield,                  1,007 

011,87:: 

New  York,  .          eOjars 

,    ajJJ7i» 

Uedford,                     9,374 

180,744 


MIDDLE  DISTRICT. 


K'euniitt. 

Pop.  in  1810. 

CA/j/"  TotKfi*.          /> 

cp.  in  16)0. 

Sullivan, 

e,f08 

'riiomiifinn, 

1,VU0 

Dolnwarc, 

20,303 

Dcllii, 

2,iitte 

Kocklond, 

7,70H 

Ciarkittnwn, 

i,gon 

Oriuige, 

34,374 

Nowhiirg, 

4,f)20 

irutcr, 

2o,o:rt 

Kin^Hton 

3,041) 

Ureenp, 

io,<}aA 

t'Hi-kill, 

*,na 

r<dumbia, 

ai2,3uo 

Iludcnn, 

4,048 

UutclioKit, 

H,i74 

Pouj^likei'piie, 

4,070 

I'ninnin, 

10,203 

Chihi'I, 

3,il20 

iyt(..i39 


8eh 
Oi«< 
Her 

Ni 

jrm 

Lfw 
f)ii(-i 
0<w 

Mu.l 

(.'llCI 

Onoi 
r.iur 
Hron 
(Jay  I 
Seiiei 
Tom 
Tiog 
Onta 
Steul 
(ieni'i 
Allcg 


fViiin  tlif  Ailinilku 

III,     MHMHfllURrllt, 

Mliirh  it   it  ivpar- 

hv  Nrw  J(>i'ii«'>  iiiiil 
N.  W.  I.y  Oppfr 
y  Lake  Krir,  Luk« 

M  diviili'il  into  4 
ou  Kuuinio. 


m*.  Pep.  in  1810. 

Ml,  1,711 

lempilead,    fl,7ao 
n,  4,409 

(»l,  1,007 

rk,  ao.ard 


fll. 

Pop.  in  1810. 

on, 

l.VUO 

fi,dg6 

>\vn, 

1,90ft 

S> 

4,A90 

11 

8,040 

» 

*,'i*a 

4,0i8 

ei'piie, 

+,o:o 

2,«20 

1^ 


KASI    DISIRIcr. 


Cimiiti. 

UcnvarlUrr, 

Atbiiny, 

M«r»l.it(«, 

Wiuhiimton, 

WurruM, 

Ktivx, 

('iinlon, 

Franklin, 

llainillon, 

Hfheiicfindy, 

Muni{{(iNi«<ry, 


/•"/    I 'I  1810. 
art  .tott 

.<.».l>7 


10,  .{01 
4l.'.It» 

liio,ot7 


I  roy, 

Af.H»NV, 

llulUtoii, 

Hiilein, 

CalUttcll, 

Klixaliflhtotwii 

I'lalitburif, 

E/rairillc, 

Hrlirnrcttdrt 
Jobntloun,' 


WKST  DISTRIt;  r. 


Hehuhario, 

iirrkiitifr, 
N(    Lawrence, 
JfileriuDy 
lifwii, 
Oiiridn, 

.Madiion, 

('lll>ll>llll{0, 

Oiioiidiiga, 

('(lurtiund, 

Hriinme, 

Cayuifa, 

Hciiecn, 

Tompkini, 

1  loga, 

Oiiiarin, 

Hteubcii, 

(Jcneice, 

AJIcgiiny, 


/V-  •'»  1810. 
f4,U4.1 

»*(,«oa 

49,<i4« 

7,9S3 

la,  MO 

8,433 
33,7l»J 


a I. 704 

2a.9S7 

8,%es 
fi,iwo 

30.843 
l'),0OU 

7,809 
43,033 

7.346 
12,9HS 

1,013 


Chitf  Tu^ins, 

Hehiiliarir, 

(.'nopeiiiuun, 

HfiKioier, 

0)<dcii«hurg, 

Walerlown, 

Martiniburit, 

IMicu, 

CazcMovia, 

Norwieh, 

Onoiidat^a, 

Nonier, 

Hiojifhamptun. 

Auburn, 

Ovid, 

Ilhai-a, 

Mpencer, 

CHiiuiidaigua, 

Bath, 

Ralavia, 

Angelica, 


.1,000 


Po/i.  in  1810. 

3,749 

1,H4U 
1,700 
3,idl 
a,749 


4,03J 
flll 
3,138 
2,803 
1,03S 
3,845 
43« 


18 


NBW  VOHK. 


^M-m^ 

/V  •••  Wt 

f.:i,.,/  r»wM. 

f*fi,  <n  lltO 

Si»n*r%, 

i.tri 

nii(l'4lM, 

liAoll 

<'iitiHrM«^ii«, 

Oli-an. 

n>. 

t'iiilliiur)uff, 

i:il«l«U<)Uf, 

l.Utff 

a»7,»i4 


i'oUl  in  itatv,  V3v,]liO 


r*/^/  T«irii«.  1  III" re  «ri'  -l  infnrporAifd  i'i(ff»  in  lhi« 
•iKlfl  Naur  Voik,  Alliitn},  llitilitttii,  'I'loy,  Hiid  Hdir- 
iieclMtly, 

AihanyU  dip  trat  of  KnvrrnniPiil.anil.in  pnpiilnlion, 
MPiillh,  uihI  rumnirrrr,  iIip  Mvpontl  rtiy  in  llu-  niiUt'.  It 
i«i)nllip  W.  hank  of  the  liiidtoii,  tAo  niilp*  iioiih  of 
Ni'u  Vurk.  Il  wBt  fuiinitfil  hy  llip  Duteli  in  in.'.).  A 
lartfp  |iurtinii  uf  llie  iiiluliiluiilii  are  of  lliilrli  niiKi'i- 
Albany  it  finely  «iiiinli-ii  fur  roninu-rpc.  Ii  in  nettr  il.d 
hi'ad  uf  ftluoii  navt^tttiuii  o:i  tlii<  llmlton,  ■tul  iIip  ranali 
nuw  in  pr(iij;rrM,  will  aonn  runnpd  it  willi   Litkc  (Jhunf 

rildin  and  Lak«  Krie.  TIip  ciiy  i«  iiiitiilipd  wiih  rtrcl- 
enl  water  from  a  •|>rinR  ft  mile*  di*limi,  liv  nii  aqucdupi, 
^.liicii  cniiveyt  il  to  every  lioiiic  Aiitong  the  pulilic 
buildinK*  itte  a  iilone  ttate  liuute,  to  arteiial,  aud  II 
houiie*  for  public  wur«liip. 

Nkw  Voiik,  llie  fir«t  ennimercial  city  in  Ameriea,  ia 
oil  the  B.  end  of  Manhattan  idand,  on  a  lar^e  bav,  ur 
harbor,  formed  by  the  union  of  lludiion  river  with  lk« 
■trait  of  liCinif  l«iand  Hound,  called  Kait  river.  Il  ia 
Admirably  niiunti'd  lor  eumnieree,  on  an  excellent  har- 
bor,  at  tlic  nioiuh  of  a  noble  rivur,  with  an  fxtentive, 
Fertile  and  pi.^iiiloui  back  eotintrv.  Il  impnrlit  moat  nf 
the  foreii^n  ((O'nU  con«unii'd  in  the  date  of  New  York, 
the  northern  half  of  New  Jemey,  and  the  weilern  parts 
of  New  Enc^lniid  }  and  i  xpnrtii  the  produce  of  the  laine 
•eclioii.  riiiacily  own*  mure  than  twice  ai  much  tthip* 
fUij;  H4  any  other  in  the  union,  and  more  than  half  ait 
mui'li  a«  the  city  uf  London. 

The  growth  of  the  city,  of  late  year«,  haa  been  re- 
fiarkably  rapid.     In  17U0,  the  populatiou  waa  8d,l8t ; 


1 


m 
ar« 
i»ii» 
mil 
Kn 
/ 
hoi 
«  n 
a  n 
wh 
cil; 

Mcl 

olh 
ain 
i 
V. 

iu  i 
in  1 
of  I 

tow 

i'oi 
he  I 
the 

i 
(he 
anij 
Jul 
«e« 

/■ 
Alt 
Otu 

i 
Yoi 
iaiH 

J 

Sti 
wh 
Th 
aa; 


\ 


i 


1 


tUM> 

iV>«t  itio 

>» 

ItOOf 

»n> 

lllf, 

I.UHt 

poritlftl  ciifrtin  lhi« 
,   'I'loy,  Hiid    Hflir. 

,  anil,  in  pnpulnlinn, 
ily  ill  llif  ulutt*.  ll 
ino  inilft  nurlli  of 
Dutch  in  in;*J.  A 
re  of  lliilrli  nri^in. 
rri'.  ll  in  netir  ll.o 
Itun,  mxl  ilir  mniilt 
I  willi  Luke  Clmnf 
iii|»plif<J  with  rtcifl- 
aiti,  liy  nil  ■(|ue<lu«'t, 
Aiitonff  (lie  pulilic 
an   arteiml,  aud  It 

eity  in  Amrrira,  !• 

on  a  larifp  bav,   ur 

lUnn   river  with  (he 

li  Mail  rivpf.     ll  la 

n    an  ex«!ellent  har- 

wilh  an  fxtenai«e, 

ll  imnnrU  moat  ni* 

itatc  of  New  York, 

111  Ihe  weilern  parit 

jirniluce  of  (lie  lame 

twice  ai  niucli  itliip* 

I  more  llian  half  an 

yeor«,   ha*  been  re- 
tulatiou  was  8d,l8t } 


NKW  \OHk 


Ml  lano,  AflylWf  «nd  in  imki,  ttj.ei ».  The  iubat^junti 
»ru  from  a  great  nunv  ilitUreni  iialiorf*.  Morn  (h«it 
i»ii«  (l.iril  am  of  Nr»v  KnuUmi  origin       Alu-r  »hr«i',  ihu 


friittt  a  great  many    ilitl 

tl.iril  are  of  Nrtv  Kngk ..,,.. „ 

wo»i  niinirriiu*  arv  ihn  Dutch  anil  ?»c#il«h,  anr|  il<»> ,  ihe 
Enffli«h,  iri«h,  mikI  Freneh. 

Ainoni<  the  pudlie  buildniifn  ar«  the  ulaie  pri«en,  iho 
liotpilitl.  fl«  houNi-t  fuf  pulilia  wonhin,  and  li.e  eHj  hmW, 

•  maifnilifent  buiMiNg  of  white  msrlilf,  wNk'   f«»i  half 

•  niillion  of  ilolUr*.  The  prineipnl  Birf el  in  liruailway, 
which  ruii«  in  a  ttrniifht  line  through  the  eeii're  uf  (he 
cily.  ll  i«  three  iinliii  loir-,  the  hou»ea  are  generitlly 
well  built,  aud  in  <i(iine  pai;»  are  »ery  Rplendid.  The 
other  imporlani  ilrceli  ar*  I'tarl  •Intel,  Oreenwivh 
•ireel,  and  Wall  tlrtel. 

ttud»on  ttand*  ill  the  head  of  nhip  navii/alion,  on  the 
E  bank  of  IlinUon  river,  r/»  tnilen  N.  .,?  New  York, 
and  30  H.  of  Aibnny.  The  flrni  hou**  wn»  ireeied  hero 
inl7NMaodin  17ttii  it  «|fl|||Md  4,0^1  inhabiianU  ;  and 
in  INK),  4.o»N.  VatHkimfm»ihem  are  in  the  ricirtily 
of  liudioM,  on  the  nppoaita  aide  nf  the  river. 

Troy,  LanHiunhurg,  and  Ifatfrford  are  nouri»}iI(ig 
town*  on  the  Hudmin,  near  the  ninu'ili  of  the  Mi.hnvk. 
l'iiu';hk«ep»if  i*  on  the  K.  bank  of  the  riier,  httif  way 
between  New  York  and  Albany  |  and  J>i\u'hurg  in  on 
Ibe  W.  tinnk,  a  few  milea  below  I'oui<hkeepiiie. 

Plattthurg  ia  on  Lake  Champlain  \  Ojgd^mbur^  m 
the  Hi.  Lawrence  J  SnrAWii /All /»or  on  l.nke  iMluVio; 
and  Buffaloe  on  Lake  Krie.  Cfirrnj  Va'lfu,  Cnxenovia, 
•'iufrurn,  (iemvn,  and  Vanandniifua  are  on  «he  ureal 
woatern  lurnnike,  which  lead*  from  Albai.y  to  Ilnflaloe. 

^VAenMfftfy  is  on  the  Mohawk,  Itt  milea  N.  W.  of 
Albiinyi  Utica  and  JRome  arc  on  ihe  same  river,  in 
Oneida  eoonly. 

Brooklyn  ii  on  Lonj^  Island,  nppniiite  the  city  of  New 
York.  8agg  harbor  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  same 
island. 

Education.  The  stale  possesses  a  fund  of  r/iore  than 
81,000,000,  and  about  80,000  acres  ofland,  the  income  of 
which  is  appropriated  to  the  support  of  cnmnion  ncbools. 
1  he  IcKisitttnre  has  also  been  very  libcrui  in  its  patro- 
naje  of  colleges. 


fil> 


NEW  YORK. 


The  University  ofJS/'ew  Voi-k,  in  New  York  city,  i» 
eompoHed  of  Coluinbin  College,  and  n  HoiiriHhing  Mt^d- 
ical  liiMtitutioii.  li  is  well  endowed.  Tiie  C'ullege  con- 
taini*  ahout  ion  H(iidrn(8|  the  niedicHi  institution  hds  0 
prnlVsHorA,  and,  in  18 1 M,  hud  133  Htudents. 

Union  Coll(!;e  is  in  Schenectad)'.  It  is  handsomely 
endowed,  has  5  professors,  u  library  of  more  than  &,ooo 
>  olunies,  a  complete  chemical  and  philosophical  appa- 
rratut,  and  about  120  students. 

Hamilton  College  is  near  the  villajze  of  Clinton,  in 
(he  town  of  Paris,  10  mile^  west  of  Utica.  It  was 
established  in  1812.  It  has  been  handsomely  endowed 
by  the  legislature,  and  by  individuals.  There  are  a  pro- 
fessors 

A  Theological  Seminary  was  established  in  1805,  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  by  the  General  Synod  of  the  As- 
sociate Reformed  Church.  It  has  2  professors,  and  a 
library  of  about  S.OOO  voly|flk  The  course  of  educa- 
tion is  eompletc-d  in  four  y^|||r 

Population.  In  1810  New  York  contained  959,000 
inhabitants.  The  eastern  part  of  the  state,  and  espe- 
eially  the  ^.,ulilea8lc^n,  is  the  most  thickly  settled.  The 
counties  bordering  on  Hudson  river,  contained  in  tSiO 
about  half  the  population.  The  northern  and  western 
parts  of  the  state  were  verv  thinly  settled.  The  rapid 
increase  of  population  in  this  state  has  no  parallel,  on 
so  large  a  scale,  in  history.  In  1786  the  pupuif  iiun  was 
238,000;  in  1790,  340,000;  in  1800,  586,000;  and  in 
1810,  959,000;  having  increased  more  than  fourfold  in 
2*  years. 

Probably  two  thirds  of  (he  inhabitants  of  this  state 
are  emigrants  fr'^m  New  England,  or  their  immediate 
descendants.  T  Ue  remainder  are  Dutch,  English,  Irish, 
Scotch,  and  French. 

Jleligion.  The  denominations  are  Presbyterians,  As- 
sociate Reformed  Presbyterians,  Dutch  Reformed,  Epis- 
copalians. Baptists,  Methodists,  Fmends,  Lutherans,  &c. 
Religion  is  not  supported  by  law ;  the  ministers  are 
maintained  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of  the  people. 

Language,  The  English  language  is  generally  tipiiken 
tliioiighout  the  slate,  but  the  Dutch  coDtiuucs  to  be  useti 


III 
'.a 

Til 

^\ 

pit 

ih« 

ha 

in 

Ut 

i 
me 
lur 
u<{ 

( 
bet 
spl 
It  i 
wit 
is  e 
can 
cit^ 

the 

23 

the 

mm 

nor 

Ver 

J 
30  I 
and 
husi 
cxtc 
•am 

Ii 
in  tl 
wen 
war 

L 
plait 


NKW  VOHK. 


Pi- 


New  York  city,  i* 
n  HoiiriMliiii!;  Med- 
Tlip  Ciilli'ge  con- 
(1  iiistilution  lus  0 
dents. 
It  \h  iiandgomely 
oi*  more  than  &,000 
liiloHopliical  appa- 

»se  of  Ciiiitoi),  in 
(if  Utiea.  It  was 
ind»uniely  endowed 
,     There  are  3  pro- 

litihed   in  1805,  ia 

I  Synod  of  the  As- 

prot'esgors,  and  a 

B  course  of  educa- 

contained  959,000 
e  state,  and  espe^ 
ickly  settled.  The 
contained  in  l>ilO 
theru  and  Mestern 
tiled.  The  rapid 
M  no  parallel,  oii 
the  pupulf  iiun  was 
I,  586,000 ;  and  in 
re  than  fourfold  in 

Hants  of  this  state 
r  their  immediate 
Ich,  English,  Irish, 

Presbyterians,  As- 
!h  Reformed,  Ep'm- 
ids,  Lutherans,  &c. 
the  ministiirs  ure 
tions  of  the  people. 
is  generally  xpoken 
OQtiuuts  to  be  usetl- 


in  some  plaeei,  particularly  in  the  neighborhood  of  Al- 
bany, roughkeepHie,  and  New  York. 

Indians.  There  are  about  5.000  Indians  in  this  stile. 
Iliey  are  the  reniiiins  of  the  Iroquois,  or  Hix  Naiimis, 
a  powerful  ooiifidiraey  of  Indians,  who  formcrh  oceu- 
pied  u  great  part  of  the  stale.  'I'he  principal  tri'bes  arc 
the  Mohawks,  the  Seneeas,  and  the  Oneidas.  The  Mo- 
hawks live  in  Upper  CHiiadn,  the  S  ■iiecas  on  the  rivers 
111  the  western  part  of  this  state,  and  the  Oneidas  near 
Utiea,  lu  Oneida  cniiuly. 

nonds.  The  turnpik-e  roads  arc  too  numerous  (0  be 
mentioned.  The  inost  important  is  the  great  western 
turnpike,  leading  from  Albany  lo  Buftaloe  oh  Lake  Erie, 
a  tlistaiice  ot  neariysuo  miles. 

Caiutls.  The  Grand  typstern  Caval,  now  makinR. 
between  Lake  Erie  and  Hudson  river,  is  by  far  the  most 
splendid  work  of  the  kind  ever  undertaken  tn  America. 
It  IS  to  extend  from  Albany  to  Buffaloe.  If  is  40  feet 
wide  on  the  surface,  and  4  feet  deep.  The  cxp'»n^e 
IS  estimated  at  nearly  g5,000.000.  The  ohjeet  of  the 
canal  IS  to  draw  the  trade  of  the  western  country  lo  the 
city  of  Xew  York. 

the  A-orthern  Canal  connects  Lake  Champlani  with 
the  Hndson,  extending  from  W'litchal!  to  Fort  Edward, 
23  miles.  When  the  obstructions  to  the  navigation  of 
the  Hudson  between  Port  Edward  and  Albany  are  re- 
moved,  this  eanal  will  probably  divert  the  traile  of  the 
northern  part  of  New  York,  and  of  half  the  state  of 
Vermont  from  Montreal  to  the  city  of  New  York. 

Jifamfactures.  At  Salina,  in  Onondago  county,  abont 
30  mileu  W.  of  Utiea,  are  the  celebrated  salt  springs 
and  salt  works.  These  works  produce  about  soo.ooo 
bushes  ot  salt  annually,  and  the  manufacture  may  bo 
extended  to  any  desirable  quantity.  The  great  western 
•anal  will  pass  directly  by  these  works. 

In  .810,  New  York  was  the  second  stnie  in  the  union 
in  the  value  of  its  manufactures.  The  principal  articles 
were  cloth,  distilled  liquors,  leather,  das-s  and  iiou 
ware. 

Ifkps.  h&ke  Ontario,  hake  Erie,  nnd  Lake  C/mm- 
/j/flJH  are  partly  in  this  state.     Lake  George  lies  south 


U   fi,M 


K.1'5 


?/: 


NEW  YORK. 


of  Lake  Chaniplitin,  and  cmplicii  into  it.  It  h  J7  miltj* 
Iiins;,  nnti  rroiii  1  lu  7  broati.  On  eufli  vide  it  ix  skirted 
liy  joity  inountuinH.  Its  water  in  hu  Iraiisparent  il>ut 
t lie  (iul torn  is  visible  ul  ainioitl  any  depth.  llenibosunH 
more  than  200  beautiful  iitiandx. 

Oneida  Luke  lies  directly  west  of  Rome,  and  empties 
into  Lake  Ontario.  Onondaj^o,  Skenfafcles,  Owasca, 
Cayuga,  Seneca,  Crooked,  and  Canamt(iii;uu  lakes  lie 
south  of  Seneca  river,  and  commuuicuto  with  il.  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  are  the  two  largest. 

Nivers.  Delaware  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  this  state  and  Fenuiiylvania.  JViagara  river 
rnnneuts  Luke  Erie  with  L..ke  Onlarii»,  and  forms  part 
of  the  weHiern  boundary.  The  St.  Lawrence  separates 
New  York  from  Upper  Canada. 

The  Hudson  in  the  great  river  of  this  state.  It  rises 
in  the  north,  in  the  mountains  west  of  Lake  Champhiin, 
and  running  south,  empties  into  the  Ailniitie,  hrlnw 
New  York  city.  It  is  navigable  for  ilie  largest  sliijM  to 
Hudson,  and  for  slnopH  to  Alhuny.  'I'ltere  iire  muny 
flourishing  towns  npon  its  bniik«.  Tlii!;  river  Mill  ^oiin 
he  connected  by  navigable  canals  with  Lake  Erie  and 
Lake  Ohamplain. 

The  Mi)hank  is  the  principal  l;rani'h  of  the  Hudson. 
It  rises  north  of  Utica,  and  flowing  a  little  south  of  east, 
empties  into  the  Hudson  near  Lansingburg,  about  nine 
miles  north  of  4lbany.  By  means  of  a  snort  canal  be* 
twcen  this  river  and  Wood  creek,  which  empties  info 
Oneida  lake,  a  boat  navigation  hus  been  opened  from 
Schenectady  to  Lake  Ontario. 

The  rivers  emptying  into  Lake  Ontario  are  Genesee^ 
Onondaga,  and  Black  rivers.  Genesee  river  rises  ia 
Pennsylvania,  and  flowing  north  empties  into  Lake 
Ontario.  There  arc  four  great  falls  in  this  river,  two 
of  them  within  five  or  six  miles  of  its  mouth,  and  the 
other  two  about  70  miles  further  up  Onondaga  river 
is  the  outle  of  Oneida  Lake.  It  empties  into  Lake 
Ontario  .  Fort  Osv/ego.  £ifneca  river  is  the  outlet  of 
Canundaigua,  Seneea.  and  Cayuga  lakes,  and  several 
othem.  It  empties  into  Onondago  river  at  Three-river 
point-  Black  river  rises  northeast  of  Rome,  and  empties 
into  Liike  Ontftrio,  near  Sackels  barbur. 


Os 

lla 
the 
sta 

Br. 

am 

syl 
bri 
ar( 

mil 

'n 

fro 
Isl 
mu 
wil 

« 
son 
Ro 
hijC 

« 
dai 
bee 

« 
are 
mil 
Ba 
dui 
fas 
Un 
nea 
visi 
disi 

•i 
visi 

i 
son 
par 


M^ 


it.     It  h  J7  iniltJi 

'li  viile  it  ix  skirted 

Iniiisparent  ihitt 

![)lh.     ll  i-nibosunH 

lome.  and  empties 
enfatcles,  Owasca, 
mtaii^ua  lakes  lie 
e  with  it.    Cajuga 

t  of  the  boundary 
I.  J)/'iagara  river 
ill,  and  t'urins  part 
.awrence  Heparates 

liis  state.  It  riHCS 
'Lake  Cliamphiiii, 
le  Ailaiitic,  luliiw 
lie  larj^CHl  »!tijM  to 
'I'liere  iire  inuiiy 
lii.<!  river  Mill  noun 
itii  Lake  Erie  and 

I'll  of  tlie  MtidKon. 
little  sniitli  of  east, 
^biiri;,  about  nine 
f  a  sliort  eanal  be* 
.'liieh  empties  into 
been  opened  from 

ntario  are  Genesee^ 
see  river  risex  ia 
npties  into  Lake 
in  this  river,  two 
8  mouth,  and  the 
I  Onovdago  river 
empties  into  Lake 
ver  is  the  outlet  of 
lakes,  and  several 
iver  at  Three-river 
Rome,  and  empties 
t)or. 


NEW  VORK.  83 

The  rivers  cmplyint;  into  the  St.  J.awrenpo  are,  the 
Oswegatchie,  which  empties  at  Ogdensburi;,  and  Grass, 
llacketf  and  St.  Itegis  i  ivers,  all  of  which  empty  near 
the  town  of  St.  Itegis,  on  the  northeru  boundary  of  the 
state. 

The  rivers  emptying  into  Lake  Champlain  are,  the 
Bi^  Chazy;  the  Haranac,  which  empties  at  I'lattsburg; 
amnlie  Sable. 

The  rivers  which  rise  in  this  state  and  rnii  into  Penn- 
sylvania are,  the  Belmvare,  the  Sui^fjuehannnh,  and  its 
branches,  and  the  Jllkgamj.  Tlie  Tioga  and  Chenango 
are  branches  of  the  Uusquehannah. 

Bay.  JV«fw  York  harbor  is  a  bay,  which  extends  nine 
miles  south  of  the  city,  and  is  from  1  to  S  miles  broad. 
The  Hudson  empties  into  it  from  the  N.  and  East  river 
from  the  N.  E.  It  has  Long  Island  on  the  East,  Stalen 
Island  on  the  S.  and  New  Jersey  on  tht»  W.  It  com- 
municates with  Long  Island  Sound  by  East  river,  and 
with  the  Atlantic  by  a  passage  called  the  Narrows. 

Mountains.  The  Catskill  mountains,  west  of  the  Hud- 
son, are  the  principal  range.  The  highest  peaks  are. 
Hound  Top  and  High  Peak;  each  more  than  a,ooo  feet 
high. 

JVinerals.  Iron  ore  is  foand  in  many  places  in  abun> 
dance.  Plaster  of  Paris,  slate,  marble,  lead,  &c.  have 
been  met  with  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

Mineral  tVaters.  The  Saratoga  and  Ballston  springs 
are  the  most  celebrated  in  America.  Saratoga  is  30 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  and  a  few  miles  west  of  the  Hudson  ; 
Ballston  is  li  miles  S.  W.  of  Saratoga.  These  sniings, 
during  the  summer  months,  are  the  resort  of  the  gay  and 
fashionable,  as  well  as  of  invalids,  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  States.  Large  houses  for  entertainment,,  wjth 
neat  bathing  houses,  are  erected  for  the  convenienue  of 
visitors.  The  waters  afford  relief  in  many  ob«tinale 
diseases. 

JVeit-  Lebanon  springs,  29  tsiles  S.  E.  of  Albany,  are 
visited  fur  bathin^;. 

Face  of  the  Country.  The  country  between  the  Hud- 
son and  the  Chenango  is  mountainous.  'V'le  nurtht-rn 
part  of  the  state  i«  hillv.  and  between  lak<;  Champlain 


imt 


ill  I 


ill  i 


'!?■     if 


8'l 


.\ENV  VOIIK. 


and  the  St.  liawrciipe  it  r'uoi  into  mniintaiiis.     In  liu 
west,  tile  country  is  level. 

Soil  and  J'roductiom.  The  hoII  of  flii«  nfHle  gener- 
ally* i«  sood,  and  u  large  |irupuition  very  fertile.  Tim 
country  between  the  Hnnqneiiunnuli  nnd  (lie  Genesee, 
particularly  on  tlic  rivern  Cliennngo  and  (lenenee,  and 
between  Meneea  nnd  Cuyn/^!i  lakeit  is  excellent.  Tho 
lands  on  the  Mohawk  and  on  Kluck  river  are  very«rich. 
The  connliesot'Uulchessand  West  Chester,  which  lie 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  slato  of  Connecticnt,  are 
excellent  land,  and  in  hit^h  cuilivation.  An  exIeuMve 
tract  lying  west  of  Massachusetts,  has  but  an  iudillercnt 
soil. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  piodnclion  of  this  state.     Iiidinn 
corn,  oats.  lUx.   (leas.   &c    are   extensively  cnitiva 
Hye  is  chiefly  raised  for  the  distilleries,  and  barley  for 
the  breweries       \pir>les  are  raised  in  abundance. 

^"ttlurid  Curiosities.  The  falls  of  JViag-arn  are  per- 
haps the  JDost  wonderful  natural  curiosity  in  the  world. 
They  are  in  Niagara  river,  about  half  way  between 
Lake  ",rie  and  Luke  Ontario  This  immense  river  liere 
rushes  over  a  pr.>cipice,  and  falls  perpendicularly  to  the 
depth  of  lfi2  feet.  The  tremendous  roar  of  the  waters 
can  aometimes  be  heard  at  the  distance  of  40  miles  ;  and 
the  vapor,  which  eontinually  rises  in  clouds  from  below, 
can  be  seen  a'/  the  distance  of  70  miles.  When  the  sun 
shines  on  tlitse  clouds  of  vapor,  it  forms  most  beautiful 
rainbows. 

In  Mohawk  river,  about  2  miles  from  its  moulh,  are 
the  falls  called  the  t'ohoes.  The  river  here  descend*  in 
one  sheet,  nearly  70  feet.  A  little  distance  below,  a 
bridge  is  thrown  across  the  river,  from  which  there  is  a 
fine  view  of  this  sublime  and  beautiful  cataract. 

Comnurce.  New  York  is  the  first  cuinmereial  state 
in  the  union.  Its  exports  exceed  those  of  any  other 
state,  and  in  1815,  it  paid  more  than  twice  as  much  reve- 
nue into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  In  the 
amount  of  shipping  it  is  surpassed  only  by  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  prinf jpp.I  exports  are  wheat,  Indir  ^  r.-,,  rye, 
beef,  pork,  lumber,  &c.     A  large  portion  of  the  exports 


1 


iiniintaiii!).     In  ihu 

f  tliis  Hfiile  gencr. 
vpry  ferlile.  The 
iinil  I  lit'  (4onc!<ee, 
and  (ietieHee,  and 
is  exeellent.  The 
'iver  lire  vcryn-ich. 
Jhcutcr,  which  lie 
f  Coniierticnt,  arc 
on.  An  exlfhiiivc 
s  bul  ttn  iudilil>r«nt 

lliin  stittc.  Iiidinn 
isivfly  cnltivH 
ts.  and  barlry  fur 
abundnnce. 
JViagara  are  per- 
kily in  the  world, 
halfway  between 
mmcnse  river  liere 
lendieularly  to  the 
uar  of  the  waters 
eof  40  miles  ;  and 
iloudti  rrom  below, 
8.  When  the  ftnn 
•m»  moil  beautiful 

im  its  moulh,  arc 
r  here  descends  in 
li»tanee  below,  a 
1  which  there  is  a 
I  cataract, 
euinmereial  state 
one  of  any  other 
nee  as  much  reve- 
1  Srates.  In  the 
only   by    Massa- 

Indirv'i     wrs,  rye, 
on  of  (!>(•  exports 


"SVW  VOHK. 


U 


are  donvor!  from  llie  womcrii  pints  of  Nfw  Ku.-I.ind, 
and  llie  ea.l.Tn  |  .rtn  of  New  .1  -^ey.  Wlii't.  dii'  (iiand 
Canal  m  eiimi»lci.<l,  ti.e  coMinciTi'  of  a  f^n.-al  [tut  ..f 
Obi..,  IJ|.ppr  IIiim.k!  .,  and  nil  tlit«  coiiiiirv  l)order^.^  nu 
tbi'>,n'at  Liikfs,  will  piolmlilv  finUi-  m'tiieciiy  ofAi-w 
York. 

MniidH.  Lons:  I>-I:tnd  is  Rcpurnlrd  from  CmnHUtieiit 
by  (he  rtoiind  ;  fr-.m  M.uiliatlaii  isl  tiiii  h)  ilic  \\us\  rivpi-| 
and  from  .Statcn  i«liii)(|  by  tjie  .Narrown.  Tlii>  Miaul ie 
ocean  washes  ir  on  ihfvHKh.  The  t4»nd  i,.  lona  nud 
narrow  like  a  fiMh,  ai.d  llie  easlern  ciid  openH  like  a 
sharkN  nmiitfi  'I'iu.  mom  casiern  point  is  a  cape,  well 
known  lo  marinrrs,  c;illfd  Montaiik  point. 

Indian  cnrn  is  ruined  on  llie  ««iufli  side  of  ihe  inlund  ■ 
the  easlern  part  furiiJKheH  wood  for  llic  city  of  New 
York.  The  island  is  divided  into  a  couniies,  Suflolk, 
Queens  and  Kin;;^. 

Staten  island  lorms  the  eoiinlv  of  Richmond.  Ii  is 
separated  from  L.iii^  island  by  the  Narrows,  and  fiom 
the  Jers.-y  shore  by  a  narrow  slrail,  called  Staien  island 
.Sound.  New  York  bay  is  on  the  northeast,  and  Ainboy 
bay  on  the  south.  #  ' 

Manhattan  island,  on  whieli  the  city  of  Xe.w  York 
stands,  is  separated  from  New  Jersey   by  the  Hudson 
and  from  Lon^  Island  by  Kasf  river.  ' 

History.  Tl>"  first  discovery  of  this  state  w.^s  made 
in  1609,  by  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman  in  the 
service  of  the  Dutch.  He  was  the  first  while  man 
who  sailed  upon  the  river  which  bears  his  name.  The 
first  sellleinenf  was  made  by  the  Dutch  in  1614,  on  l«ie 
island  of  Manhattan.  The  Dutch  retained  posses- 
sion  of  !lie  couoiry  tilt  1664,  when,  it  was  taken  by 
the  Eoglish.  ^ 


m 


8$ 


NEW  JERSEY. 


II 


NEW  JERSEY. 

SUiintinn.  New  Jersey  i«  boiiiiiliil  N.  by  New  York  ; 
K.  Iiy  ilie  Allaiilie,  niid  Ity  ilutUon  '■iver  Ivliiuli  ftepar- 
iiU'.-,  ii  I'roiM  New  York ;  H.  Iiy  Dclawnre  buy,  ntiil  W. 
by  l)i-lu\uu'e  river,  which  He|Hirate!i  ii  Iroiii  I'unnit}!- 
V II  Ilia. 

Ill  slinpc  it  benrn  Kome  <c«pmblnnce  fo  an  hour-glnm, 
bi-iiij:^  narrow  in  the  middle,  nnd  brnad  nt  llie  tuo  ends. 

/Hviswns.  New  Jersey  is  divided  into  13  counties, 
nnd  liu  tuwiishiiiM. 


Countlct. 

llergcn, 

]l)iirliii»lon, 

IJiipo  May, 

Cumht-rluud, 

Essex, 

Gloucester, 

Hunterdon, 

Middlesex, 

Monmouth, 

Morris, 

Salem, 

Hoinersef, 

Stissi'x, 


\fi.  in  18i0. 

Cfiie/  7<ni;7j. 

Pop. 

in  1810. 

10,«03 

HuekinHuck, 

1.918 

iJ4,or8 

Burlington, 

2,419 

3.03^ 

1 2,670 

Bridgetown, 

23,98* 

Newark, 

8,ons 

19.741. 

Gloueester, 

1,728 

34,003 

THENTON, 

3,003 

20,38i* 

New  Brunswick, 

6.312 

21,100 

Freehold, 

4,78+ 

21.828 

Morristuwn, 

3,753 

18.761 

SMleni, 

14,729 

Boundbrook, 

23,349 

Newton, 

S»3,30!2 


Uff^?.  Delaitiare  bay,  in  (he  south,  separates  New 
Jersey  from  Delaware,  ^mboi/  bay  lies  directly  south 
of'Sfiiten  Ixlaud.  JWwark  bay  is  directly  north  of 
.Platen  island. 

Newark  hay  communiea*es  with  Neiv  York  bay  on  the 
i\ist,  through  a  narrow  strait  called  the  Kills  :  and  with 
Anittoy  bay  on  the  south,  through  a  long  narrow  strait, 
eulled  Slalcn  isIanrS  :<$ound. 

Caprs.  Samlij  Houk  is  a  noted  point  of  land,  soulh- 
M.st  of  Htatni  island,     A  light  house  is  erected  upon  it. 


miaiiiifiiii 


NKW  JEHHKV, 


m 


N.  by  New  York  : 
viT  uhiuli  sp|(ar- 
ure  liiiy,  nrid  \V. 
il    train   I'unnn}!- 

lo  an  linur-glnRi, 
il  nt  iliu  t\\(»  ends, 
into  13  counties, 


rj). 

Pop. 

in  1810. 

nek, 

1.018 

ton, 

2,+ 19 

Dwn, 

» 

8,003 

ter, 

1,728 

JN, 

3,003 

nnswick, 

6.312 

J, 

4,78* 

own, 

3,753 

rook, 


I,  sppnrntps  New 
Ipr  directly  Hoiith 
lirectiy   iinrth   of 

V  York  bay  on  the 
e  Kills  :  und  with 
>ng  narrow  strait, 

it  of  land.  80utli- 
s  creeled  npon  it, 


<  W  »Vfl//  ii«  thp  •tonihern  eslremitv  of  tlio  slate,  ntiil  one 

01  ine  t'ii|ie*  of  Dcluunrt'  bay. 

llivers.     ".7«/<'niy  nver,  on  llie  went,  Kcpuruics  S'l-w 

,ler*.  y  tioin  I'niiiHylviiniii      ||  i,  „,„  i^abl,.  loi  li.c  Uivx- 

rni  vfHMtU  |«  rbitHd-lphia,  [iH  miles  •u.d   lor   »I....|,h  to 
ln;nfon,  a.")  iiiil..H  fiirtlier.     'I'liere  are  fulU  ut  1  renton, 

uliu-a  ohittrnil  ib)>  navii^mion. 

/fwhon  river  ..n  Mr.  east,  Krpariten  New  J.tm'v  from 

-><•«  York.  Ilaritfu,  river  rin.'s  in  (he  w.Mern  part  of 
le  Mill.',  and  How  in-  ca»»  .  uptiei*  into  Ambi.v  liav,  at 
be  ,nM.h,.,n  ex.r.n.iiy  of  S.«,..„  Uland.     It  is  .mvi«ablo 

J..r  sloops  to  Ni-kv  Hriiimnick.   1,1  milcfi. 


'I'bi  /'rtss«i( 


is  a  *inull    river   wliit-b   eorncu  from  (f;« 


_,,.,,  ,  .  "■    """11   <-i.iiii-p,  111)11 

no    II,  ,„„|i.„,|,i„,,„„„  >,',,^,„^,,  ,,^j.      .j.,^,^^,  ^^^^^   |.^||^ 

in  llin  river.  i„  ii„.  ,r,„„  „f  |»u,u.rH«„.  uliii-h    are  mn-h 

eelel.raled  lor  (hi.i,r  beauty   and   grand.-ur.     IfcuHiisark 

liver  (..mpliea  luiu  Newark  bay,  u  little  east  of  ibe  I'a,. 

Chi^f  Towns.     All  the  prineipal  towns  in  thi^   Mate 
Ibli,""        ^''''"  '"""*'  '"■'"'■*»'"  ^"'^  ^'"'•k  ai.,1  I'biladel. 

■en  Ibeben.UfD.irtWHre  river,  ut  the  faIN,  about   30 
m.  e.  uhove  I'biladelpbiu      8,eam   bouts   ply'  re.'l    v 

buMle  of  Ireolon  was  fotisbl  at  tbi*  plaee,  in  December 

.™''^q?"''"'j'^*;'r '''4 ""•■''''"'  '*  "•!''•*  from  if. 
m^mu.  .Steum  bMute  fmn,  N^-u  Vork  OMeiid  the  liarilaii 
«H  f^  „,  „,u  Haca.  lUU-  of  the  inba^itant.  ar  of 
Dn.eh  origin.  The.  Tbeolo^ieal  Sen.iaary  olTbe  Im\ 
Iteformed  Cbnreh  i<i  in  tlii^  imvn 

Princeton  i»  a  pleasant  viJ|».,.  „„  ,|,p  „re,-t  road  he- 
twee,.  IVew  York  and  Pl.ilad.lpbia.  52  ..files  I ro  ,  J 
fonnerand^from  the  latter.  The  College  of  Vev 
Jersey  and  the  'n,eolo^ieal.Se„,i„arv  of  tbe  Pt^sf.yiJ  i  .^ 
Clnir.'b  are  in  (his  place.  '  "^-''Ji'- '-n 

cirrrrNi'Vrri;''%?-*^^  '''''  "«■«''*• 

cny  01  rse  v  York.     It  .»  eelebrni'ed    or  its  cider  and  i- 

1  'ironi'*  7:r'  "•»?"'•-<"-'  »»•  ^i."e/«;;d  e . ,. 

Slates  '''  "'"''   '"'*""'■"'  '""'•«   '»  '^'^  United 


.llll  ta 


';f,fiiifi 


'I  i 


il 


ni:nv  jkusky. 


Elixahdhtown.  n  milrn  ^nitlli  i»f  Ni'waik,  in  plf««aiilly 
iltiiiiii' I  m  (lie  fr)nU(  (>('  It  IVriile  fuiiiiin.  Ii  Ik  HJiliiii 
:i,ii  il('»  ol*  Newark  Imy-  Hiciim  IiduIm  rigiilurly  plj  be- 
Uvj'eii  lliiit  town  ami  \«!w  York. 

Uiirliiiiftim  i*  «n  (he  Delawurc.  hclween  Tipninn  niiil 
PliilHtlelphia.  I'l-vth  Jlinlwif,  on  Anilmy  liaj,  ul  llio 
inoiiili  fll'ilie  Riiriiiin,  liua  uim  ul'lhe  la>»i'liuiliur«  unllio 
••oiilinciil. 

Jitfui'iitliin.  The  C»IU<rp  iifJS\wJ¥rffii.n\  I'rinn'loit, 
lit  (Hie  III' till*  filili-"!  and  iiidsI  ri-Riierl.tiili-  mi  the  UiiilcJ 
Hdilp*.  lu  rmiils  are  NiniiU.  I  he  Ithiury  eoii»iKl«  oi' 
nlimii  S. (»()(»  Villi  mix.  The  |iliiloi4n|iiiieHl  *n|t|iarntii!«  JH 
Inline  ami  Mill  delceleil,  luiil  llure  U  n  valnaiile  raliinet 
iirniiiifriili<i!>y  anil  nainial  hi«lui'j.  'i  lie  uuiiilier  ol'iilu- 
lii'itls.  ill  l-ijs,  "Ms  1  j(). 

A  T/iciilrr;ic(il  Sfiiiiunrif  wan  eitalilislml  at  I'riitrelon 
ill  18l.>.  iiiiilir  thu  ilireeiiun  ni' (he  General  ANneinbly  of 
•  he  Presbyterian  ehureh.  There  are  3  profeRHurii,  and, 
in  ISIH,  (he  number  of  atuileuU  wai  03.  The  (erm  of 
eiliieation  i<i  a  yiari. 

((ncPii's  Ci>Hcj;;e  was  eRtablinheil  at  New  nrnnawick, 
by  the  niiiiiiilerH  (il'lhe  Diileli  Uelormeil  Chureh,in  1770. 
The  ins<ilutinn  in  now  eonvpr(e(l  into  a  Theological 
Seminary.  There  are  2  proreHHom,  and  about  20  ttu* 
di:nt4.     Tlie  term  oi'ednealion  14  ^  years. 

Itiuuh  and  Cnnals.  The  ^reat  road  from  New  York 
to  I'hiladelphiu  pasxes  by  all  the  principal  lownu  of  (his 
state. 

A  plan  has  heeii  propn^ed  to  connect  Philadelphia 
with  New  York,  by  a  canal,  from  New  Brunswick  on 
Iho  Raritan,  to  a  point  nn  (tie  Delaware,  a  few  miles 
hclow  Treutoii.  The  distance  ih  m  miles,  and  the  esti- 
mated expense  nearly  $  i,0(iu,ui)0, 

I'opulaiinn.  In  18 lU  the  population  was  310,562. 
The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  the  nioKl  popiilniis. 
New  Jersey  is  one  of  (iie  old  slates,  and  many  of  the  in- 
habitants enli^l'ate  every  year  to  new  seltlemenlx.  The 
population,  of  course,  does  not  increase  rapidly. 

Ueli'^'mn.  The  Presbyterians  are  most  numerous. 
Besides  these  there  are  Friends,  Dutch  Heformed,  Bup- 
listH,  and  JCpiiseopuliuns,  &e. 


F 

tl 

V 

u 
e 

tl 
u 

II 


VKW  JKUrtKV. 


m^ 


fnik,  in  plpii<anlly 
iin.  Ii  jo  wiiliiii 
I  rt'giilurl)  |il}  bu« 

wfen  Tipninn  nml 
wUny  lilt).  III  lliu 
It'll  liuilium  un  I  ho 

rw/.  Ml  I'rinrelmt, 
)!<■  ill  till'  UiiilcJ 
ihiiiry  roiininlH  of 
ichI  n|i|iHrntii!t  jh 
vaiimdlc  rtiliini't 
lie  uuinlier  ut'klu* 

ihIu  il  at  PriitriMon 
lenil  Aimcnibiy  of 
i  profeiiRurii,  and, 
03.     The  lerm  of 

N«*\v  Briiniuick, 
ICIiurpli,inl770. 
:o  a  Tlirnlntijical 
nil  about  20  stu- 
irii. 

from   Now  York 
:i[)al  towns  of  (his 

lect  Philadelphia 
'IV  Orunftwiek  on 
ure,  a  few  miles 
liles,  ant]  the  esti- 

ion  wa*  3IS,5Ai2. 
L'  mo!>(  po|iiilnus. 
Ill  m»ny  of  the  in- 
5t'tllcmen(8.  The 
i>  rapidly. 

muHi    niimernui. 
Ii  Hefonned,  Bup- 


t'acif.  of  tlii^  iiiiiittri/.  The  nori horn  pari  of  (he  ulnle 
ID  miiiinlttiiioiM;  llie  hoiiiIhtii  i«  lint  and  «iinil)  ;  ihe  ittid* 
die  i«  ai^riealily  divertilii'd  itilli  liilU  iind  vnllii-s. 

Suit  dud  I'roiluctinni*.  The  noriliern  pari  »f  the  ulalo 
ha»  generally  ii  ulruiiij  Noil,  and  ii  a  line  i;ra/in^  eoun- 
try.  The  fAron'n  lliere  rai<e  rallle,  in  ifreut  nuni< 
bem,  for  the  iniirkelit  of  New  Vork  and  IMiiladelphiii. 
AVIieal,  rye,  Indian  uorn,  putulueii,  &c.  ure  aUo  raited 
in  abniidance. 

Orchards  abound  in  all  the  norlhorn  halfof  the  itnle; 
the  cider  of  New  Jertey,  particularly  lliat  of  Newark, 
i»  in  great  reputation.  I'eam,  peaches,  |ilu'n«,  cherries, 
■trawberrien,  and  other  fruitii  arrive  at  great  nerfeetion, 
and  are  furniiilifd  in  larsje  4|uaiilitie<i  for  the  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  iiMrkeln. 

Tha  «ouihern  half  of  (he  stlale,  with  few  exceplinn*, 
is  sandy  and  baueu.  It  produces  little  else  bckidc  shrub 
ouk<«  and  yellow  pines, 

Jtountains,  A  ridj^e  of  (he  Allegany  mountains  romcs 
from  Pennsylvania  and  crosses  this  stale  into  New  York. 
It  emiiosomi  sueh  amazing  quantities  of  iron  ore,  (hat  it 
may  not  improperly  be  called  (he  Iron  mountain. 

Minerals.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  this  slate.  Among  the 
mountains  in  (he  nor(h,  the  inin^s  are  very  nninerous. 
In  the  single  county  of  Morris  there  are  no  less  than  7 
rich  iron  mines,  from  which  might  be  taken  ore  enoui^h 
to  supply  the  whole  United  Slate*  The  southern  coun- 
ties also  furnish  large  (|nanlilies  of  bog  iron  ore. 

Copper,  lead,  coal,  plaster  of  Paris,  and  slate  are 
found  in  different  parts  of  tlie  slate. 

Manufactures.     The    principal  mnnufaclure  is  iron. 
Furnaces  and  forges  arc  established  in  various  parts  of' 
the  state,  particiiTarly  in  (he  couiiiy  of  Mnrris,   and  a 
very  large  qiianli(y  of  iron  is  annually  manofitclnred. 

InTrenlon,  Newark,  and  Elizabel blown, ure  many  val* 
uable  tanneries,  where  a  large  quaniily  of  excellent  feath- 
er is  made.  Shoes  are  made  in  great  numbers  at  Newark. 

Commerce.     Almost  all  the  foreign  i^uuds'iiunsumed  in 
this  stale  are  imported  at  New  York  and  Pliiladelphiiu 
and  the  produce  of  the  slate  is   principally  carried  II  . 
those  cities  for  exportation. 
a* 


;■  I 


l»K\NrtVI.V\MA. 


I'KNNHVLVAMA. 

SituntioH  Pfnnk}lv«iiiH  U  IioiumI«>iI  N.  ,  %*w  Vnrk  < 
K.  Ii)  Nf w  Vork  uml  New  Jfmcy,  friMn  mIiicIi  it  ii  »v[t- 
iirut«-«l  li)  l>i-lHHiirf  river ;  M  b)  Dilnuttre,  M«rvlanil, 
nii«l  Virtfiiiia  I  W.  Iiv  Vir^iniu  mnl  <l|iio.  Un  ifiu  N. 
W.  il  loiirlioii  u|>nn  Litk^  Krie. 

It  i*  vi'rv  Tffiulinr  in  iutlinppt  the  iinrihprn,  nnil 
Kuiillicrn  bouixlune*  heiiri;  itnrulleU  tiT  luliludi-,  an<i  Mir 
weitlrrn  ItHiiiMlnry.  h  lini*  )il  loiiifilutle. 

/Hi'isioiin.  IViinitvlvuiiia  i*  diviclvU  into  AU  cuuntiei, 
«ii<J  nliuut  nao  lo\vniiii|i». 


Oyunfiti. 

A//).  1.1  irtio. 

Countifi.                Pfif 

).in  t^lO. 

AilaiiiM, 

ta.iAV 

lianriiNler, 

03,Ui7 

Alligany, 

2j,air 

Lebiinon, 

ArniMlroMg, 

fl.l-»3 

l.eliii{l% 

Heaver, 

l.i.l«H 

Lu/erne, 

1H,10U 

lledfurd, 

i.i.rm 

l.yoiiuiing, 

11, 00  A 

IkrltK, 

43,140 

M*Kean, 

149 

Bradrnrd, 

Mereer, 

8,sr7 

Buckt, 

33,87( 

Minim, 

42,18S 

Builer, 

r,a4» 

Mnnlgiimcry, 

2t»,703 

Cumhriay 

2.117 

Nurtliam|il*in, 

38.143 

Centre, 

10,681 

Northumberland, 

30,a^ 

Clieiler, 

Stt,aun 

Philadelphia, 

iii,<;oe 

CleKrfielil, 

H7a 

Poller, 

20 

Columbia, 

Pike, 

CrawJftrd, 

«,178 

Behuylkili, 

Cumberland, 

2«.737 

SomerBPt, 

11,284 

Duupliin, 

8l,SH3 

•Suitquehannab, 

Delaware, 

14  T34 

'l"i"«a» 

1,687 

Krie, 

8.738 

Union, 

Frtyetle, 

21,714 

Veiiungo, 

8,060 

Franklin, 

23,083 

Warren, 

827 

Greene, 

17,044 

Waahinglun, 

36,289 

Iliintinisdon, 

i  1,778 

Wajne, 

4,125 

Indiana, 

a,  21 4 

>Veittmurelnnd, 

26,382 

.JeRVrsoD, 

lOi 

York, 

31,908 

Total," 

810,0U1 

the 
lyii 
i 
wa 
i-i«i 
the 

bir 
«'ni 
em 

Il  I 

tn  I 

M« 

Ka 

i«  I 

W. 

at 

Ku 

III 

i%  « 

il  a 

I 
con 
Vir 

( 
■yl' 
and 
i^  1 
Del 
anv 

ami 
Hi 
ayli 
I*  r 
Ires 
van 
the 


U— 


^.  >N^w  York; 
II  witivit  it  ii  m-p- 
luure,  Marvlanil, 
lio.      Un    ific   N. 

Ilie  iinrthrrn,  ami 
Uliludf,  and  {he 

I  iritu  au  cuuiiti«i, 


p,f.in  mo. 

1. 

»3,u^r 

'J 

» 

IH.IOO 

'8. 

11, (ion 

f 

iiij 

8,277 

12,132 

nuTj', 

30,703 

n|itiMi, 

38.143 

iilierlaiul, 

30,a'/r 

phia, 

iti,2oe 

3» 

ill, 

«, 

11,3S« 

annab, 

1,687 

>» 

8,060 

> 

8-'7 

glon, 

36,289 

4,125 

relnnd, 

20,38:3 

31,908 

Totol," 

810,0U1 

I'KNNhVI.VAWM. 


n 


JS'miii'.  'Vhf  lunif  ol'  lliU  ntnit  U  tli-rivcil  fritwi  I'tnn,- 
till*  iiriKiniil  |iiti|iiicliir,  and  ttiflva,  a  Liiliii  Mwrd,  *igiii< 
r>iiii<  unod,  iir  rnrrnl. 

Uivrit,  I'i  (•  iliri*i>  uniicipal  thtra  are,  ihf  /W«- 
«'fl»y,  llie  Snsiiuf/niiiHim,  niid  ili»*  J//#jrff«y  till  of  **lurl» 
rixe  ill  Ni-w  >ork.  tuid  pHii4  llirou^li  iVmujIvmiia  un 
llirir  uu^  lo  the  kuutli. 

The  Ofluivarf  i%  ilie  eailorn  bniiiulnry,  nrpnraliiiK 
I'oniiii}ltiiiiia  fniiii  Nfw  Ji-rm-y.  Ih  it*  fOMriii'  ii  renrni- 
lilr«  ihi'  Iriirr  W.  'llie  l^hi/fh,  a  britiiidi  <.l"  ilii*i  rinr, 
«mpli)fii  at  Kniliin;  imd  llie  «c/»i<y/Ai7/,  aitollier  liiuiich, 
rinpti«i  iit>ar  I'tiiliidi'lithin. 

'I  hi»  SHM(ju<hnnunh  i*  ilif  i^rriil  river  «f  Pi>nii«)lvunia. 
It  ronie*  fnun  New  Voik,  and  iiiuking  a  (iiri-nlui'  nuei-p 
t»  Ihf  punt,  and  llirn  aiinilu>r  to  Ihf  Men),  pasu'ii  iiilo 
Maryland,  i'lic  rivt-r  it  conipiui'd  nP  two  lirniieliis,  ilio 
Kaitl  branrh.  and  the  Wfil  liritrirli.  I  li«-  hnvt  liraiitli 
i*  the  priiiripnl  nni>,  and  cowed  IVoni  Xi-w  York  ;  (lie 
Wi'nl  liranfli  in  mIioIIv  in  IVnnnylvaniii.  'i'liey  uniie 
»l  NordiumbiTland.  'I'lii!  Tiojra '  i»  a  braneli  of  llio 
Ku«t  branrli.  Itti  courto  iii  almimt  wholly  in  New  York. 
It  einplict  near  the  nnrlliern  boundary.  The  Juniatta 
i*  a  wrttern  branch  ofthe  Nnnquelianiiali,  uniting  with 
it  a  lew  niili'H  above  llarritburif. 

In  the  wemern  part  nf  the  utatc,  the  JiUejfantf  river 
comeit  from  New  York,  and  the  JMunnui^nhela  from 
Virginia  i  and  they  meet  n(  Piiliibnr^,  aud  furm  the  Ohio, 

Chief  Towns.  Philadelphia,  the  targeat  town  in  Penn- 
sylvania, i«  re^nlarly  laid  ont,  between  the  Delaware 
and  the  8chuylkill,  S  niile«  above  their  confluence.  If 
i^  110  oiilea  from  the  oeenn,  by  the  river  and  bay.  The 
Delaware  it  navigable  as  far  as  thin  city,,  fur  ahipa  of 
tinT  li/e. 

riiiladelphia  has  a  very  extenMive  commerce.  In 
amount  of  shipping,  it  is  (he  fourth  city  in  the  Union. 
It  import*  foreign  gondii  for  the  greateHl  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, for  Delaware,  and  half  of  New  Jersey;  and 
is  contending  with  New  York,  New  Orleans,  and  Mon- 
treal, fur  (he  commerce  of  the  wi'ittern  Mtiilcs.  In  the 
variety  and  extent  of  its  uiauufaclures,  Philadelphia  is 
the  firiit  city  ia  America. 


(,  ■       ii 


W-i 


PKNNHVI.VANIA. 


Aiiti»nd{  tlt»  pulilJc  !»uililii)^«  are  n  li«Mj>i»i>l*  ft  »•»!.• 
nrU<Mi.  mimI  f^U  linutr*  for  pui  hf  t»<»n>ii|i,  Thf  hriilm' 
o\tT  «li«  (»vliuyllktll,n|i|tniiilc  lit  NUrkrI  .irii-I.U  •iilt«'rl» 
•|  lio  »*»l»r  iMftI  III  lln*  r\\y  i«  tliTnr«l  fi  wn  lli«  H»liiij|. 
kill  ll  l»  rui»»<l  from  «li»  nver  liy  ntfiun  m^iiiv*,  uml 
t»invfyf«l  ill  |ii|iM  wliiTf'vf  ll  i»  w^iilril. 

IVnl'«  ii<u»»iini,  ill  H>U  citj,  fiiiiUiii*  ill!"  I«rx»«l  fol- 
|»p(ii.ii  urn«lnn»li'iiriti»iii<i'«  Ml  Aiiiiriru.  Hie  lilrfmy 
nnil  hiimmit'  Ritcirlirs  Hri*  ion  iiuni«THii«  «o  h«'  mnilioni'i. 
IMiilttdilpliiii  i««o  mill"*  H.  \V.»I"  New  York,  himI  ur 
N.  K.  or  Wl^«^lin^l«>ll.     IN.|M.lHlinn,  in  Ihio.  ui,i»r. 

iMUcanttr,  fto  niili'ii  wi'»l  "f  l'hiU<li'i|iliiH.  i*  linfljr 
■itiiHled,  in  tlie  niiiUl  of  a  IVrlile  antl  h>Kltly  culiivaittl 
rniinlry,  'I'lui  iiilmbilanla  hii'  |irMiri|iiilly  ill*  (lurninn 
denri-nl.     i  heir  iiunibor,  in  lull),  w«*  fl.O'it. 

I'it(»burg,  ill  llio  wetCern  pari  of  tlit  utme,  i»  very 
•dvaiiluKfouoly  mtiialeil,  at  ilie  pnint  wlierrihe  Allcifa- 
ny  n'xl  MoiionnaluU  iinili*  lo  furin  llu'  Olito.  Hy  inenn« 
of  Allegany  riier,  l*iil<tlinr^  Intn  ii  Mult-r  rorinniuiiieal'on 
wiih  llie  wenltrii  part  of  Nfw  York,  ami  laii  Mpproaili 
Hilliinaffwinilenof  i^ake  Krtf.  Hy  ilie  Moitonnalieia 
•nil  a  gooil  turnpike  roail,  it  in  coniiprtitl  with  Halii- 
Rinrr.  Hy  ihe  (lino,  il  lia*  an  ea*y  inleri'iMirte  \uiti  liiu 
wrilvrn  alate*.  ll  i*  al»o  ennnerliMl  wilh  I'liilatlelpliia 
by  an  excellent  lurn|iike  roail  'I  liene  cireum»lance» 
bavc  made  IMlUburg  liie  eeolre  of  a  great  commi  ree. 

All  llic  coiinlry  in  the  neii^hhorhuod  of  Ihe  eily 
tbunnd^  with  eoal.  lii-nee  it  in  ndinirably  (itnaiid  lor 
Mucb  inanufarlurinj;^  eAlabliNhmenU  an  require  the  una 
o<  fuel.  A  great  many  nueh  eiitHbli»limenl«  have  neeord- 
Ini^ly,  bcin  erei-ted  here,  and  I'itlnburg  bid*  fair  to  lie- 
fonie,  at  (fine  future  doy,  one  of  the  largest  manufuc- 
luring  eitiea  in  the  world.  The  popniaiinn,  in  iHtd, 
waa  eHtinialed  at  12.()0()  The  dintanee  of  Hitl«btir|yt  from 
Philadelphia  i*  about  3()0  niiien,  and  from  New  Urleano, 
hj  the  eoume  of  the  river*.  2,000. 

Ilnrrishurg,  the  neat  of  government,  i*  on  the  en«t 
bai:k  of  the  Muii«|iiehHiini<h,  about  10(J  niilen  «e»t  of 
Philadelphia,  ll  ia  re:;ularly  laid  out,  and  handnoniely 
built.  All  elegant  bridijc  is  erected  acrota  the  !Jus(|[ue- 
hannah,  at  tLi«  place. 


\. 


'.  V 


n  lin4|Ai)itl,  ft  ilnh; 
laliip  riif  bruise 
kfl  »irfi*l,U  •iiitfrl). 
il  fi  hd  lli«  Hvliii)|. 
nlfiirn  rti|jiii««,  unit 
iiril. 

till*  llii*  litri^fol  rot- 
ririi.  riif  lilrfury 
HI*  lo  hv  mnilinnt'it. 
ir<M  Ynrk,  niiil  IJ7 
ill  INtii,  Ui,il7. 
ilailflpliiii,  i*  linrly 
itl  hiKlily  ruldvHii'il 
iici|iiilly  <il'  (ivrninn 

lilt  nititr,  i*  vrry 
It  wlipre  \he  '\llri(a- 
III'  Oliit).  Uy  iiiPHnt 
aiiT  romniiiiiii'iil'nn 
,  HMii  I'mi  ii|i|iroa('li 
ty  llie  Mniiiiii^iilii-ia 
miirrti'il  wiili  Halli- 
inlfri'i'iime  wiili  ibo 
il  with  I'liilaili'lpliia 
Ill-HP  (<irrum*liincr« 
l^ri'at  comini  rt'i". 
orhuoil  (if  the  i-ily 
liiiir«lily  tiiiinit'il  Tor 
n»  require  lliv  use 
Jimeiitii  httvf  m-ford- 
urg  liiil'4  fiiir  In  hv 
le  Ittrm'iif  iwaniifrtc- 
o|iiilaiinii,  in  iHtfi, 
ipi'  of  HiiuhiirKfriini 
(1  from  New  Orlean«, 

iriit,  in  on  the  enit 
l()(j    niiii'ii   »!•»(  oi 

out,  anil  linniNoniel; 
«cro«i  (he  isiuKiue- 


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Microfiche 

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V 

Cl 

Cl 


PKNNSYLVAM4. 


tt.T 


Afls^)H  i%  on  flie  Di'lnMiui'.  nf  ilic  moiiili  of  (lie  I,e- 
I'.r  .'■  .  (''','"''".-  i"  ""  "'i-  WHinjIkill,  34  ii.iliK  \  W.  of 
1  l.ilu.l.lphii,.  Ii  i.c<ltl.rali-»l  lor  llie  ini.mi(«<;mre  of 
liuiM.  n  tltcshnn-e  i^  on  the  iiihI  hranrh  ol  the  Hiimiiic- 
Imiiiiu  1.  J\'orl/iuwbnl<nid  i*  iit  the  r,„k8  of  llif  SuMiue- 
liimniili.  Carlhl^  in  i.i  d.iIc^  W,  of  llinriMbiii-^.  I'uV.- 
i«oii  llie  \v.«l  «i<liof  i|ii<!Sum|iii|iann«h,  ai  inilen  from 
JjiiJicttsKT.  .MoadvUk  \n  nlioiii  ;io  i.iilv.  from  Luke 
hno.  on  tnnd.  c-rcik.  a  liianrli  of  ihc  Allfxaiiy. 
IMlMiem  ix  mi  ihi-  Lehit^h.  i2  milcM  from  Edsfon  :  niul 
Adxartth  mi  u  f,nx  milcx  norih  of  ilellilelicin.  lyashiw' 
ton  IS  23  miles  S.  W.  «r  Fillsliorg.  Cunnomburs;  ig'o 
miles  norili  of  \>!mliiiiy;ioii. 

/:V«(r./;o»  'II,..  I  u  I  versify  of  Pnimi/lvania,  e*<»b- 
liMied  II.  S  ,iilai!e'|.liia,  e.olinu'Ps  4  .l.'|'ittrlni.-iim,  viz. 
Juw,  mediciiu',  the  arts,  anri  natural  seience.  There  are, 
in  all  departmcnis,  tfl  profe^sorti.  The  meilionl  <Jepart. 
menl  m  the  moitt  ilniiriHhiii);  iimtitmion  of  (he  kiiiil  in 
(he  UiiiliMJ  Stales,  ni.il  is  hanllv  »-xeclle4|  hy  any  in 
*iUro|)e  IleoH.sisis  of  0  itrof».'.sJr»ltii»«,  and  has  had 
m«)re  than  BOO  Ktiidentx 

The  «.ther  colleges  are  JfJ}h-S(m  college,  at  Cannnnii- 
hurg;  Jlil<;ga,,,,  eollei^e,  at  Meadvilje  ;  arwi  iVashington 
college,  at  W  ashiii-ion.  These  insliiutions  are  yet  in 
Iheir  iiifuney.  Dickinson  eolles;e,  formerly  a  flourinb- 
ing  niDiilHtion,  at  Carlisle,  and  Franklin  collcKe,  at 
lianeaster,  are  not  now  in  operation. 

The  Moravians  have   flourishing  Hohools   at  Be(hle- 
liem  and  i\arareth,  in  (he  eaMern    pan  of  (he   Ma(e 
Frovision  has  been  made  by  (he  legislature  foren(nbli«h. 
ing  an  academy  in  aycry  conuly. 

Population.' hx  18(o;P..nnsylvania  condiined  810,000 
inhabi(an(8.  1  he  great  muss  of  (he  population  i^  in  (he 
south,  particularly  in  (he  soulheast,  near  the  bank*  of 
the  Jsusquehannah  and  Delaware  rivers  The  northern 
hall  of  the  sta(e,  in  1810,  did  not  ron(ain  one  eiirhili 
part  of  thejpopulation.  The  population  increases  witk 
considerable  rapidity,  though  not  so  fast  as  in  (he  west- 
ern Kta(es. 

The  inhabitants  are  of  several  difliient  nations. 
About  oiie  half  are  of  English  origin;  one  fourth,  Ger- 


ill 


I 


94 


PKNNSVLVANIA. 


man  ;  ami  nn  cigliih,  Irii.h.     Tlic  reinaiutlcr  are  Scolcb, 
M'l'UIi,  Hh»'«I»;*  hikI  DiiIcIi. 

Lnnxiingi'-  The  lungiiuge  rnmmnnly  upoki-n  i«  (lie 
Kiit;litili.  Hut  llif  (■crmaiDi,  Dutch  luiil  IrJKh,  rediiii 
Uii'ir  tM»ii  laii^^'iHge,  and   inuny   of  llifiii  cuiiiiot  sjiuuk 

iteliffion.  Tlicrc  are  a  tjroiit  many  <Iiflr>rcnJ  dennnii- 
it'iliotig  of  (Jhi'iKtianit  in  Peiiiiiijivaiiia.  A  few  )i'ur» 
•iiiee  llie  I'leHbyli-riaiH,  Oerniuii  CalviiiixlH,  (jcriiiun 
LiiiliPi-anii,  Frieiidi*,  or  l^iiakcrK,  hidI  Ha|)(ii(t«,  hail  each 
Dearly  loo  PoDf^regtilioiiM  itrsjiic*  iIh-hi-,  iheie  were 
MelhixtiNtti,  Kitidcnji.tliaiiH,  Hioleh  I'rcohylerianit,  Mora- 
1  iiiiiH.  6ie. 

Itoads.  There  are  i^nod  iiirii|iikeit  leailini;  frnm  IMii- 
Jnrlelpliia  in  vuriniis  Hireelioiifi.  The  |)rinei|i:tl  is  fron> 
I'hiladelpliiii  lhioii:;h  Laneumer  to  I'illHhnr:^. 

Clmale.  'I'lip  eliinnle  of  I'cniisylvaiiiii  is  more  (em- 
pernle  than  ihal  of  New  Koi-land.  The  winter*  aro 
never  so  Hevere,  and  the  Miimniei*  are  generally  warmer. 
Snow  lien  nn  the  :;round  l)u»  u  short  period,  itiid  iileighs 
are  hiil  little  used. 

^Mountains.  The  JlUe^fiinj  mrmnlainn  run  aernns  this 
•tale  from  S.  W.  to  N.  K.  'There  are  many  surtller 
ranajeiiou  each  side  of  the  Allegany  range,  anil  [mrallel 
with  if. 

Face  of  the  conn  I V  If,  The  central  parls  of  the  state 
aremountainouH.  In  the  southennt  and  norlhwesi,  the 
country  io  either  Jevel  or  moderately  hilly. 

Soil  ajul  productions.  A  great  portion  of  the  stale  is 
good  land  ;  and  much  of  it,  excellent.  The  richest  tract 
is  in  the  sonttuast,  on  hilh  sides  of  the  Husf|uehannali. 
This  part  of  the  stale  has  lont;  heen  settled,  and  is  finely 
eultivated.  The  tract  between  I^ake  Krie  and  Allegany 
river  has  also  a  very  superior  soil,  but  it  is  us  yet,  very 
thinly  inhabited 

Wheat  is  by  far  the  most    important  production,  and 

frows  here  to  nrreat  perfection.     The   next    in  value  is 
ndian  corn.     Rye,  barley,  bnekwlu  at,  cuts,  hemp,  and 
flax,  are  also  extensively  cultivated. 

Jfiupyala.  V.»n\  is  found  in  abundance  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  state.      The  country  around   TittBUurg  is 


N. 


"!'' 


muiudcr  are  Siculuk, 

only  Rpoki'n  U  (lie 
■ii  mill  li-iitli,  retuin 
tlit'iii  cuiitiut  R()euk 

ny  <Iiir'ri>n(  dnnnnii- 
iiin.  A  fi'vv  }i'iir» 
('HlviiiiNiH,  (jcrinun 
I  Hii|)(iKt«,  luiilencli 
ilii'H'-,  llu'ic  were 
'rcNbylvriann,  Mora- 

t  Ii'iuli?ii5  ''■"'"  '*''i- 
p  |)rin<'i|i:tl  is  fron» 
I'illHliiii':^. 

vaiiiit  in  more  (eni- 

The   MJiiterK  nro 

.•  cjcfwriilly  uaimer. 

l)eriod,  itiid  iili-iglis 

ainA  run  aorons  Ihig 
are  iintny  Miir.iller 
range,  uiid  [mrullel 

parlfl  of  iliR  gfafe 
ind    noriliwfsl,  the 

liilly. 

rlioii  of  the  Htale  is 

The  rirhpst  tract 

I  he    Hu«f|UfhanTm{i. 

filled,  and  in  finely 

Krie  and  Allegany 
III  it  h  us  yet,  very 

»nt  production,  and 
R  next  in  value  is 
at,  cuts,  hemp,  and 

mice  in  the  wesfera 
round   PittsUurg  i» 


DEI.AWAltE. 


Oj 


iiue  cjrMt  hed  of  eoal,  and  liie  hilU  within  »ia;I.t  »t  the 
toM  11  are  riill  „{'  thai  mineral.  Iron  ore  uUn  ahituniU  in 
tliejamf  viiinily,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  niale. 

JVaunf  net  urea  In  ^tlue  and  variety  of  mannfailurei, 
leniiH>l*aiiia  h  the  firm  stale  in  ihe  Union.  Theprin- 
eipal  Hriirli.s  ,,re  colion  no.idn.  iron,  ^Ha^s  pupir,  &c. 
»  liilamlplim  and  Pittsburg  are  the  hluIh  of  the  princi- 
pal iiiaiiiiluotorieii. 

Commerce.  Mo»t  of  the  fon-i^n  good*  connumed  in 
tins  Hiate,  DelaHare.  and  the  wentern  pirl  of  New  Jer- 
sey, are  imported  at  Philadelphia.  Ooodi.  to  a  lar^e 
amount  are  alno  transnorled  in  wagt^ons  from  Philadil- 
pliia  10  1  ittubu'-;,  and  ilienee  di>«iribnled  through  the 
western  country.  In  I8t5.  the  amount  of  revenue  paid 
by  this  Htate  into  ihe  ^  ational  Treanury  was  greater 
than  that  of  any  other,  j.ept  New  York.  In  amount  of 
shipping,  Penufylvania  is  Ihe  fifth  state  in  the  Union. 
Jlistovy.  This  stale  was  first  settled  bv  the  Swedes, 
in  Iflir.  They  held  it  till  l«34,  when  it  Aas  conquered 
by  the  Dutch  ;  and  ten  years  aflervvards,  the  Dutch 
hurre  dered  it  to  Ihe  English. 

In  1681  Charles  U  gr.intcd  it  (o  William  Pcnn,  who 
soon  nfHer  came  over  from  Kngland,  with  a  colony  of 
iTiends,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  Philadelphia. 

DELAWARE. 

Sif nation.     Delaware  is  hounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania : 
E.  by  Delaware  river  and  bay;  S.  and  W.  by  Mitry- 

l?r  *.    I'"*  l''e  sinaJlest  state  in  the    Union,  except 
Rhode-Island.  ' 

p[vmons.    It  is  divided  into  3  counties,  which  are 
subdivided  into  id  hundreds. 


Countiet. 
Kent. 

Newcastle. 

Sussex. 


Pop.  in  1810. 
30.49  a 


rsjsr* 


Chi.-f  Tmune 
J)ovtH. 


5  Wilmington. 
?  Newenslle. 
WJeorgelown. 
(  Jiewiiilown. 


Pop.  in  tSIO. 
900 


4.4 1 A 
3,440 


b  i 


';i  « 


9t> 


DEL  WW  UK. 


Itiver^,  Delaware  rivrr  uikI  bay  iie|)arHlt>  lliiii  stale 
from  New  Ji-rscy.  Hrandywine  cr 'I'k,  m  Inch  ri^en  in 
IViiiiMylvaiiiH,  unil  Chrhtiana  crvek  wliicli  riica  in 
MarylrtiMl,  unite  in  the  niirlhfrn  piirt  ui*  tin-  tttute,  anil 
cmpiy  iitio  Delaware  river.  They  uH'dDl  an  iiiicnnunnn 
nuiiiltt-r  of  excellent  Heats  fur  niilU  ami  niaiiiil'aetones. 

Swamp.  CypreMS  hwuui|*,  biHween  thi«  sinte  und 
Maryland,  is  t;^  miles  loii^  and  A  l>r<iHd. 

CVi/^-  Cape  Hfiilnpen,  une  of  the  capes  of  DbSauare 
bay.  is  in  this  Htate. 

Chiff  Toivns.  iyilminf;ton  is  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state,  bi-lween  Urundywine  and  Christiana  erei-ks, 
one  mile  almve  their  continence  noth  streams  are 
navigable  to  Jie  luvvn.  VVilmintjton  is  celebrated  fur 
(he  manufurture  of  flour.  There  are  a  great  many 
mills  on  the  Brandywiiie,  within  half  a  mile  of  the 
(own. 

JVeivcastle  is  on  Delaware  river,  a  miles  S.  of  Wil- 
mington, and  S3  below  Philadelphia.  It  carries  on  a 
\tt\nk  trade  with  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore. 

Dover,  the  seat  of  government,  is  36  miles  H.  of  New- 
castle, on  Jones'  Creek,  a  small  stream  which  empties 
into  Delaware  bay. 

Lewistown  is  a  few  miles  from  Cape  Henlopen.  Hero 
are  salt  works,  in  which  salt  is  manufactured  from  sea- 
water,  by  the  sun. 

Religion.  The  Presbyterians  are  most  numerous. 
There  arc  besides,  Episcopalians,  Methodists,  Baptists, 
Friends,  &e. 

Population.  In  1810  Delaware  contained  7S,G7-|f  ia* 
habitants.  About  one  quarter  of  this  number  are  ne- 
groes, and  o!:e  quarter  of  the  negroes  are  slaves. 

Canal  A  canal  has  been  comm<'iieed  between  Chris- 
liiina  eret-K.  in  this  stale,  and  VAk  river  in  Maryland. 
When  tiniv:iiHi!,  it  will  he  22  miles  lon,^,  and  will  open  an 
iul  kod  water  eommunicatinn  between  Delaware  river 
and  Chesapeake  bay.  In  this  view  ii  is  of  great  im- 
porianee. 

Face  of  the  country,  soil  S^c.  A  small  part  of  tlie  state 
in  tlie  north  <«  hilly  ;  the  n-st  i*  pi'm  li.lly  level  Hud  low. 
The  toil  in  the  north,  and  along  the  Delaware  is  gencr- 


I 


i' 


aeparHtc  lliiit  sla(c 
fk,  w  Inch  r'mvn  iii 
>k  wliicli  rii)>N  in 
rt  of  till-  Ntute,  anil 
iilV(ii'<l  an  iiiicnininnn 
iiiiil  inaiMil'aetonvit. 
ecu   till!)  8lnte   und 

'•IH(i. 

I  capes  of  Dbiau  are 

the  northprn  part  of 
Cliriitliuna  crei-ki, 
Ilotli   RlreHmtt   are 

)ii  is  celebrated  fur 
are   a  great  manj 

half  a  mile  of  the 

a  mileR  S.  of  Wil- 
ia.  It  carries  on  a 
Baltimore. 

36  miles  S.  of  New- 
cam  which  empties 

pe  Henlopen.  Hero 
lufactured  from  sea- 

re  most  numerous. 
Icthodists,  Baptists, 

iontained  78,07->  ia- 
his  numlier  are  oe- 
>s  are  slaves, 
need  between  Chris- 
river  in  Maryland. 
u^,  and  will  open  an 
'en  Delaware  river 
V  ii   IS  of  great  im- 

niall  pnrt  of  the  state 
irri'lly  level  Hud  low. 
0  Ueluwarc  is  gencr- 


MAUVLWU.  ff 

ally  ari>*hc!uy;  in  the  midille,  lliere  i*  a  eoniti(|piitlil<> 
mixture  of  sand:    and  in  the  muuIIi,  tuiid  pred'iniitiute<«. 

I'roiluclionn.  Wtieut  is  the  ttiiple  of  ihe  st^le.  It 
s;ro«H  here  to  very  i^reiit  perl'eelion.  Indian  corn,  rye, 
uut«.  &e.  are  uIno  enltivuted. 

%Manufi(rliiri's.  Dehiwiire  is  pelelirnt^d  for  its  mann- 
fitetnres.  The  (lour  mills,  on  Kruiidywine  ereek,  near 
Wilmington,  are  the  finest  cnlleelion  in  the  UuiUmI 
Slateg.  (iunpowdcr,  imd  cotton  and  woollen  i^onds  itrp 
also  nianufartured,  tu  a  great  extent,  in  the  same 
nciglibnrhood.  In  181,7,  there  were  within  U  miles  of 
Wilniini;liin,  44  flour  mills,  I3  collon  manurueiories.  19 
saw  mills,  n  woollen  manufucluries,  and  0  gunpowder 
mill**,  besides  several  others. 

There  arc  extensive  salt  works  al  I<cwistown,  near 
Cape  Ileulopen. 

MARVLAND. 

Situnttnii.  Maryland  is  bounded  N.  by  Pennstl- 
vania)  K.  by  Deluwnre,  and  the  Atlantic;  S.  und  W. 
by  Virginia,  from  which  it  is  sepanited,  principally,  by 
the  Potomac. 

ChcHapeukc  bay  runs  tlironi^h  the  state  from  N.  to  S. 
dividini:;  it  intf»  two  parts,  l  lie  part  east  of  the  bay  is 
called  the  eastern  nhore.  and  the  part  west  of  the  bay, 
the  wettlern  shore. 

Diiusiona  Maryland  is  divided  into  19  counties:  It 
of  which  are  on  the  western,  and  H,  on  the  eastern  shore. 

Counties. 
St.  Marys, 
Charles, 
Calvert. 

Prince  (ieorgc, 

Montgomery, 
e  <^  Ann  Arundel, 

naltiniore, 

Harford, 

Frederic, 

Washington, 

Allegany, 


t^ 


Pof).  in  in  10. 

Chief  Toxuns. 

12,794 

I^eonardstown. 

20,313 

Port  Tobacco. 

8,1)05 

St.  lieonard. 

30,5S9 

Mariborougli. 

17,980 

Unity, 

3fl,6(K8 

Annapolis. 

73,810 

Ualliniore. 

2 1,2  J  S 

IkllAir. 

34,4;}7 

Frederiektown. 

18,730 

P.li/.i\betlito\\n. 

0,909 

Cumberland. 

If  I 


i'H 


','Ti    I         it.- 


It     I 


.!     Wi 


t 


f* 


1< 


MAUYLAM). 


C'lU  llU't. 

Pup   I'l  1810. 

chiif  r./i.'),.. 

'Cicil, 

i;i  onn 

KIkl'tii. 

Ki'iii, 

11.  mo 

riif.!!!-. 

Qiict'ii  Ann, 

tn.iHN 

(/Viilrivtllv 

rulttnt, 

It,. MO 

Kit»lnn. 

Diirclimtfr, 

IMJOS 

C'liiiiltrid^o. 

Soim-Mi'i, 

ir,i\(,i 

I'riiii-m»  ,\r 

('iirolirie. 

l»,4.^J 

Di'iiliiii 

,,WoictiU'r, 

lo.ttri 

biiow  Hill. 

38fl,ai0. 

nniif.  Chempeaki*  buy  lie«  principally  wiltiiii  (lie 
Itniiiiiluricii  oi'  MHrylniiii  Tlirrc  iin-  iiinnv  xmall  li.iyt 
wliicli  lire  nitTcly  itruiii-liet  of  l!lii'»ii|)fnki' fm).  Sever- 
al III'  ilic  prinei|iul  rivertt  are  very  broiiil  rionr  llicir 
niniitliit,  and  may  be  rcgiirileil,  for  lomo  ditlanrc,  uii 
bayt. 

Jiivera.  Tbo  Potdmar  risen  in  Jhc  Allc^iiny  moun- 
(ainn,  mill  rniplioH  iiilo  (.'hi'4ii|u>ake  buy.  During  itit 
whole  courio,  it  i^  (lie  boiinilury  bp(Moen  Mitrtliiiiil  nnil 
Virt^iuia.  It  i«  luivi^ablc  lor  luri^L'  vi'ttM-N,  aoo  milpi, 
to  (be  pity  ol'  Watbin^toii.  Above  lliiii  rity,  there  iiro 
cviTttl  falls,  arouMil  which  however,  eniiHU  have  been 
niiule,  so  (hut  the  river  \»  now  nuvit^uble,  lor  boHl*,  to 
Cumborlanil,  nearly  200  inili>!i  beyoiiil   Wa«bioiftou. 

The  Susijupfiannah  conie«t  IVoni  I'riiiihylvaniu,  and 
eniixieii  into  the  head  of  Cliexapeuke  bay. 

The  rivers  wliieli  rnn  into  Chf>ia|ifake  buy  I'roin  the 
western  shore  are,  th."  PuUtpsin^  wliicb  t'in|ities  two  miles 
below  Kaltimore;  the  Sevirn,  on  whieb  Annaiiolis 
stands;  and  the  I'atiwiitt,  between  the  Severn  and  the 
Potomne. 

The  rivers  on  the  east  shore  are,  Elk-  river,  on  which 
Elktovvn  and  Frenebtown  stand  ;  Chester  river,  on 
which  is  (;hestertown  ;  and  Clti)i>lnnh\  x.Ynnticoke,  IH- 
I'omico,  and  Pocomiikp,  all  ol"  wbieh  rise  in  Delaware. 

Chiff  Tnwnx.  Haltimore,  the  larj^est  town  in  INIary- 
land,  and  in  |Mipiilalion  the  third  in  the  United  .Stale's, 
is  built  uroiiiid  a  harbour  at  (be  In  aii  of  Pntupxpo  bav, 
whieh  sets  up  IS  miles  iinrlhweit  iVoiii  (.'hi^aptake  bay. 
'J'he  strait  wliieh  connects  the  harbor   with  I'uiupico 


bu 

W( 

III 

Wl 

Me 
«t\ 

li.. 
Hill 
IN 
nil 

MH 
pit 

;>oi 
Htr 
stn 
Iki. 
mo 
thi 

a  n 
nioi 
son 

I 
W. 
ntei 
gre 

/ 
lorn 
trio 

C 
iieai 
KIk 
trad 
thru 
the 
ship 

K 
(iity 


t 


1 


\><f  T(/i.'/,«. 
Ikl'iii. 
Ill  ilrr. 
riilii  vill«>. 
U»loii. 
kiiiliriil^p. 
riiii-mn  ,'\nn. 
riidiri 
low  Hill. 


Mpnlly  wiltiiii   (III) 

I*  niHMv  xmall  li.iyi 

)i'aki' lirt).     Sfvir- 

bronti    nonr   tlii'ir 

lOinC    «lill(M!l('l>,   UK 

_•  Allt'quny  niouii- 
biiy.  During  it* 
pen  Miirtliiiiil  niiil 
I'l'tt'ii'N,  300  inilm, 
liiK  rity,  then'  tiro 
,  i-niiHU  linvo  liL-en 
ulili',  r<ir  hoHlH,  (a 
I  Wiii«liiiiiftiiii. 
'<'iirih}ivaiiitt,  and 
•»uy. 

■like  bay  rroin  the 
\  t'ni|itiL->t  Iwn  inileH 
tvliicb    AnniiiHiIis 


11(1 


ii>  Severn  and  ihc 

Ik  liver,  on  which 
C/ifKlPr  liver,  on 
.  iYanticoke,  U'i- 
Hc  in  Delaware, 
fgt  (own  in  INIary. 
le  IJiiitfil  .Stiiles, 
of  Patupvpo  bay» 
I  (.'hi!>iipt'ake  bay. 
r   with   I'ulaiiico 


MARVLAM).  f» 

bay  ii  vrry  unrrn...  lenrrely  a  niitol  wlioi  acruni,  anil  it 
well  il.lViul.d  by   K.irl   M'llenFv. 

I'be  t^rii«*tb  <i|'  ihi«  cily  li>is  been  remarkably  rapid. 
Ill  irroilien- Mere  only  ;{<»0  iiiliabilantu;  in  IHIO,  Iberu 
Mere  |tl,.>30.     The  nninber  i«  ittill  rapidly  inereaninif. 

Ilnliiuiort'  in  will  Niiuated  for  commeree.  |i  ii«  con. 
iieeKd  by  i?"od  liirnpike*  w itii  variooD  pnriA  nf  Fenn- 
s\l\Miiiii,  and  ««iih  ibe  naviifnble  walem  whieli  lend  into 
I  lie  Ohio.  1 1  iii)<»ieMiieii  the  Irnde  of  Maryland,  and  of 
miinepitrlH  of  reninylvania,  and  the  weilern  ilalri.  In 
1«I0.  Kaliiniore  wa»  the  third  cily  in  the  Tnion  in 
ntnouni  of  ubippini;.     The  number  of  tons  owned  hero 

Man   lOl.Uflll, 

Ahioiiii;  the  publifi  buildinifit  area  penitcnliarv,  n  lio^- 
piliil,  a  theatre,  and  Ibu  exchange,  an  inrnenite  edifice 
bflii  feet  long.  'Ihe  Waihintfton  monument  in  n  iuperb 
ulroelnr.'  of  wlone,  163  feet  )ii!;h ;  on  the  iiimmil  i*  (he 
•  laliie  of  Wanlmi^ton.  Another  montinient  of  «lone 
liiK  been  erected,  tailed  the  bailie  mnnnmeni,  to  comme- 
morate Ihc  defeat  of  the  Hriiinh,  in  their  allark  upon 
this  city  on  the  Uth  of  Septemlier  1814. 

Jhinapiilin,  the  seal  of  government,  it  on  the  Serern, 
8  miles  from  ill  mouth.  It  it  do  miles  Noulh  of  Haiti, 
more,  and  40  east  of  Wa..hina;lon.  It  conlaiuk  a  hand- 
some itatehouse,  and  about  u  (lOO  inhubilanti. 

FmlerUktown  in  a  flouriihini<  inland  town.  43  milet 
W.  of  Ualtimore,  and  43  \.  of  Washington,  it  it  fiitu- 
ttled  in  the  mid»t  of  a  fertile  country,  and  truniportt 
great  quantiliet  of  wheat  and  flour  to  Baltimore. 

liliiabet/itown,  formerlv  Ilaitantown.  \»  near  the  Po- 
tomac, in  a  beautiful  valley,  iitt  milut  N.  W.  of  Fred- 
tricklown. 

Cumberland  it  on  the  Potomac,  went  of  Elizabethtown, 
near  the  northwett  corner  of  the  ttate.  Klkton  U  on 
KIk  river,  near  the  northea»l  corner  of  Ibe  mate.  Tho 
trade  between  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia  panHct 
through  this  town.  Snowhill  on  the  Poeomoke,  near 
the  toutheatt  corner,  ownt  a  considerable  amount  of 
shipping. 

Edncafioti.  The  University  of  .Maryland,  in  the 
eity  of  Baltimore,  is  yet  in  its  infaney.     It  it  intended 


1" 

111: 


m 


If 


i 


i  *! 


hi 


MAHVr.ANU. 


Iti  rmhrken  (he  tlfpartni^nu  nf  mptiipiit  ■«  llir  liinii(uag<>i, 
ttrt«,  Uw,  anil  tliviiiily.  'I'lie  tiiiJioal  <lc|itiriHipiii  it 
nlreatly  in  opi^riiliuiu  Hni!  it  very  rt^qiei'tabio  aini  fl»iir- 
i«hing  I  it  liui  ft  iirofouort. 

at.  »f/(tn/'i  collri^p,  al«(i  in  nftlliinorp,  lin«  n  ((ihiiI 
lihrary,  a  |ihilii«<)pliicKi  rimI  clii-niiral  Hpimralii*.  N  pro- 
Ivitort,  H  tutor*,  nnd  Mbnut  l  lo  «liiili'iit«.  Unltimmn 
•ulli'ifv  li*t«  aiiiilriietora,  nisd  hIumiI  Ho  nluilt'iitN. 

nanhn.  I'licrr  nrr  'jl  Imiikt  in  ihitilktr,  10  of  wliiuli 
trc  ill  (lie  city  »t  HiiUimore. 

Hoiuli  and  Vmalt.  Thfre  i*  a  Knoil  turn|iiko  ro*il 
IVoin  Ualtiiiinre.  through  Cuiiilifrhiiiil  on  ihit  I'liloinac, 
III  Umuiivillt;  nil  tho  Mi)iii)iij;i«lirla  in  lVniii.jlviini*. 
'L'hiN  in  oiiu  of  iho  nhorloitt  luitl  hi-nt  rniiiniiiiiiruliniK 
liflMVPu  the  tidu-uHleruf  th«  Alluntic,  Hoilthv  nuv^a- 
liii^  wi'ttcrn  wulir*. 

Thvrc  Are  ncverul  eanali  around  (he  rallmnil  rupiiU 
in  thi!  rutomac,  lo  that  lhi«  river  it  now  navii$uble  tor 
Loatit,  at  hiji^h  up  at  C'uniberlauii. 

J'ui>Hlathn.  In  IHIH,  Maryland  cnnloiued  yso.ain 
inhubilnnlH.  More  than  one  third  of  thix  number  iiru 
ncj^rooit,  undnioro  tliuii  thn**!  qiiarlernof  the  negroetarn 
ulavcii.  Till'  ilav('<*  are  niutt  nuniurou*  in  (he  louthcru 
half  of  (ho  itatc.  In  tlii'  connlifi  bordering  on  IViin- 
•ylvauia,  llicrc  urc  live  «hiic  men  wUvm  (here  it  oiiu 

•lavf. 

lielixion.  The  Honian  Culholict  were  the  lir«t  tet- 
'itfrt  01  Maryland,  and  an-  the  niont  niinifrout  denomi- 
nation.     The  other  de iiinatiunt  are,  llpitcopaliuiM, 

HaplitU,  I*rc»bylerittii»,  FricmU,  &.(!. 

Face  of  the  Cuuiilrii.  On  llu;  eastl-rn  shore,  the  land 
it  level  and  low,  and  in  ni,»ny  pliu'in,«!overed  wilhtta^- 
iinnt  water.  On  the  ni'uliTn  HJiore,  the  liindnear  the 
bay  it  level,  but  at  you  |troc<i'd  into  the  interior,  it  bt.-- 
cooiei  unevrn  and  iiiil\,  itii.l  in  tlii'  uiotcrn  part  of  ihu 
Mate  it  mouiilainoiii.  "The  AIU'j;any  mountuintuml  the 
Blue  KidgeerosH  (he  ueiltrn  piirt  of  the  tta(e,  on  Ihi-ir 
way  from  Virginia  to  IVniisylviiiiia. 

Niiil  (1)1(1  rvuili(cli(jtt!(.  'i'JH'  Moil  it  ffcncraJly  good. 
AVhial  Hnil  tolnH-io  are  llie  prioei|»til  produiMionM.  Home 
•ottuu  it  raisicd,  but  it  it  of  uu  inferior  quality.     'I'he 


( 


k . 


T 


u  ',  I  lie  liin^itajfc*, 
eai  il)*|iiirlHiriii  i« 
i'ciahto  ami  nonr- 

rnorf,  lin«  n  h»ih\ 

H|t|)Hnklii«i  H  pro- 

ili-iil«.     IliilUmitiH 

u  ii(uil*'nt«. 

■(•Ir,  tOof  wliiuli 

mil  (iirn|)ikn  roul 

l|     (III   I  III!    I'lltlMllilf, 

ill  IViiiiojIviintti. 
>t  roiiiiniiiiirulMiiit 
II-,  mill  tlic  iiu\  ^'i- 

le  faliiKinl  rupiiU 
now  navi^uble  I'lic 

cniiUiiieil  U!iO,3in 
f  tliU  iiiiinber  iiru 
M»r  (lie  iivgriieiarn 
lUii  ill  (lie  loullicru 
iirilvriii^  oil  IViiii- 
>hfre  lliere  in  oiiu 

I  were  I  lie  fint  set- 

iiiinicrou*  ilenoiiii- 

art*,  l)|>i*coiialinii4, 

t 

l>rn  uliure,  (lie  li\iiil 
,  «!()venMl  willi  tUv^- 
tliu  liiiiil  near  lln' 
llie  iiiti'iiur.  it  lii> 
usieiii  part  of  lite 
1  iiKiuiiluiiinitiul  ilie 
I'  the  state,  uii  their 

ii  sciiornJIy  goud, 
[irniliicliuiiN.  Hoiiiu 
rior  qiialit}'.     'i'lie 


DHimrT  OF  (  OF.IMniA. 


tut 


oilii>r  pniiliirtiiiiii  nn*  Imliati  rnrii,  hpin|i  miil  tiai. 
I'riii'lii'*   it|i|ilt'«,  iimI  iiiliiT  IVuil  :iit>  ill  ifrral  jilt-iily. 

'rin*  rurolit  niMiiiiiil  »iili  Hill",  III!  Mliicli  \a%\  niiin- 
licrit  of  ««iiiif  an-  Ci-ti,  wliii'h  run  \kitil  in  (In-  uoiiil*. 
'I'lii-ir,  V  litii  i'ltiiil,  uii*  cinii^lii,  killi'il,  barritlli'il,  tiiiil 
••x|iiirlcil  in  ifrriti  i|iiiiiililic«. 

Jtiitrrdlu.  Iiiiii  urt'  ulioumU  in  vurioiu  pari*  tiT  tlit 
iitali'.     Oiiul  i*  fiiiinil  in  tlu'  >ii'iiiiiv  uf  iliitliniiirv. 

.^InniifartHviit.  Fiiniiici-it  Imu'  Ihiii  iri-i-lt'il  in  v»rl« 
on*  pl.ii'1'1  fur  ill)'  iiianiiritiMiiri'  <if  iron,  nml  inin  ware, 
(iliix,  papi-r,  ami  \vlii«ki'y  arc  uUn  iii;iili'  in  ciMHiili'rii<- 
bli' i|iiiinlilit>» )  but  (lie  prim-ipal  maniu'uclurp  ii  flour 

Ciimmrrre.      Kluur  oiiil  litbarro  an  ihr  principal  t'l< 

florin.     Halliimirc  i«  tlit^   rriilrc    uf  "oinniirri'.     Mnrjr* 
ami  it  tlie  lliiiil  »late  in  the  Uiiiun,  in  niniiuut  uf  iLip* 

Ihstnnj.  '\'\\U  trrritnrj  \*a»  cnntiilrrcil  ai  a  pari  of 
Viri^iiiia,  till  1'''3^,  \\\nn  it  \sn*  mranlcil  tn  C'rciliu* 
i.'ahcrl,  loril  of  Haltiiiiort>  iii  Irelanil.  Tliu  (lr»t  nvtlle- 
aieut  siAi  Riudu  by  a  colony  of  Uouiaa  C'atliolict. 

DISTUICT  OF  r(»LrMIUA. 

Situatum.  Tlii«  tli^lrict  ii  a  traot  of  voiintry,  t« 
mik'i  Mquare,  lying  on  bolli  Miik>*  of  the  I'otoinac,  be- 
tween 30  anil  40  niili'«  M.  W,  of  Hallimnri'.  It  >va« 
eeileil  to  llie  IJnili'il  Stale*  by  the  ululeu  of  Maryland 
and  Viri^inia,  that  it  iniglil  bccnme  llie  neat  of  ihe'licn- 
eral  (iovernment.     The  district  i»  under  the  imniediata 


government  uf  ('nngreii. 
DivUious,     The  ditlr 


Iriet  i(  diviiled  itito  2  couiitic*. 


Ci-iinfiet.  Pup.  ih  1810. 

Waihington,        10»iri 
Alexandria,  8,003 

•2^.023 


rhir/nvnt.     Pep.  in  wo, 

^Wa»hington,  h,208 

^  Gfi»ri;tlo\vn,  4,tl4» 

Alexandria,  7,2i7 


Of  (he  whole  iiopulation,  in  ISIO,  0,305  were  alaves. 


?'! 


I'       U  I 

i! 


IU2 


niHTHUT  OF  r<ir,i  Miin. 


VUiffTuwn*.  WAtMiMoruw,  ib«>  prin»i|iil  iOHn  in 
lli»  lli«lri)'l,  anil  iIh-  •cni  .iC  i^iitrriiiniMti  iil'  ilii>  I'ltiitii 
Hi»ir«,  U  nil  (III-  M,tryliliiil  «nl<'  nf  llif  i'lilnniiti*.  nil  h 
|ii»ieil  i.f  liiiil  riiriiiiril  'lijr  ilic  Jiinfiiiiii  nf  ilial  rivir  uml 
till'  Ku^lirti  lir.Mii-li.  Ii  i«  oil  iln-  miiiii  |io*i  rnml  uf  lli» 
Ifiiiti-il  Mi»if»,  nbiiiil  i(|iiiilly  ilUtiinl  rriim  iliu  iiiiriluTn 
ami  oiuiliiTii  «*ilri'miliv«  uC'llie  rmnii. 

'I'lif  fiiy  M  liiiil  tiiii  nil  It  ri'gtiliir  iiliin.  cnniliiiiing 
ciMiyfiiii<iir>M-|fi{iiiiri>,  mill  it  (rff  Pirruhliuii  nf  uir.  It 
UiliviiJt'it  mil)  <i(|iiiiri>(  lij  »|titriiiii4  vIrcfU,  or  uvi>uur4, 
ruiiiiiiii{  \.  uiitl  .H.  iiiici(i<i'tri|  liy  niht'rt  nl  riglil  niijiflr*. 
i'lifniii'ilti,  m  Uiil  oiir,  f«ii'ii'il  I'nr  j  nr  :i  niiU«  sloiiff 
biHli  lliu  r\vtt%  Wlii'ii  ihf)  «liiitl  lif  iicdipifil  willi  lino 
linililinKs  NVH«|iini(lon  tull  In- nn««  nf  ila-  liumUnmi'd, 
ami  nio«t  tnininnilinn*  i.iiii>ii  in  ilio  ttorlil.  Al  |ir«'*p|il, 
llif  liuiMi'K,  llinu^li  I'lcni.ni,  iiri>  iVw,  niiil  iiritlli'reil. 

AmuuK  "'■  I'lil'lic  liuililirigi  »ic,  |.  I'lu.  f '«/»//«/, 
■tliulvil  on  an  rniinviiri*,  cniiiniiiniliM!f  li  fini'  |iro>|ifel> 
It  u  liuilt  of  while*  fr«e  •toiii-,  [u\n  Imii  Miiif<4,  uml  mIu'H 
eom|ilflvil,  willhfa  nin<l  inuKi>ili<  >'*'<  I'llirHi'.  i.  I'liu 
t'rfiiileiil'H  tliiunf,  an  p|«•^Hnl  t(lirnM'  nf  »lnni',  J  tlniii'* 
IiikIij  .1.  Fniir  «|iiicioui«  brick  llllllllin^..  iifiir  ilii*  IVt-ii. 
denfi  liouio,  coiiliiiiiinif  nftici'*  for  llii-  IIihiI*  nf  l)c|iiirt* 
nieut.  4.  The  Uiiieral  I'oU  Onice,  a.  Tlii-  Nnvy 
V«ril.  ' 

The  nnmhi'r  of  iiikttliiiiinli*  in  idiu,  na«  H.rfos,  of 
whom  «,.i(i»  wtrtf  uliivti.  Wtnliinmnn  in  Wb3  niili<» 
from  the  mouih  of  ike  t'olumuc,  by  the  cour«c  uf  lh« 
riviT. 

Oforfi^toun  11  on  Ihe  Murjlnntl  niilv  of  lhi>  l>«»l«niaet 
3  mill'*  \V.  nrWimhiimtnii.  |l  i«  iileatunlly  •ilUHtctl, 
tnil  it  a  |tlact!  of  tMinniilfralili*  liaili>. 

Jilexaudrin  in  il  inilcn  M.  of  Wit.,hinnl.»n,  on  Uii-  Vir- 
irinia  liilf  (iflhc  I'olniiiHC.  Il  ix  cnnvi'iiiunlly  mliiitletl 
fbr  cnmmiTOc.  In  IH1«,  ii  ovwuti  ii.Htl  ton*  of  >.hin- 
pinij.  uml  rnrrii*!!  nn  I'lin^iiU'ritiili'  iraUe. 

hdiirniiou.  'rhiTf  it  u  Kninan  Caihnlic  Coll.  ^o  nt 
0«-nrt{.ti>HM.  Il  hill  iilioiil  l.')(i  stmliMiN,  u  lil.rary  nl* 
7,0UU  vujuffica,  uniJ  a  vuluttblv  philotuithicul  ttpiiurtituf . 


St*        _^ 


MUI.\. 

prinri|ul  (<)Hn  in 
iiMil  III'  I  In-  I  Dili'ii 
III'  I'lilniiiiti',  nil  H 
I  iif  llial  rivrr  iiimI 
ill  iiiml  ronii  uf  lli» 
rriiiii  lliu  imrilifrii 
I. 

r  iiliin.  «iiiiiliiiiin;f 
Mi'iiliiiii  iif  uir.  It 
IrfvU,  iir  uvi'iiuc*, 
*r«  at  right  nntflri. 
a  iir  a  niilf  4  «iuii>{ 
iir('ii|iii-il  uilli  lino 

f  lllf  Ihlllliaiiliit'il, 
orlil.  At  |irt'>ftil, 
«iiil  uritlit'ri'it 
,  I.  I'hf  Caititiil, 
[  K  niii'  |iri).|M-c). 
)  Ming*,  ami  ulicri 
t  riliiicv.  J,  'I'lio 
ifi«tiirii>,  J  i)lniif« 
l^«.  iKMir  till*  I'rc'gi- 

!  ll('Htf»lll'l)l>|Mtrt- 

I.      0.  Till'  \rtvy 

U,  ttn*  H,i{OS,  of 
;loii  i»  -Vb}  m'\Wt 
tliu  cour«c'  uf  tb« 

\v  of  liit.>  I'utttniac, 

tIMtUlllly     tllUKtVll, 

ifliiii,  on  till'  Vir- 

ii'iiiutilly   Milindetl 

sti  iflns  ol'  uliip' 

|p 

ihiilic    Cullr!{e  nt 

'III*,  It    liliriuy  <>r 

pliicul  appurtttui' 


MOI  TIIKHN  HTA  IM. 


80UTHKRN  8TATr:«. 


10.1 


Silimlltm.  Th«  NiMitliprn  Hiair*  «rp  ltin«»  «vliirh  li« 
iiiMili  ut'iliA  i'iili)iniii<,  iinil  uliirli  linrili'r  villier  uii  tlto 
AllMiilif  OrfHii.  or  Mil'  fjiill'iir  Mmini. 

»\)tm»t.  'I'hry  nr*  7  in  iiiiiiilirr,  viit  Virginia,  Nitrlli 
('ariiliMii,  Hoiilh  Cttruliiiii,  (Jrorifin,  AlnliHinn.  Mi««i*> 
■ip|)i,  nml  l.iiiii*i«itA.  Tlif  llr<t  fuiir  uri>  on  iho  AtlaiUic ) 
llic  liMl  llirri-,  lilt  ilif  (Itijf  of  Mciicn. 

/•«i>  iifthii  counlrv.  I'hv  Intel  orcotinlry  aloni|  ^^'• 
■riiriiHft  of  ||ii<  mIioU  •ertinii,  ia  m  luw  vanity  plain,  rle> 
valfil  liiit  litllnabuvrlhe  lf\p|  nrilieiicKati.  Tlifwiillli 
of  llii*  Iriici  in  ■oni«>  place*  i»  IKO  miU'«  H>i<-k  iirilil«, 
thp  foiiniry  ritet  into  liilli,  unil  ill  Ia>iI  inlu  uiiiiiiiiiiina. 
'1  III'  Hill  Country  on  llii*  inHut  i«  eiiiinnoitly  riillfd  lit* 
I.IIIV  I'ountrif  f  ani4  llii*  back  country,  lb«  (///yiir  or  £//)• 
land  i-ouniry. 

Hail.  Till'  low  country  i«i  rhii  fly  ii  canity  iiine-burrcn. 
The  |irinci|>iil  fti-fplion  u  the  biiMknorilif  riviT»,  uliii-h 
in  miinv  intiancit  urn  fertile.  'I'bt'  u|i|ii>r  country  hua 
gtMH-rull)  a  giiuU  «uil. 

I'ruttuftionn.  In  the  norlhi'rn  purl  of  thin  m-clioii 
whftt!  mill  lobacro  ari>  thi>  |iriiu-i|)iii  iirotluctioiM  )  inlhfl 
luuilii-rn  piirt,  rifi>,  cotton  nml  nugar. 

Vlimntf  The  winter  i»  niiltl  ami  iilvanant  (  but  lh« 
«'iiiiiniT,  in  tlie  low  country,  i^  hot  iiml  niilii'nilli),  iiml 
fni(iii-nlly  proM-H  I'atnl  lo  olniogiT*.  'I'lio  mnii'lbi  of 
July,  Au!(UMl  Hiiil  ^S(•ptl•Hlbl•r  tiie  euli<-(l,  in  the  luw 
GouMlty.  liif  Nickly  nt'iuon. 

Hh\'i%  AlmuMi  all  ilic  hImvcm  in  tlio  Fniteil  Hlutet 
*ri»  ill  |Im«  neulioM.  Thiy  nrc  numt  nuinciniii,  in  ilie  low 
counir),  itlicrc  ihi' iliniiilc  in  ho  hnl  (hut  white  nivu 
fri'«|Ufnlly  caniiut  lubur  with  nafuty. 

VIlKilMA. 

Sitmlinn.  Vlrginin  in  bnumled  on  Ibr  N".  by  I'enn* 
•ylviiiiii;  on  lh<<  \.  K  by  M.irylitiiil.  riuiii  wlnuh  il  !« 
■rpiiruietJ  by  I'uluinuo  river;  on  ihu  L.  by   (Jhciupvaku 


i 


$ 


'I  I 


<i 


lot 


VIRGINIA. 


bay;ontltjS.  by  North  Cumliiin,  froin  uliicli  il  in 
)t)>|)urul(il  liy  ll,(«  pardllel  of  an''  30'  N.  I.ttiiude;  on  tlic, 
W.  by  ki'ntucky  J  uiiil  on  the  N.  W.  by  Ohio<  rrom 
Mliicb  il  is  !«c|iunil('(!  by  IIil-  river  Ohio. 

Vi'^giniu  in  ibf  lni'i;j(>4t  hIuIu  in  the  Union.  Il  in  n» 
Ihi^i*  iih  the  six  .\l>w  Kii^lnnil  Stiitus,  tukLMi  together. 

Itivisivns.     Virginia  in  iliyidcd  into  100  countieit. 

Ccuiilii't.  jVo.  inha'.itantt- 

Oreenville,  0,803 

Giles,  3,r+5 

Ilulirttx,  S2,ia3 

Hiiinpitbire,  b,78'l' 

Ilnnnvcr,  13,082 

llardj,  !i,!52S 

Harrison,  0,9()8 

Henrico,  9,tt4a 

Henry,  0,611 

Inle  (if  Wi^ht,  9,186 

James  city,  4,0tt4 

.TelTerson,  11,641 

Kanhawa,  3,S0ff 
King  n.id  Queen,    Jto,088 

King  George,  6,434 

King  William,  0,28S 

Lancaster,  fi,092 

Lee,  4,694 
Lewig, 

Loudon,  Sl.SSS 

LouJsa,  11,900 

Lunenburg,  12,269 

Madison,  8,.381 

Matthewg,  4,227 

Mecklenburg,  18,453 

Middlesex,  4,414 

Monongali'i,  12,793 

Mouroe,  5,444 

Moutgornerj,  *i,ioa 

Ma«n,  1,991 

Nuiisoinohd,  10,32'^ 

New  Kent,  «,478 


Cuuntiet.          JS'n. 

inhabitauls. 

AecoRinr, 

iff,:4J 

Albemaile, 

18,20 '3 

/Lnieliu, 

10,091' 

Amherst, 

10,048 

Auguitta, 

14,308 

Bath, 

4,837 

I             Bedibru, 

16,148 

Berktey, 

11,479 

Botetourt, 

13301 

Brooke, 

0,843 

Brunswick, 

10,41 ; 

Buckingham^ 

^0,00'.» 

\             Campbellj 

17,001 

Caroline, 

17,544 

Charles  city. 

0,180 

\             Charlotte, 

13,161 

CheaterGeld, 

9,979 

Cumberland, 

9,992 

Culpepper, 

IS. 9  67 

Cabell, 

2717 

Dinwiddie, 

12.524 

Elizabeth  city, 

Essgex, 

3,608 

9,376 

Fauqi'ier, 

22,689 

Fairfax, 

13,111 

Fluvanna, 

4,775 

Fre<'erick, 

2^,074 

Franklin, 

10,724 

Gloucegter, 

10,427     ! 

Goochland, 

10.20 

!.            Grayson, 

4,94  >      , 

Grcepbriir, 

6,91*     1 

T  ♦ 

Li* 

^ 

^ 

^ 


i«(!AuAkr*fi*^'~i'^*^  ^-^ 


fro  in    uliicli    il   i^ 
^.  l.ttitudc;  on  tlic 
tV.    by   ()hi(K  fiDiH 
id. 
:    Union.      It   18   RK 

tukiMi  In^etlier. 
3  100  cuuntie*. 


No. 

inhaiititntt. 

rillc, 

0,803 

3,7+3 

«. 

ii2,M3 

Iiire, 

b,78+ 

T, 

15,083 

) 

a,!i2S 

an, 

0,908 

»> 

9,049 

0,611 

Wisht, 

9,186 

city, 

4,0U* 

)ti, 

11,641 

wu, 

3,806 

•id  Queen,    Jto,088 
icorge,  6,434 

Villium,  9,285 

e,S92 
4,0  94 


Iter, 


•» 
> 

)n, 
3ni)urg, 

'<t'X, 

Sali'i, 

"ntry, 

» 

nond, 

;ei>t, 


21,338 
11,900 
12,269 

8,381 

4,2ir 
18,433 

4,414 
12,793 

5,444 

s,ioa 

1,991 

10,32^ 

0,478 


I 


4     ' 

VIRGINIA. 

ins 

Counlut.           No.  inhaiiianls. 

Couillift.           Nit.  inh 

il'ilantt. 

NirhoUnn, 

Ito'tkingliaiu, 

12,733 

Norfolk  vuiinty, 

13,679 

KuxKCl, 

0,310 

Niirtliampton, 

7,474 

Hcott, 

Nurtliumberland, 

8.3U8 

Slicnandonli, 

lO.f.  16 

Noltowuy, 

9.278 

8oulliani|iioii, 

i;;,+u7 

NeUon, 

9,(>S|. 

KjiotHylvuniu, 

13,2<.)0 

Ohio, 

d,l'fl 

i^ilnll'iird, 

«,sao 

Oranfjo, 

12.323 

i'urry. 

0,833 

I'alric-k, 

4, ♦'.'J  a 

Hnsitex, 

It, {62 

I'endlvloii. 

•},239 

THZfrtull, 

3,007 

I'ittsylvHhiii, 

t7.l72 

'r,ler, 

I'ovvlialan, 

8,072 

NViirwirk, 

1.833 

I'rcslon. 

Wii»liinglon, 

12,1.16 

Prince  lidivard, 

13,109 

Weslmortlo'id, 

S,IS1 

Princess  Anne, 

9,198 

Wood, 

3,036 

Prince  William, 

,311 

WytJie, 

8,336 

Prince  (ieorgc, 

8,030 

York, 

8,137 

Uandiiljili, 

2.S,14 

Ciiy  of  Riclimond 

,    9.733 

Rieiiniond  connty, 

0,214 

Viirlolk  iiorougli. 

9,193 

Hockbridge, 

10,318 

Petersburg, 

3,008 

•  Total,       974,622 

.^louutttins.  Tlie  Allc£;iiny  mountains  \n\%%  (hrniigh 
I  he  western  ptrt  of  the  BtiUe,  from  IS.  SV.  to  N.  K. 
They  cou»i»l  of  several  rittiiiics.  The  ninin  range  pUititeR 
between  the  sources  of  '  James  and  Kanhawa  rivern. 
The  Blue  Ridge  i<t  eaot  of  the  main  range,  nnd  iiarHJiel 
-villi  it.  The  peaks  of  OlttT,  in  the  BImc  Ridge,  are 
4,000  feet  liigh.  und  are  tin-  highest  land  in  the  slate. 

JVatiirid  JJivision.  The  Blue  Ridge  passcH  from  K  W. 
to  N.  K.  through  the  centre  of  the  slate,  dividing  it  into 
two  parts,  nearly  eqiiul. 

Face  oj  the  count r If.  The  country  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  is  high  nnd  mrnniuinnus.  On  the  e.^st  of  the 
ridge,  it  is  at  first  hilly,  hut  soon  spread*  out  into  a  low, 
fiftt  pounlry,  which  extends  to  the  seacoant. 

Rivers.  The  Fotumac,  on  the  M.  K.  i»  the  bonndary 
aeiween  Virginia  aud  Maryland.  The  Ohio,  on  the  N. 
W»  acimralcs  Virginia  from  the  slate  of  Ohio.    Th« 


■! 


I^Wifll        I 


■' 


^ 


lOG 


Vjn(;!N!A. 


Via-  Sntntif.  on  tlie  W.  it  the  boiindar)  ljt't«cen  Virrfiiia 
ninl  Koiitiicky. 

Th"  iiriiK'ipal  rivor*  wliicfi  I'inpiv  inio  Tliomppake 
buy.  Iit'»i<|i  „  the  r<(toiii:i»;,  ur  •  ihi*  Itnppaliannock.  I'ork; 
and  J«HiPs  rivers.  The  Hipimliaiinock  mid  York  liolli 
risi'  uti  ilii>  (M<»|  of  ihf  IJIiii'  llidgis  nnd  |itirniie  n  »ou(h. 
ea»tl  course  to  the  lieNHiiOHko.  The  Jaiiie*  ri»e»i  on  iho 
wettf  dideof  ihe  Blue  lliil^e,  and  breuking  throii^^h  the 
BiounlHiiH.  I  iirxnen  h  course  iinuth  of  eaut,  und  vmnticii 
inio  the  nouthern  cxlremily  of  Clic*a|jeukc  buy,  li  i*  a 
great  river. 

'A  he  prineipul  river*  in  the  wenlern  part  of  llie  ulate 
are,  the  Jlig  Saudi/,  the  Great  fCatihaica.  und  the  Little 
Kauhttwat  «il  of  which  empty  info  the  Ohio, 

'I'he  S/iemudanh  is  a  branch  of  the  Fotomttc.  It  emp- 
ties at  Harper's  ferry,  63  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of 
WttHhin^lon.  Tlie  Jppnmntox  is  the  principal  nouliiern 
brnnchof  James  river.  The  Roanoke  is  foriiied  near 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  state,  by  the  union  of  the 
Dan  und  the  Staunton;  but  ii  soon  passes  into  North 
Carolina.  The  Chowan  also,  a  river  of  North  Carolina, 
'  rises  in  this  slate. 

Swamp.  The  Dismal  Sifamp  is  south  of  Norfolk, 
near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  state.  It  is  30  miles 
long,  and  in  broad,  and  extends  into  North  Carolina. 

Chief  Towns.  liicHMOND,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
beautifully  situated,  on  the  north  side  of  James  rirer, 
150  miles  from  its  mouth,  just  below  the  falls.  It  is 
well  situated  for  commerce,  being  on  a  great  river,  nt 
(he  head  of  tide  water,  and  having  an  extensive  back 
country,  ubounding  with  tobacco,  wheat,  hemp  und  coal. 
A  canal  arouird  the  falls  has  been  opened,  which  makes 
the  river  navigable  for  boats  330  miles  above  the  city. 
The  growth  of  Itichmond  has  been  very  rapid  In 
4800,  the  population  was  3,739;  in  I8t0,  it  was  9,788} 
and  in  1818,  il  wus  estimated  at  13,000. 

Among  the  public  bui[din!>g  are  the  ea]tilol,  or  state- 
house,  a  penitentiary,  an  armory,  and  an  elegant  Epis- 
copal church,  eallecl  the  Monumental  Church,  '{his 
church  was  erected  on  the  ruios  of  a  Theatre,  which, 
in  December^  1811,  was  consumed  by  fire  during  aa 


T 


n 

h 
I. 

ri 
w 
ti 

ft 

ti 

hi 


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bt 
th 
m 
of 
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ve 
lai 

14 
It 

an 
th 

ini 
bel 
T»i 
ou 

] 
Kli 


'W:j»-^'iv*4bi(*i»atfi«w4«r^fe 


Iifluccn  Virgtiiia 

inio  riiexnppnkc 
ipaliannuck.  J  orA-, 
!k  mill  York  l)ot)i 
I  imrMiie  n  kouIIi- 
Faiiien  ii«c>H  on  llio 
kini;  throii!;;li  the 
'a«l,  unil  vnipticn 
;uke  bay,     li  i*  a 

pari  of  llie  ulale 
.'<!.  und  tiie  Little 
Ohio. 

otomne.  It  emp> 
cut  of  the  rily  of 
trincipHlsoiiliiern 
•  i*  fonneil  Honr 
the  union  of  the 
i»»e»  into  North 
f  North  Cnrolinay 

)uthor  Norfolk, 

It    is   30  miles 
orth  Curolina. 
)f  government,  is 

of  Jnmes  rirer, 
he  fails.  It  is 
I  great  river,  nt 

exlennivc  back 
,  hemp  und  coal, 
d,  which  makes 

above  the  city. 

very  rapid  In 
0,  it  was  9,780  i 

apitol,  or  §tate* 
in  olegHnt  Upig> 
Church.  Hm 
Thenlre,  which, 
fire  during  aa 


VIRGINIA. 


107 


exhibition,  and  the  govrrnor  of  the  state,  with  70  res- 
l»citHbic  )  iti/.('M«(.  pcrirthcd  in  the  flnm.  .i. 

•A'oi/o/A-,  near  lli<-  NouiheuHt  corner  ..fthe  Mlute,  in  on 
the  eaisi  bunk  of  Kliztibeih  river,  a  few  milcH  before  its 
cnirrtnce  into  Himpton  Road.  The  harbor  is  unfe, 
ciiniin.Mliou«,  and  lar«c  .n.-i.^'h  to  contain  ^00  nhips. 
XXoiloik  has  more  foreign  coniniHrce  thun  any  other  town 
in  the  slate.     P<i|inlmion  in  1810,  9,1;  3. 

Petersburg.  2b  mile,  S.  of  Ru  hmond,  is  on  the  Anno, 
muiox  hcloa  the  fHllH,  u  mile*  from  \h  mouth,  at  i\w 
fjeail  ol  liuvi-rtlion  for  l«ri{e  ve^eln.  |t  carries  on  a 
Urge  eonimi  ree  in  lobacn.  and  flour.  It  i^  the  emno- 
rininofa  considerul.le  dintriet  in  North  Carolina,  as 
well  H,  of  the  «onlhern  part  of  Virginia.  Its  popula- 
tion in  itjio,  was  0,6«8. 

Freder'cksbnrg  \n  on  the  Rappahannock,  below  the 
fallH,  110  inileH  from  it«  month,  at  the  head  of  nHvim- 
tion.  Largequantiiiesorcorn.  flour,  and  tobaeeo  are 
brought  Irom  ihe  surrounding  country,  and  exported 
rom  this  town. 

Lynchburg  is  120  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  on  James 
river,  20  miles  below  the  great  fulN,  where  the  river 
breakH  ihrongh  the  Bine  Ridge.  From  its  situation,  at 
the  bead  ot  navigation,  it  has  beconte  the  centre  of  com- 
merce for  the  neighbouring  districts,  and  a  large  extent 
•f  country  west  of  the  moniitains.  Tobacco,  flour, 
liemn,&c.  are  lirought  here,  in  Inr-e  quaniitien,  and  con- 
veyed down  the  river  in  boats  to  Riehmond  The  popu- 
lation  in  1818  was  estimated  at  8.S0O 

Forktoun,  or  Fork,  on  the  south  Hide  of  York  river 
14  miles  from  its  mouth,  has  lhehei«t  harbor  in  Virginia' 
It  IS  famous  as  the  place  where  lord  Corn>vulli«  hii.I  his 
army  were  captured,  on  the  19th  of  October,  1781,  by 
the  united  forces  of  France  and  America. 

JHount  Vernon,  the  celebrated  seal  of  General  Wash- 
ingion,  is  pleasantly  siti/ated  on  the  Fotomnc,  9  miles 
below  Alexandria.  Mmticello,  the  deat  of  the  Hon. 
Thomas  Jeftersun,  is  aliont  80  miles  N.  W.  of  Richmond, 
ou  a  branch  of  James  river. 

fyiUiamabiirg  iH  1 2^iilrs  W.  of  York.  Gosport  i*  on 
Klizabelh  river,  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  Norfolk.    It 


;■(     w 


too 


VIRGINIA. 


■ 


ponteiitm  art  ITniloil  Stale*'  Navy  Van!,  Jamesloun  in 
on  an  inlumi  in  James  river,  Hi  niilen  from  iu  nuMilh. 
It  \vtt«  formerly  a  place  of  impnrtnnci',  Iml  is  now  in 
ruinn.  Le.vingtnn,  the  cajiital  of  Uoi'khri(l;;e  eotmty, 
in  wc»t  of  llie'lMiie  Ri<l^i',38  milts  N.W.  of  l.yiichluir?. 
CAnnoffpsrJ//*,  tlie  capital  of  Alliemiirle  oouiily,  i*  bl, 
niileN  N.  W.  of  Riclimond,  on  a  lirHOcli  of  James  river. 
WrtUH^oH  in  in  the  centre  of  llie  «tutc,  JO  miles  N.W. 
of  Charlotiefivillo. 

Education.  Thin  stale  has  a  literary  fnnil,  llie  inter- 
est of  which  is  appropriated  to  the  support  of  schools 
anil  colleges.  The  amount  of  the  fun«f  in  1817,  was 
gtt  3,808,  and  the  interest  about  860,000  per  annum. 
Uflhiksum  S43,000  have  been  appropriated  by  the 
le^i«lalure,  to  the  support  6f  common  schools,  and 
Jtl8,000  to  the  support  of  the  University  of  Vira;inia. 

The  University  of  Virginia  was  incornornted  in  isio, 
and  estttblislied  nl  Charlottesville,  in  Albemarle  county, 
hesides  the  University,  there  are  three  colleges  in  thia 
stale ;  IViUiam  and  J\Iari/,  at  Wijlinra<burg ;  Washing- 
ton  college,  at  Lexington;  and  Hampden  Sidney,  in 
Prince  Kdward  county,  89  miles  S.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Canals,  In  the  soiilbeaslern  part  of  the  slate  there  is 
a  canal,  connecting  Chesapeake  bay  with  Albemarle 
Hound  in  North  Carolina.  It  partes  Ihiough  Dismal 
Swamp.  Canals  have  been  made  round  the  fnlls  and 
rapids  of  the  I'otomae,  which  huve  made  it  navigalde 
lo  Cumberland,  nearly  200  miles  above  Washini-'ton. 
There  are  canals  around  the  falls,  at  lh">  month  of  ihe 
Shenandoah,  which  make  that  river  nnvigable  for  JOO 
miles.  There  is  a  canal  around  the  fulls  in  Ihe  Appo- 
matox,  which  has  opened  the  navigation  on  that  river, 
for  80  miles  above  Petersburg. 

The  Board  of  Public  Works  in  Virginia,  have  report- 
ed in  favour  of  a  canal,  which  shall  connect  James 
river  willi  the  Ohio.  8uch  a  canal,  would  make  (he 
towns  on  James  river,  the  centre  of  commerce  for  a  large 
■ectinn  of  the  western  country. 

Population.  In  1810,  Virginia  contained  or4,022  in- 
habitants, of  whom  423.088  were  negroes.  About  three 
fonrlhs  of  the  pnpi'lalion  live  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 


li 
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81 

m 

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ti 

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II 

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ci 

C 
I 

tl 


VIROINIA. 


art!,  Jamestoitn  is 
en  from  ilH  nioiith. 
tntiri',  hill  it  nnw  in 
Uockhri(l;;e  roiinly, 
V.  W.  of  l.yiichluirt;. 
miirlc  roiiiily,  it  hi 
iicli  of  James  river. 
I',  40   miles  N.  W. 

rnry  fiinil,  (lie  iiiler- 
Bupnort  of  nelinols 
fun(f  in  1817,  was 
)eo,no()  per  nnnum. 
ipprnpriKteil  by  the 
nimnn  Hclinolii,  and 
Tsily  of  Virs^inia. 
iicorpornted  in  1810, 
n  Alliemarle  county. 
Jircc  colleges  in  lliit 
am'iliurg ;  IVaHhing' 
fatnpdrn   Sidney,   in 

W.  of  Riehmoiid. 
(  of  the  state  there  is 
my  wiih  Albemarle 
ses  thioiigh  Dismal 
!  round  the  falls  and 
e   made  it  navigable 

above  Washinirlon. 
at  till'  mouth  of  the 
•r  navigable  for  JOO 
ie  fulls  in  the  Appo- 
igaiinn  un  that  river, 

Kir^lnia,  have  repart- 
shall  connect  James 
nal,  would  make  (he 
'commerce  for  a  large 

contained  or4,622  in- 
[legroes.  About  three 
ist  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 


I 


tet 


In  this  part  of  the  stale  the  slaves  arc  vi^ry  niimerons} 
but  MCkit  of  the  Htue  Kidge,  there  are  seven  wbile  men 
where  there  is  one  slave.  Virginia  is  one  of  ihe  old 
•tales,  and  furnishes  a  great  many  emigrauN  In  the 
newlpr  ssltlcd  countries  in  the  west. 

thntoru.  Virginia  was  sel'led  emlicr  than  any  olhel- 
of  the  United  Slates.  The  first  |.erindncnt  selileineul 
was  made  bv  an  Knglish  colony,  at  Jatneslown,  in  ICOX 

In  1732,  Washingloii  was  born. 

Virginia  was  highly  distinguished  for  Ihe  resislance 
sh«  made,  when  a  colony,  to  the  encro(>ehmenl'4  of  the 
mother  country.  The  revolutionary  war  terminated  at 
Yorklown  in  this  slate,  by  the  surrender  of  the  Urilish 
army,  under  lord  Curnvvallis,  tu  the  united  forces  of 
France  and  America. 

Udigion.  Virginia  was  first  sotlled  by  Kpisropalians, 
and  for  a  long  lime,  Ihey  were  the  prevulenl  denomina- 
tion. They  are  still  numerous  unioiig  the  old  seille* 
ujenls  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

The  most  numerous  deiiominaliuns  at  present  are, 
Baptists,  Mjlhodist*,  and  IVesbjIeriaiis.  The  Proby- 
terians  are  prineipally  wet>|  of  the  Blue  Itidge. 

Manners  and  Customs.  On  I  he  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
the  inhabitants  are  principally  piaiilers.  In  lliis  part 
of  the  state  each  niiui  eoinmonly  lives  on  his  own 
plantation,  in  an  independent  style,  kurmiiniled  by  bis 
slaves.  On  the  west  of  ibc  ridge  ihcre  are  few  slaves. 
Labor  is  there  performed  Ly  the  whites,  us  in  the 
uorthern  slates. 

Mineral  Springs.  The  Hot  s/jrin"-  is  in  Balli  poumIv, 
about  00  miles  S.  VV.  of  Isiaunion.  Tbe  m  ah-rs,  nl  soine 
seasons,  are  hot  enough  lo  buit  an  egg.  IJerhii'i/  >.pringSf 
near  the  Polomac,  110  miles  N.  W  of  Wa^liicigion,  lue 
much  resorted  to  by  ihe  gay  niid  fashionable,  as  w.!!  us 
by  invalids.  There  arc  sulphur  s|iringH  in  (jreeiibriar 
county,  .Montgomery  oountv,  and  some  oilier  placett. 

JVaiural  Curiosities.  I'he  J\'alural  tr/J/ye  over 
Cedar  creek,  in  Rotkbrldge  eoui;ly,  12  miles  S.  W.  of 
Lexington,  is  on»  of  llie  nioi,!  woiidiTlul  euriooiliis  in 
Ihe  world.  The  river  at  iliit  place,  runs  (brongb  a  gnp 
or  chasm  'a  »  hill.  Tlie  chasm  is  m  fctt  wide  at  tbe 
10 


I  u 


fuglUll^ 


110 


VIROINIA. 


top,  «50  feet  deep,  Mnd  tlie  «ide»  almost  perpeiiilicular. 
Th«  briilKf!  ■»  forou'd  by  a  huge  rork,  lliiovvn  compJeteJy 
•ero8«  lliid  oliuHfn  at  the  top.  The  rock  which  forini 
the  bridge,  i*  flo  feet  broad  iii  the  middle,  and  ii  covered 
wilh  eurlh  and  ireek.  It  farmi  a  rnont  •ubiiine  gpecla- 
ele,  when  yon  look  up  at  it  from  the  mnrKin  of  the  river. 

IHowiiiff  cave  in  in  one  of  the  ridge*  of  the  Allegany 
muuiiluin*  ll  II*  a  hole,  about  loo  feet  in  diameter,  in 
the  lidc  of  a  hill,  from  which  a  current  of  air  eonliuu- 
ally  iinue*,  mnwig  enough  to  prostrate  weedi  at  the 
diRtance  of  (VO  feet. 

J/flf/ison's  cave,  in  near  the  eenlre  of  the  Btale,  a  few 
niileit  N.  E.  of  Staunton,  ll  i*  in  the  iide  of  a  hill,  and 
einnds  into  the  earth  about  300  feet.  There  it  another 
cave  in  the  northern  part  of  the  •tate,  on  the  top  of  a 
mountain.  You  at  firm  go  down  30  or  40  feet  as  into  a 
i»ell,  and  then  proceed  horizontally  about  400  feet. 
The  jtatixage  ia  from  20  to  00  feet  wide,  a.  d  high 
enough  for  n  short  man  to  walk  without  stooping. 

The  piistta};**  of  the  Potomac  through  the  Blui'  Ridge, 
at  Harper's  ferry,  is  celebrated  as  a  beautiful  and  »ah. 
lime  ttneelacle. 

Soil.     As  respects  ioil,  Virginia  may  be  divided  into 

4  section*. 

1.  The  low  country,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state, 
is  sandy  and  barren,  exeept  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 
S.  Between  the  low  euunlry  and  the  Ulue  Hidge.  the 
land  is  alternately  barren  and  fertile.  «.  Between  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  the  mam  range  of  the  Allegany  monn- 
lains,  it  is  a  fertile  valley.  4.  West  of  this,  it  is  wild 
and  broken,  in  some  parts  fertile,  but  generally  barrel. 

Production*.  The  staiile  productions  of  Virginia  arc 
wheat  and  tnbaceo.  Indian  corn,  rye,  hemp,  flax,  Stc. 
are  extensively  cultivated. 

JSlinrrah.  Coal,  of  an  excellent  fjtinlily,  is  found  in 
abundance,  on  the  bank*  of  JauRs  nver,  near  Itich- 
rnond.  Iron,  coal,  lead  and  sail  abound  west  of  ihe 
Blue'Ridi;e. 

Mimifact'i^es.  Guns,  swords,  and  pistols  are  made 
at  the  armory  in  Richmond,  and  iron  works  are  e«.tab- 
tishad  in  various  parts  of  liuf  state. 


1 


awaafciiWtMmiii  tri  nmni- 


p'll 
do 

exi 

BOI 


^ 


eo 

Cci 

M 

Ut 
B« 
Cu 
Ge 
8u 
¥t 
W 
Ci 
Gr 
Gr 
Bu 
Ra 
M 
Bu 
Ec 
Be 
W 
Cc 
Ru 
Di 
Ro 
Re 
W 
Ire 
Gu 


i 


nn*i  perpfiirficular. 
,  lliroMii  compiett'iy 
rnck  which  forini 
ildle,  and  ii  covered 
lofil  iiililiine  ipccia* 
nariciii  of  the  river, 
en  of  the  Allegany 
feet  in  diameter,  in 
rent  of  air  euntiuu- 
rate  weedi   at  the 

of  the  Rtate,  a  few 
e  aide  of  a  hill,  and 
There  it  another 
lie,  on  the  tup  of  a 
or  40  feet  as  into  a 
ly  about  400  feet. 
>et  wide,  Hi  d  high 
loul  itooping. 
igh  the  Blue  Ridge, 
k  beautiful  and  tuh- 

iiay  be  divided  into 

n  part  of  the  itate, 
lankii  of  (he  rivers, 
he  Blue  Hidge.  the 
e.  H.  Between  Ihe 
(he  Allegany  moun- 
Rl  of  this,  it  is  wild 
lit  generiill)  barrel, 
inna  of  Virginia  arc 
rye,  hemp,  flux,  Stc. 

f|tinlity.  is  found  in 
8  liver,  near  Itich- 
tbouiid  went  of  the 

d  pititols  are  made 
i)i{  works  ure  es.tab* 


NORTH  CAROr.lV  V. 

Commf.rcn.  Tobacco  and  llfiur  are  the  principal  e«- 
piiris.  Virginia  o\vn«  very  liUlf  ahippiiim  I'lie  pro- 
duce of  her  planlulion*  i*  exported,  lo  ii  coiiHidfrtible 
exieni,  in  vesiels  belonging  to  the  iuurclianl«  of  (h» 
■orlhern  slates. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Situal'wn,  Norih  Caro 
ciiiia ;  E.  by  the  .\llantic 
W.  by  Tennessee. 


Divisions. 

In   1810,  tl 

counties. 

Countit:       No. 

qf  inhnhilanli. 

Moore, 

6,3nr 

UaywoHd, 

2.780 

Beaufort, 

7,303 

Cabarras^ 

(1,108 

Gates, 

0,909 

Surry, 

10,366 

Fraaklin, 

10,160 

Washington, 

3,464 

Currituc, 

6,tt80 

Green, 

4,867 

Qranville, 

10,076 

Buncombe, 

9,277 

Randolph^ 

10,113 

Montgomery, 

8,480 

Burke, 

11,007 

Edgeeomb, 

12,433 

Bertie, 

11,218 

Warren, 

11,004 

Colnmbus, 

3,023 

Rutherford, 

13,203 

Duplin, 

7,863 

Rockingham, 

10,310 

Robeson, 

7.628 

Wayne, 

8,087 

Iredell, 

10,972 

Guilford, 

11,420 

linais  bounded.  N.  by   Vir- 
}  tf.  by  Houtli  Carolina;  and 

i«  stale  was  divided  into  6S 


Countui.       tfo.  of  inhubitantt. 

Atiiion, 

8,831 

Oiiabtvv, 

6,669 

(.'ui4well, 

11,707 

iVrsuu, 

6,643 

Nitsh, 

7,268 

Orange, 
Martin, 

30,130 

0,987 

Craven, 

13,676 

Brunswick, 

4,778 

Camden, 

0,347 

Pill, 

9,169 

New  Hanover, 

11,460 

Sampson, 

0,630 

Carierel, 

4,823 

Jones, 

4,968 

Tyrrel, 

3,361i 

Perquimans, 

6,003 

Richmond, 

6,690 

Halifax, 

lfl,620 

Chatham, 

12,997 

Bladen, 

0,671 

Wuke, 

17,080 

Stokes, 

1 1,640 

Pasquotank, 

7,674 

Cumberland, 

9,382 

Nortiiamptun, 

13,083 

wJttMiwaiBi. 


'— ^w  ijfcu-*... 


tit 


NOHIH  CAIIOU.VA. 


CoHiittri. 

s,. 

»/ 

inhaliU  wiu. 

Wilks 

tt.Oj* 

Akh, 

3,0U» 

liCMoiri't 

6,a:i 

Joliii«r>ii, 

••Hiir 

riiOMHli, 

0,  .'U7 

Ruwaii, 

3l,JtJ 

Caiiniirt        So.  ^ inhabilanti 
llnli'oril,  ft.o.is 

I.HM-oln,  tA,a09 

iMi'«kleHburg,         l»,3Tj 

Total      0AA,ao«> 


Cfl/BM.  'I'hf  ilirci»  priuci|iitl  enp««  arc  Ctipp  I[ult»ra$, 
CajH'  Loiikuttt  mimI  ('«/;«?  i'Vflr.  All  nflliifm  ure  dnnurr- 
•II*  Id  mnriiitTi.  |iitrlii'iilarly  ('ape  IIiiiUtii*.  'I'he 
wenllivr  it  f'rrr|)ii'iit!y  iriuiiLHiijau*,  niiii  niauy  a  g^u<} 
vetiiel  liMH  lifn  Hlii|»\tri>Rkeil  tlifrc. 

Inlands  'I'lic  «ht>l«»  citaitJ  in  linril  «illi  Inni^  narrow 
inlttiiiU,  uliirh  gri'ally  iniptile  ii««igutJon.  I)«t«»««n 
the  iwlMiitU  nru  iiiltM*. 

Tnlets.  'I  he  prinripal  inlfU  twc  Currituck;  Roanok*^^ 
anil  (hrucokt  \  llie  lual  only  i<  nn\  igiiMe. 

Sounds.     Tlie  principal  iDund*  arc  JilbemnrU  and 

Sicamps  Great  Jhamal  Swamp  ii  lietween  Alh». 
marlr  feoiiml  and  Clirnapi-Mlcc  bay.  It  in  80  milei  long 
and  10  broad,  and  lien  partly  in  thin  Hialc,  and  partly  in 
Virginia.  Little  IPinmal.  nr  Jllligator  iMuinp  i»  between 
Albemarle  and  I'ainliro  Hoiindi. 

Rivera.  The  Chowan  rinen  in  Virginia,  and  emptiei 
into  Albemarle  Hound.  The  Iloanoke  in  made  by  Iht 
union  of  the  Dan  and  Staunton,  both  of  whioh  rite  in 
Virginia.     It  cniptieR  al«o  into  Albemarle  Hound. 

Pamlico  and  JSeuse  rivern  empty  into  Fnmlieo  Hound, 
Pupe  Femr  rivtr  empties  into  the  ocean  near  Cane  Kear. 
All  theie  rivers  hi.ve  bars  at  their  mouths,  which  ob- 
atruet  the  navigation  for  large  vessels. 

The  Yadkin  T'wt%  iu  the  wenlern  part  of  the  slate,  and 
passes  into  South  Carolina,  where  it  assumos  the  name 
of  the  Pedee.  The  Catawba  rises  also  in  the  west,  and 
parses  into  South  Carolina,  where  it  assumes  the  name 
of  the  Wateree,  whieb  is  the  eastern  branch  of  the 
Hbntee- 

Face  of  the  country.  The  low  country  in  North 
Carolina  extends  about  80  miles  from  the  sea.     Beyaod 


i\. 


NOHTH  CAROf.lNA. 


U3 


i        iVo.  ^ 

f  inhabiianti 

irti, 

n.ofls 

1 

0,0  J» 

In, 

tA.aoft 

leiiUurg, 

i4,arj 

Total      0A0,OO«> 

nrp  Cii|)(>  UulUratt 
if  llii'm  uro  (Innucr- 
te    IIiiiUtiii.     'I'he 

mill  niauy  a  gpoti 

fl  uiili  Inni^  narrow 
igutioii.      iietwivn 

'urrduck,  Roanolea^ 

ijiilili*. 

iiru  Jllbemnplt  and 

U  lielween  Alh». 
1l  id  80  milei  Iniig 
Male,  nni}  pitrlly  m 
r  tuuinp  U  belweea 

rginia,  and  emptiei 
t«  i»  made  by  Iht 
ih  of  wliiah  rite  in 
nurle  Sound, 
ilo  Pamlieo  8oiind. 
in  near  Cane  Fear, 
mouthi,  which  ob- 
1. 

irtof  theilafe,  and 
assutnaii  the  name 
so  in  the  weit,  and 
aiRumes  (he  name 
ern  branch  of  the 


country    in 
1  the  UK. 


North 
Bcy«a4 


(hi«,  a*  you  procppil  iuto  the  interior,  it  i«  Hrit  hilly,  and 
•nerward*  mouiitainou*.  The  All«'t5any  mouutniii* 
oruM  the  *liil<*  iK-ar  Ihv  Mi'tti'rn  boundary. 

Chief  TowiiH.  Ualkioh,  ilie  icat  of  Kovcrnnitnt,  ia 
IiK'«K«iiily  nilmiU'd,  ni'ur  the  centre  uf  the  •talc,  und 
coMluin*  a  «la(c  Ikhuc,  and  upward*  of  1,000  iuhaliitunti. 

AVM'6cr«,  on  llie  Ncune,  in  the  Urgent  town  in  lite 
•tate.  It  ha*  con*ideruhle  eoininercc,  and  contained  in 
181H,  about  A,ooo  inhal'ilanl*.  The  river  i«  navigable 
to  tbi*  place  for  hcii  vcnkrU. 

Fayetteville,  on  Cape  Fcur  river,  near  the  head  of 
navigation,  i*  a  flnurinliing  town,  and  well  aituatcih  for 
commerce.  Larije  quantitie*  of  tobacco,  ci;tlon,  flour, 
&c.  urc  brought  here  from  tlie  btiuk  couulry,  and  carried 
down  to  Wilmington  in  boat*. 

fyitniiiis;lou,  on  Cnnc  Fear  river,  .IB  mile*  from  Ihw 
■ea,  export*  more  pr-juiict.'  thun  any  other  (own  in  the 
•tate. 

Eilenton  ii  on  Alhenmrle  Hound,  near  the  mouth  of 
<^how. HI  river,  tlilhboroti^k  i*  ao  mile*  N.  W.  of 
Uitlcigh.  t'lijmmth  i*  ne.ir  the  nioulh  of  tin-  Uoaiiokc. 
Salishitry  i*  3  niil»*  W  of  Vmlkin  river,  and  more  ihaa 
100  W.  of  Uuleigh.  SaUm  i*  31  mile*  N.  K.  of  Sali«- 
bury. 

Harbors.  There  ate  no  goo.l  hnrboi*  in  thit  »la(c  j 
their  inouih*  are  all  obmrueted  by  hiiimI  bur*.  The  be»l 
are  ^Vilmio^lon,  Newbern,  mid  l*d.  nli.n. 

Education.  Ih.-  U  iversity of  J\'orth  Carolina  i*  at 
Cli-ipel  Hill,  iH  will'*  W.  Ill  Uiliigli  il  li.»»  3  proftit- 
Boi*.  I'liere  i*  mi  HCiiileiiiy  for  feiiiuli-H  ai  Salnn,  under 
the  ilireclion  of  ibe  MiiriiCiniii.  whirli  i*  in  lii^li  repute. 

Catials.  I  lieie  is  i«  eanul  cuniu'cliiig  ilic  vvuii-r*  of 
AllieiiiHrle  Hoiiiiil  will'  Chi->upeake  liny  in  Virniiiia. 
Ciiii»Ih  li.kve  been  niud*>  hmhiiiiI  lie  i'alU  in  Cu|ie  Fcur 
river,  uliicli  have  iitlielt  impiiivii)  it'*  tiittig'tiiuo. 

Jlintrnl  SprinjiS.  AMnciul  spring*  ubnurd  in  ihu 
moiiiil.iinoiiK  eiiiiiilrj,  in  ilie  wenierii  pari  (if  llie  siule. 
Tliey  are  ettii-neioHi»  in  the  cure  of  inmiy  ili«m>i<« 

Curiosities  Arnral.  or  Fiioi  nion.i.iin.  near  >vil<;m, 
i*  a  i;ie(il  emi  '»iiy  It  rmfi  ;:imiIui»I!>.  I  ki  a  |>ji.  nid, 
to  the  Ik'ii;!)!  oI  overul  Ihou&und  fcii,  mul  ilnu  Khuuls 
it*- 


■Mm 


Ill 


NOUTII  TAHOMNA. 


np  tiiilitciily  likf  It  <il«r|ilf,  lit  the  llri^h(  of  40(1  Tif (,  kniI 
ItrniiuNlcw  tn  ii  iTm  HDri'itcr,  rinm  Hliivh  liii-r*  i*  n  nabl« 
view  of  llic  nuiiiiuuiJini^  fniiiitry,  fur  hii  iminrti*^  di4' 
tanrc.  't'lii>  iliHini-u-r  ul'lhe  nirriili*  |inr(  of  tlir  iidiuii- 
tain,  at  llii-  liniiunt,  i*  not  iimru  tlian  loo  or  -JOd  r«-i'i. 

'I'hi4  miMiiiinin  ruH  lir  «i'cii  «l  (lie  liiRlnnri*  of  Ao  nr 
TO  mile*,  nvi  rluiikiiiK  l^**  «'iniii(r^  lirliMv.  It  wn*  CNili-tl 
I'ilnl  iniiiiiiliiin  liy  tin-  liMlinin.  bi>«iiu«e  it  arrvfrf  ihcm 
fur  «  benrnn.  Uy  which  Ihi'ji  coiMluetrtI  llivirrouttt  in  th« 
olil  liiHinn  \\nin. 

I'liputnliiin.  In  Itlio,  Nnrlh  fitroliiia  cinttainotl 
aa.l.3uu  inhiiltilnnu  ;  about  nn«  (hirtl  »T  \»hiini  wvre 
<lavr«.  'l'\\v  uliivf*  arc  |triiici|nll}  fonfini-tl  lo  ihr  low 
eniinlrj.  In  llii*  MctU-rii  or  iiiounliiiiioiiN  purl  uf  ihp 
iilntc,  the  ilavi'ii  aru  nut  more  than  unu  tuM-uih  part  of 
thi'  popitialion 

liiligiiin.  'Vhir  MfihoiliKU  iinil  nnpii*!*  arc  much  tlia 
ino'tl  nuiiioriiiiM  tli-uonitiiitliiin*,  «>»piMiHlly  in  (he  luw 
rnuHiry.  Tl.i'  tu'iiirn  part  ol'  ihu  «tnle  wa*  leltUil  bj 
l'ri"(liyti'riiiii«  fimn  IVnnKylvnnia. 

SoU.  As  in  VirKiniii,  liic  «nil  of  (hp  low  rnunlr^Ti 
except  nn  ihc  bankx  of  (he  rivcr»,  ii  unnily  unti  poor  j 
and  thai  ofth;-  iiilly  ami  moiinlniiiuu*  tiutricU  ii  vari> 
•lUi*  hut  i;)-iieiiiil}'  ri-rlik'. 

J'roduclifm'*.  Whene,  rye,  hurley,  oatt,  ami  hemp, 
are  eultivnted  in  (he  hilly  ruuntry  s  nrid  riee  of  a  tine 
quality  ia  rained  in  the  Nuampii.  'Tobueco  aud  Indian 
corn  are  rxlermively  cultivated. 

Ail  the  low  country  ii  rovered  with  fore«l«  of  pitch 
pine,  which  ;;ro»n  here  la  i^reat  perfeelinn.  This  val- 
uable tree  yield*  pitch,  hir,  lurptniine,  boardit,  and 
variou*  kiudi  of  Inuilier,  which  together  eonttitute  about 
half  the  exporln  of  the  itale. 

Commerce.  The  prinripal  exporti  are  pileh,  tar, 
turpentine,  lumber,  Indian  corn,  tobuern.  Ike. 

Much  of  till'  nrodueo  of  North  Carolina  it  exported 
from  the  neigbbourini^  <(t«te«.  That  of  the  northern 
part  ftoen  lo  Lynchburg  and  Peternburg.  in  Virginia, 
•nd  that  of  the  weilern,  lo  Cbarkaton,  ts.  C. 


K 

;h(  of  400  r)'Pl,iiHi( 
ivh  liifr«  i«  It  iiulilr 
'  NO  iminrii«i*  ilu. 
|mrl  of  tlir  iidiuii- 
100  or  mnt  ri-vi. 
B  tliilitni'i'  «f  flo  or 
iMV.  It  HUM  eiilli-tl 
iu«fl  il  arrvfii  ihcm 
I  lli«irroul««  in  the 

'nroliiiK  rniilaiiioil 
r<l  (iT  wlmni  ware 
iMiiiiinctl  lo  thr  low 
iiiiiiniit  purl  uT  (lip 
iiu  tiMfulh  part  of 

[)ii«l«  nrc  niiifli  tha 
(■JHlly  in  (lie  low 
nio  \tai  leltlcd  lij 

ifip  low  PotinlrT, 
*niiily  utiil  poiir  ; 
\*  <li«tricl«  il  vari- 

nntt,  ami  hrmp, 
nnd  rice  of  n  tine 
liucro  aud  Indian 

III  furriU  of  pitch 
eclioii.  'riii»  val- 
tliiie,  ItnardN,  and 
er  conititiite  about 

Is  are  pileli,  tar, 

OPO.  &,P. 

irolinu  it  pipnrto4 
it  of  I  lip  nurilicra 
Oinri;.  in  Virginia, 
in,  tj.  C. 


WMJTII   rAnot.llVA  lib 


•OVTII  CAROLINA. 

Sihinlioii.  Moiiili  Carolinii  i»  hoimilnl  N,  and  N  R. 
by  Norlli  Ciirolinu  ;  M.  |;,  l.y  i|,t.  Ailuntic  ;  uimI  H.  W. 
Iijf  (U'l.rijirt,  from  mIiicIi  u  i«  kipurulid  b)  .Suvaiiiiah 
river. 

Jilvitionn.  8uulli  Carolina  i«  dividid  into  3S  DitlrUtl. 


Dhiridi.  Pup,  in  1810. 

i'liurlcotan,  flj  ITO 

(Miinlrr,  ll,»7u 

Hpnilnnijur^li,  I  »,J.lu 

LHiirun^,  14. US  J 

Marlliiirouuli,  4,060 

l).irlirii{toii.  tf.oir 

C'lii-iii'HieM,  3.001 

Union,  tO,0U3 

FaiilieM,  1I.H.17 

reniliit.iii,  fl^Hor 

Newberry,  <a,«fl4 

Marion,  «,hh4 

lii-iii^ton,  o,fln 

Williomiburjj,  fl,s7l 


Total,  413,110 

Face  of  the  country.  The  poiinlry  it  divided  into 
Lower  niid  ITpppr,  nn  in  .North  Curolina  aud  Virginia. 
The  Hid^p  which  divide*  ihein  it  about  140  niilei  from 
the  keu.  The  lower  country  it  between  the  llidxe  and 
Ihe  (jCftcoaHl.  It  it  principally  un  iinnienup  tandy  plain, 
detlilute  of  ttonet.  The  upper  eonnlry  liex  beyond  the 
RidKC,  and  it  at  fint  hilly,  and  aflerwurd*  moiinlainout. 

J^ountaina  I  he  Aile^un)  ntotinlaint  erui*  the  iiorth- 
wettern  corner  of  the  time.  The  higbptl  ttuinmit  ii 
Table  nioiiniain.  which  Ih  entiiniiled  at  4,000  feel. 

Rivers.  The  .Havaimalh  ""  the  wett,  teparalct  .S«ulh 
Carolina  fr«iiii  (ii  uri;ia  II  rite-*  in  the  AlleKuny  inuua* 
(aiot,  and  ila  course  ia  Jd.  E.  (o  llm  oteaD. 


r 


DniiitH. 

P»p.  il,  IHIO. 

(Jriiiiijeliurgh, 

I4,it9 

I<iiiiPii«ler, 

A.illH 

Kd^eliild, 

aj.ino 

Oeor^eliMtn, 

la.rtro 

Horry, 

4;ltll 

niirnwell, 

IV.VNO 

Ab'.evillc, 

si.iao 

Kernhuw, 

o.Hor 

Urernviitc, 

13,188 

Mum  pier, 

19.0A4 

UcHufiirt, 

S3,HS7 

Vork, 

iu,o.ia 

Hicbhnd, 

».0i7 

Colleton, 

80,800 

IH 


f*orTII  CAROMVA. 


Til*  IV(/#tf,  In  Ih*  •••icrn  fiMrt  uf  lk«  •l<«l<',  rinBlii* 
Into  flptififi'lKwn  but.  Il  rtnm  in  Norili  rarolm*.  v»»ii«rr 
M  i*  mllril  III*  Ymlkiii  II  14  iiAviifK*'!"  (»r  Iiom^i,  <»«rl) 
III  ihr  linutiilaiy  >i#tM*-»n  llip  Imh  •mica. 

Thi«  SiHilt*  I*  lli^  uri-m  riviT  of  •^niiih  ' '•roliiiM.  It 
tm|iliv«  a  ffw  miU»  ri<iin  ilio  ■  i  oih  nf  ilir  I'tilrc  It 
!■  roiii|Mi«rt|  itf  iwii  liiniipl  I -,  ),i>  Cungttrff,  antl  tbf 
H'atrrt*.  'I'lir  Wuletrr  nut*  in  Nortli  I'lirolinH,  Mhfre 
it  is  CKllril  (ill*  ('hIamIiii. 

Caitftrr  ami  Ji»hli^>j  riviT*  rmntv  iiiia  ('hnrlrtlon  linr- 
bor.  /fi/i*/»  rivpr  rm|itii-4  Nl  vM*i»  itUnil,  vo  unlet 
N.  W.  of  (;h«rli>*lun.  'lli»  Vimhtiht*  finptirt  A  few 
niilf«  riirlhiT  Mr»t. 

CAiV/  Tnu'ttn  Vharltnlim,  the  Uri<r«l  town  in  ifit 
•tutf,  \%  iilualril  on  n  Inni^ur  of  Uitil,  r»riiirii  liy  the 
riiiifliiriipc  of  lli»«  MviTt  rooMiT  Mint  A*!!!!-),?  inilr* 
froni  tlip  oi-citn.  Thr  liarhor  u  barrnl  by  n  «Ancl  hnnk 
Mf  roil  Ibr  nioiiili,  wliiib,  liuwavrr,  at  all  linii-t  adinili 
vi'4<ir|ii  «lrHMiiii(  lc«it  iImh  I J  feet  water.  Clinrlrdnn  it 
a  nUri*  of  iiiiiph  wohIiIi  hmiI  PoiiimiTrt*.  Il  ini|Mirlt  mutt 
orilii*  riiri*i«n  i^ODilii  puntunifil  in  Mi>ulb  Carolina,  a  roii- 
•iilcrable  |i>rl  of  Nurib  Carolinii,  nml  a  |»trl  ofOpurgia. 
Ill  tsiA  It  WM  tbp  liflb  tuHU  in  tb«  Ifiiiird  Siatn,  in 
■tniMini  of  «lii|t|iiiiK. 

In  1NI0.  ibi-  nuinht'lriif  inbabilantt  wiu  21,711  of 
whom  (.Ml:i  ui-rv  bUi-k<i.  AnionKlbf  |Mihllc  iMiiMingt 
are  an  l>»rbnll^l■.  oi|ilinn  'ioimp,  ibi-uiri*,  liu<i|iilitl,  and 
ii  lioiit'o  for  jMiblic  Hiimliiii. 

The  t-liinHlp  of  lhi«  liiy  t»  more  brnlihy  than  ihiit  of 
lb(>  low  poiinlry  i;ini-tull).  Ilrnrc.  iliiriiii;  thr  kiikly 
■i-aton.  il  14  ihi*  iroorl  of  )hp  |iIiiiiIiti«  fiom  olbiT  |iHrti 
of  thf  4"«ii'.  nnii  from  the  Wcit  liulif*.  'I  |if ri-  i*  nini-h 
rrHhi  <'i'i«  II' rr.  ami  Ihf  inlittbitaiilf  have  lung  bi'i-n 
ei'li'bff'i''  fi-r  I'^'ir  li<i»|Mlii'iiy 

Cot'w:  1  I.  tx  MM*  of  i;ot</i(im«'iil.  i«  on  llii*  ('onu;nrre. 
Il  i*  ri>i|oii*rly  iniil  out.  on  ho  i-livtucil  |ilt«in,  iinil  hnt 
hail  a  ni|)iil  If  itwli,  A  olHaiii  bout  |ilii-«  btlwi'i-n  Iliia 
town  HiiiJ  riiiirlintoo 

(intrpi'h.irti  j.  •»  (Jeorgi'own  hiiy.  iirariiip  month  of 
thi-  IVilfi-.  I\i>,  iii'f  .  •»  I. II  I  n  inli  iiH.  72  n'ilt'«.  >^  W. 
of  C'burkttou.     t'(i"ii/rn  la  at  Ijiir  Lead  ul  uuTiguiiun, 


r  lh«  •Into.  rinDlitt 
irili  ('arolina,  ^hfre 
iiitn  fur  lion!*,  iitarl) 

^niiih  '  arnlinn.  It 
I    nf  llir  Ftdrc.     1 1 

('ongtifff,  »n*\  ihr 
irlli  Cariilinii,  whtte 

into  (.'harlr«(on  linr- 
ii)  itUiul,  JO  inilci 
A/ir#  i-mplirt  K  f«w 

liir^)-*(  loun  in  lh« 
Uiiil,  r»riiirii  liy  lh« 
imI  A«tilr),  7  milrt 
rril  by  n  «an<l  bnnk 
•t  nil  linifi  adinili 
alrr.  (!linrlr*liiii  ii 
ri*.  It  iniporu  mutt 
iiih  ('Miolina,  a  roii- 
<l  a  purl  iir(i«urgiM. 
r  Uuiird   Hiatri,  in 

ant*   wiu  3 1,7 It  of 

;lhr  public  biiil<liii|i;« 
i-uire,  lioKpitHi,  und 

lii'itliliy  I  ban  I  hut  nf 
,  tliiriiiif  till*  kii'kly 
ft*  rioni  wlbtT  pHrt« 
lie*,  'i'llrri'  U  llDlvh 
laiilf  huvL*  lung  bti-n 

.  i«  on  ibe  ('onunrrc. 
itiU'il  iiUiii,  Hiiil  lin« 
It  plii-ii  btlwft'ii  Ibit 

V.  iH  ar  tbf  nutitth  of 
'iirt,  7'i  n-iif".  H  \V. 
Lfdil  ul  uiivi5uiiun. 


novTH  r.iiiai.iNA. 


in 


•N  llw  >Valrn>r,  $9  wilM  ^  K  irf  C„U«iW».  |i  (. 
*»t-l|  tiliiiiifit  fur  Irnilt*  ihnHgtt^tf;  i<  Ml  imlrt  M  uf 
Cuiuiiiliu,  on  u  braiii-hor  \\\>-  l.tiitin  Ja,i,»i,t)hurn»rk 
u  oil  Ibv  KiImIo,  J.I  mil**  NV.  ol  ('b«rlf*i«n  ^Ibh.  vfU» 
i»  I  JQ  mtWn  NV.  ori'uluuiliia.  himtburoinh  i»  j<»iiiiIm 
N.  of  CnlNinbiM. 

i'anni  Tbri.  i«  i%  rainil,  Jj  milr*  long,  ,>oMNf^|iii|| 
MaiiiM- uii'l  Co.p.r  rivtr.,  I,y  Mbii-bibn  pr  ilnir  h(  % 
lttri<i-  >i*iiioii  of  I  hi*  •»iil<-,  iiiitl  ol  n  pan  of  >»flli  I'urw- 
linn  i<  biiiui^bl  lo  ibc  fily  of  Cbarlrtlini 

KJutaiioH.  SiiHfh  CaritJinn  VnU*Kt,  hI  CaIuii  bia,  la 
liHvrully  p4iroMi/.<il  Uy  ibf  •luif.  |i  bn*  a  vrry  valiiablw 
fb»mi«Hl  miti  pbtloKopbifHl  NppH'iiMM,  nnil  n  Utwr  libra- 
ry, 'rbfiit  art-  I  proli  .Nom,  hhiI  omif  Ibmi  lou  niiMltHla. 
CollrKi'*  luw>  It.i'ii  )'.i.«)|li.|ii'tl  in  Abbitilh*  diiiiiirt, 
In  lifiuifoil,  uml  in  NViniiaboriMii^b,  but  ibi-y  liava  Itot 
tak(>ii  a  biffbcr  rnnk  ibiui  antilciiiii't. 

TliP  »|iili'  \u\*  Hppr.priiiiril  ib«  tnin  of  ;jl.t(»,(mo  annu- 
ally  for  Ihi'  <iip|M.ri  of  li('i«,liii.iU,  wbirh  are  f«iNblitli. 
til  Ml  cviry  nan  of  Ibr  ulttic.  Tbirr  nri»  ■ociclira  alto, 
wilb  liirm'  funiN.  fur  llii<  tilncitlinn  of  poi.r  rbililrrn. 

Rulix'utn.  \\\<f  MiMbodiitu  anil  Htnii*)*  nrf  ikv  mnil 
■itn.arou*.  Nem  In  lliem  art  ihe  IVi  «bylerian«  and 
Kpiieiipaliant. 

Fopulation.  Honlli  Carolina  cnnlninrd  in  1810, 
♦  19,11  J  inbabitnnli,  of  whom  Itifl.yiia  (nrarly  otip  half) 
wire  Nlavri.  Tbi-  ulnvei  nri*  principally  eonfiucd  to 
the  flat  rounlry  near  llii*  cnunl. 

JStanntrt  and  VuMimt.  Th«  mounlainoui  dialricU 
are  inbabilid  by  farrofm,  uho  have  few  or  no  alavetf 
but  depend  upon  (heir  own  I'lerlions  for  luppori,  aa  in 
Ihe  norlhern  ilalri.  The  low  country  in  inhabilid  by 
planter*,  who  aro  mipportcd  by  the  labor  of  Ihrir  ilavri. 
The  planter!  havi>  lar^e  inromea,  live  at  (heir  eaie, 
and  pomeai  much  of  the  independent  character  of  Kng- 
li»h  country  gentlemen.  Hunting  it  one  of  their  favor, 
ite  amu«ementa. 

Climate.  Theelifflnte  nf  the  upper  country  i»  healthy, 
at  nil  Ncason*  of  th«  year.  In  the  low  country,  the 
tuminer  monib*  nre  iiickly,  particularly  Aiigimt  nnd 
Hi'piember,  and  ihi-  climate,  nl  thii  neaiion,  IrtMueiitly 
prnvci  fatol  lu  tlranijcr^. 


II 


)i 


II 


118 


(lEOnGIA. 


FroducHons  CoUon  und  rice  arc  llie  HlapJcii  of  SoulL 
C&i'oliim.  Tlie  vlimtUt'  i\ii<l  mtil  uic  wfll  u<lu|i!f(l  to 
tohacfd,  iiMligo,  ijrHit),  itf.  hicI  thi-se  were  ♦oiiiutIj 
eullivnlol  lo  H  .5r<'Ht  ♦■xieiil  }  )iu(  airu-o  llie  iiivi-i)lii>ii.  by 
Mr.  Whiliu-y,  of  llii  inm-liine  lo  olcunse  MpluDil  foiioii 
from  itH  »i'e'lM,  tlf  «'n'iiv,iiit>M  of  i'<)l|.(ii  li;it«  li.cinne  ^^o 
proiilabie.  iJml  hIiimi.?  t'viT>  ihun^.Uc  in  iihi;;Iiiici). 

JVanufavtures.  Ver\  liilie  ulltiiiinii  iw  paid  (»  niHtiii- 
faelurc4  in  llii*  Miaie!  Ajs^riinllnri'  in  so  bhh'Ii  oiore 
profilalde.  ihiit  till' inhaliiiHMitt  will  proliably  rotitiniie, 
i'or  inany  year*,  lo  look  to  foreign  oouotries  for  inoBl  of 
thfir  inaniitiuMiirfM 

Commercp  Cotton  intlie  capital  article  of  export.  HiVe 
i«  now  of  Hceond  cotiMeqiience.  'i'he  ollitr  arliclcH  are 
IiiuiImt,  pilcl),  tar,  turprtuiiip,  &,e.  '1  he  Hiuie  ouns 
very  little  nhippiiit;.  A  lar^e  part  c,f  tlie  produce  of 
Souili  Carolina  ii«  exported  iu  nhipn,  Ix-longiog  to  iner- 
•liantH  in  the  northern  ilates,  und  nianued  by  A'ew 
England  seamen. 

fslands.  Tlie  8ca  coast  is  bordered  with  a  fine  chaio 
of  islands,  between  which  and  tbe  shore  there  is  a  very 
convenient  navigation.  Sullivan's  island,  James  island, 
and  John's  is'and  border  on  Charleston  harbor.  Edisto 
island  and  Hunting  islands  lie  U.  W.  of  Charleston. 

GEORGIA. 

Situation.  Georgia  is  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee ;  N. 
E.  by  South  Carolina,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Savannah  river;  E.  by  tbe  Athnlicj  8.  by  Florida; 
and  W.  by  Alabama. 

Divisions.  The  eastern  part  of  this  state  is  settled 
by  the  whites,  and  is  divided  into  counties;  the  western 
part  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Creek  Indians.  The 
part  occupied  by  the  whites  was  divided  in  1810  into  38 
counties. 


Countitt, 

Pop.  in  1810. 

Counikdt 

fop.  in  1810. 

Wayne, 

ortj 

M'Intnsh, 

8,739 

Camden, 

s,e4i 

Liberty, 

6,238 

Qlyim, 

3,417 

Bryan. 

•    2,835' 

e  Hln|)i<><f  ofSotilL 
I'  well  u<lu|i!f<l  to 
'»e  Mere  loriiicrljr 
I  llie  iiivi-iitiitii.  by 
nue  Mpluiid  col  (on 
•til  h:i*  licciiine  HO 

I-    in  IIHi;|iMf(Ml, 

I  i»  piiiil  (II  nmnii- 
\>*  so  Riiicli  (iiore 
ioli.il»lj  I'otitiniie, 
iitries  fur  inoBl  of 

Ic  of  export.  RiVe 
ullier  urIiclt-H  tire 
'I'lie  Hiuie  uuiii 
f  tlie  |iroiliiep  of 
M'loiigiii)ij  lu  tner- 
nianiieJ  by  ^.'ew 

with  a  fine  chaio 
e  there  in  a  very 
ind,  JumPR  i*ilaiia,. 
I  liarbnr.  Edisto 
}f  CbarleHton. 


ly  TenneHRee ;  N. 
is  8e|iHrated  by 
«.    by  Florida; 

1  state  is  settled 
iti«8;  the  western 
k  Indiiius.  The 
:din  1810  into  SB 


fop.  in  1810. 
3,73a 
6,228 
2,837 


GEORGIA. 


lid 


fkuniiet, 

Hiilloph, 

Ktfitigh.un, 

Chatham, 

Culumhia, 

Warren, 

Jeiferson, 

Burke, 

Seriven, 

WaMhiiigton, 

Montgomery, 

Talnal, 

Ric-hmon«l, 

Hancock, 

Oglethorpe, 

Clarke, 

JackHou, 


fvt>.  in  1810. 

2,309 

S,3N6 

13,1)40 

6.7-23 
6,tll 

10.8<)8 
4,447 
9,940 
2,904 
2,20« 
0,180 

1.3,830 

1 2,297 
7,,ti8 

10,969 


Count  ict. 

Pep.  in  1810. 

Franklin, 

10,819 

KIbcrt, 

12,190 

Lincoln, 

4,996 

Wilkes, 

14,8S7 

Walton, 

1.026 

Junes, 

8,907 

Janper, 

7,973 

Morgan, 

8,detf 

Greene, 

it,ta9 

Putnam, 

10,07>« 

Baldwin, 

6,396 

Wilkinnon, 

2,194 

Lnurens, 

2,;2t8 

Telfair, 

74i 

FulaHki, 

2,093 

Twiggs, 

8,409 

Total,     492,433 

Face  of  the  country.  The  face  of  the  country  very 
much  resembles  that  of  the  Carolinas.  The  coast  is 
lined  with  iiilands.  The  low  country  is  a  flit,  sandy 
pine  barren,  extending  about  «o  or  90  luileM  from  the 
coa»t.  Beyond  this,  the  enuniry  becomes  hillv,  and  in 
the  iiorihwe»t  eornrr  of  the  slate,   rises  into  mountains. 

Islands  The  prmcipnl  isil  inds  on  the  coast  are  Tu- 
bee.  St.  Catherine's,  Sapelo,  at.  Himun's,  Cumberland, 
and  Jmelia, 

Hicamps.  Okefomco  swamp  is  partly  in  this  stale, 
and  partly  in  Florida.  It  ii«  I80  miles  in  ciroumference, 
and  is  full  of  alligators,  snipes,  frogs,  and  swarm*  of 
niutquetoes.  It  is  uninhubilatiie  .'  v  any  hamaii  being. 
Cypress  swamp  is  near  the  sources  of  Salilla  ri»er. 

Rivers.  Havannuh  river  separates  Georgia  from 
South  Carolina  on  the  noilbeast.  'ITie  Tennessee  \u»l 
toiiflien  the  stale  on  tbe  northwest.  The  Chatuhno'chee 
sppanilis  it  from  Alabrtina  on  the  sonihwest;  and  the 
Bl    Mn.fs.  (Voiii  Floriilu  on  the  south. 

'I'hi  Suniiiiiuh  rises  in  the  Allegmiy  monnlains,  and 
funs  soul  beast  10  the  oieuu.     Ji  ia  navigable  for  large 


__ i 


:- 


IM 


GEORGIA. 


f 
- 

1 


vensels  48  milps,  to  Saraiiiiali,  and  for  snialter  vcxneli 
toUie  rttlU  at  AugiiHia,  X4n  mHc*  furl  her.  Above  (lie 
faH«  lioHiH  run  go  00  itiileM  uillioiil  nliMlrunlion. 

The  Os^erhee  emplies  13  niilex  ti.  W.  of  Savannnli. 

Tlip  ^/2imnAa  i«  H  great  liver.  It  liaH  two  brartclics, 
Ihc  Oconee  from  the  east,  and  the  Oafimulgee  from  the 
WPit.  It  is  navigiihle  for  vessels  of  30  toim  as  far  as 
Milledgevilie,  on  tbeOeonce  branch,  300  miles  from  the 
•oeaii. 

Satilla  river  empties  north  of  Cumberland  island.  It 
ri«e«  near  ('j|>rHHM  wvanip,  in  the  connlry  of  itie  Creek 
Indiana.  The  »S/.  JUary's  is  n  remarkably  deep  river. 
It  rises  in  Okefminco  swamp, and  i  mplies  between  Cum- 
berland and  Amelia  islands,  h  is  navigable  to  its 
•ourer.  100  miles. 

Flint  river  joins  the  Chatidiofieliee  in  trie  southwest 
corner  of  the  stale,  and  the  united  stream  takes  the  name 
of  Appalarhieota. 

The  Coosa  and  Tnllaponsa  rise  in  flie  northwest  part 
of  (he  state,  and  p;iss  into  Alabama. 

Chief  TowHf,.  Savannah  \«,  on  Bavaimnh  river,  18 
miles  from  the  bar  at  the  mouth.  It  is  the  centre  of 
commerce  for  the  slate.  Vessels  drawinj;  14  feet  water 
ean  rome  np  to  the  city;  larger  vessels  receive  their 
cargoes  3  miles  below.  Savannah  contained  in  1810 
upwards  of  S.OOO  inhabitants.  In  January,  18:20,  a 
terrible  fire  laid  k  large  portion  of  the  city  in  ashes. 

Jin^usttt  is  on  the  Havanoah,  just  below  the  falls.  127 
miles,  by  land,  north  of  Savannah  Large  quantities  of 
cotton  and  other  produce  are  hroui^hi  to  Augusta,  from 
the  hack  country,  and  carried  down  the  river  to  Savan- 
nah.    Population,  in  tBtO.  about  4,000. 

JUilledgevitle,  the  seat  of  government,  is  on  Oconee 
river,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  about  .^00  miles 
from  the  ocean,  by  the  (nurse  of  the  river.  BoHts  of  30 
tons  can  ascend  as  far  as  this  pkce.  rupulalion,  in 
18 1 9,  about  J,<'3a(t. 

7/rtnVn  is  on  \llamalia  river.  12  miles  from  the  bar 
At  its  mnulh  It  v>  ill  probably  sonn  be  a  place  of  great 
importance,  ns  it  is  i'  e  cetitre  of  comoierce  for  the 
country  on  the   Altamulia  and    its  branches,  which  is 


^or  smaller  vcKxels 
rlher.  Above  (lie 
littlruclinn. 
V.  uf  8uvannn1i. 
liHH  (MO  brandies, 
ifituulgee  from  I  be 
30  tons  AS  far  as 
300  miies  rrom  the 

berlani]  islnntt.  It 
in(ry  of  ifie  Creek 
kiib!y  deep  river. 
)(ie«  between  Cum- 
)   navigable  to  its 

in  the  sontbu-est 
'ttMi  lnk(-«  Ibename 

be  northwest  part 

ivaimnh  river,  18 
is  the  centre  of 
wing  14  feet  water 
iseU  receive  their 
contained  in  1810 
January,  i8-20,  a 
e  city  in  ashes, 
elow  the  falls.  127 
Lnrsfe  quantities  of 
to  Auj^usia.  from 
lie  river  tu  Savau- 
)0. 

nt,   i<4   on  Oconee 

it  about  .iOO  miles 

iver.     IViHtH  of  30 

I'lipulaliiin,   in 

iles   finiii  the   bar 

be  a  place  of  great 

cniiiiiicrce  for  tlte 

ranches,  which  is 


r.EOROIA. 


ni 


hccomin!?  populous  with  great  rapiilily.  In  ISIO  (he 
piipiilalion  was  J<J(i,  aiitl  in  IS.'o,  pmbably  ten  times 
that  niiinber. 

Sunliiiri/,  Bruiisu'icl,;  and  S^  ».l/nr//'s  arc  on  the  nea 
coast,  S,  \V.  of  Savannah.  I'eti'rshurg  is  on  the  .*Savaii- 
nab  river,  a»  miles  above  Aiigusia.  )r«,s7/j(;;;/o«  is  5(i 
miles  N.  >V.  of  Augusta.  Jt/wiis  i<*  on  a  branch  of  the 
Oconee,  about  70  miles  N.  of  .MilledgeviKe. 

Education.  There  is  a  college  at  Athens,  culled 
Franklin  college.     Its  funds  are  very  lespectable. 

Provision  has  been  made  by  the  legislature,  for  the 
establishment  of  an  academy  in  every  cminiy  in  the  stale ; 
and  a  handsdnie  sum  has  also  been  appropiiated  to  the 
establishment  of  free  schools. 

CuriosH;/.  A-icknJac/c  cave  is  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the 
state,  within  half  a  mile  of  Tennessee  river.  It  com- 
mences in  a  precijiice  of  the  Rackoon  mountain,  with  a 
mouth  50  feet  high,  and  Kio  wide.  Ti  has  a  Hat  roof, 
formed  of  solid  limestone.  The  cave  consists  chiefly  of 
one  grand  excavation  through  the  rocks,  preserving  for 
a  great  distance  the  siime  dimensions  as  at  its  mouth. 

What  is  more  remarkable  slill,  it  forms  for  the  whole 
distance  it  has  yet  been  explored,  a  walled  anil  vaulted 
passage  for  a  stream  of  cool  and  limpid  water,  in  some 
places  0  feet  dee^,  and  OO  v^ide.  Col.  Ore,  of  Tennes- 
see, explored  this  cave  a  few  years  since,  lie  followed 
the  course  of  the  creek,  in  a  eanoe,  for  three  miles  within 
(he  cave,  and  was  prevented  from  proecedinsr  further  bv 
a  fall  of  water.  ' 

Iteligion.  The  Baptists  and  Methodists  are  much 
the  most  numerous  deuominiitiuiis.  TliL-re  are  but  few 
settled  ministers  in  the  state. 

Population.  In  I8t(),  Georgia  contained  2,12,432  in- 
habitants, of  whom  ll.'>,m  were  whites,  and  107,000 
were  slaves.  This  population  is  toiiliiied  to  the  eastern 
part  of  the  slate.  The  western  part  is  mlialiited  by  the 
Creek  Indians.  The  population  oCGenrijiH  has  increas- 
ed very  rapidly.  In  1790,  it  amounted  to  rt.',0(m  ;  in  isoo, 
to  102,000;  and  in  tsio,  to  iHiiAOO.  J\<.  ihere  is  inueh 
unoccupied  land,  the  inereiise  will  probably  continue  to 
be  rapid  for  many  years  to  come. 
11 


k 


Its 


ALAUAMA. 


Tmlinnn  The  I'lei-k-  ItitlimiM  occiipj-  iho  wrsliTii  |»nrf 
iil'tliix  ilitto,  Hiid  ihe  eiiHttTii  part  of  AIhImimih.  'I'liey 
iiilinliit  I  lie  voiiiilry  wuterotl  by  I  lie  C<iii«h,  'rallnporiMu, 
unit  ('liHluhiincliei'  river*.  'I'liey  ore  the  iniml  >vnrlikt> 
mill  iiDwerl'iil  Imliaim  I'nst  ol'  the  MiitNiit>'i|i|ii.  Their 
iiiimhor  is  uliout  20,000.  The  Cherokefn  iiihuhil  the 
iinrlhweHt  euriier  nl'lhiit  ttlate,  and  the  udjiicent  |iurti»  of 
Alithiiina  mid  TeiineH<iee. 

Soil.  The  noil  oFUeiirgia  very  much  renemhleg  tliat 
ofttie  CaroliiittR.  The  low  ceuntry,  which  extendi*  HO 
or  <J0  miles  from  the  coatit,  is  sandy  and  barren.  The 
upper  country  has  generally  a  stroni;,  fenil:;  soil.  The 
islaiMU  and  the  banks  of  the  rivers  have  u  rich  Koil. 

i'roduclinns.  Cotton  is  the  principal  production  of 
Geor;;ia.  It  is  of  two  kinds;  the  Iduek  seed,  or  sea- 
inland  colloii,  which  is  raised  on  the  inlands,  aid  near 
the  coi'.st ;  and  the  green  seed,  or  uiilnuil,  w  hich  is  rai»cd 
ill  the  upper  country.     The  sea  island  is  the  best. 

The  otlier  productions  are  rice,  which  is  raised  in  the 
swamps  of  the  low  country,  tobacco,  sugar,  tigs,  oranges, 
ponipgranutes,  olives,  lemons,  &c. 

^Vauitfartures.  The  cultivation  of  cotton  is  so  lucra- 
tive, that  manufactures  cannot  (lourish.  The  inhabit- 
ants, for  some  time  to  come,  will  probably  chouxe  to  de- 
pend on  the  uorlheni  stales,  and  on  foreign  countries  for 
a  large  part  of  their  manufactures. 

Commerce.  The  great  article  of  export  is  cotton. 
Savannah  and  Darien  are  the  principal  ports.  Georgia, 
like  all  the  southern  states,  owns  but  little  shipping. 
Most  of  her  produce  is  exported  in  ships  belonging  to  the 
merchants  of  the  northern  states. 

ALABAMA. 

Situation.  Alabama  is  bounded  IV.  by  Tennessee;  E. 
byOeoi^ia:  S.  by  Florida,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico; 
uiid  W.  I.y  the  slate  of  Mississippi. 

])ivisiiin>t.  A  large  portion  of  this  state  still  iielongs 
f(i  the  Indians.  Congress,  bimeier,  are  continually  pur- 
chasing their  lands.     The  Indian  title  is  already  extin- 


L 


k^.- 


ALABAMA. 


183 


ipj-  )!iP  wi'ukTii  |mrl 
r  AIhImimih.  'i'hey 
C<in«H,  THllnpoditu, 
■e  llii>  mii<tt  wHrliku 
liitNiit>ii|)|)i.  Tlicir 
erokpfti  iiiliuhil  llit> 
liu  udjiiccni  I'urU  of 

iiirli  rpRctnlilefl  tliat 
wliicli  oxtendi*  HO 
ntui  barren.  The 
;,  fen;!:;  (toil.  The 
Hive  u  rich  koH. 
!i|iul  |iroiluctiou  of 
iluck  Heed,  or  sea- 
n  iMluntlst,  nid  iieur 
%U(l,  uhieh  iit  raided 
1(1  \h  tlie  lieHt. 
hich  ii«  raised  in  the 
liugar,  tig4,  urangus, 

f  eotlon  in  so  luora- 
ish.  The  inhabit- 
ibably  choose  to  de- 
breign  countries  for 

f  export  is  cotton, 
al  ports.  Georgia, 
but  little  shipping, 
lips  belonging  to  the 


\  by  Toime«»ee  ;  K. 
>  Gulf  of  Mexico  ; 

s  state  still  lielongs 
nre  eotitinnally  pnr- 
lle  is  already  exun- 


j^nittied  to  several  large  sections.  That  part  oP  ifm 
stale  uhieh  belonged  to  the  whites  in  IHIN,  was  divided 
into  Ji  counties. 

liiveva.  The  Chatahuuchee  on  the  snnthrasi,  separate* 
this  state  from  (ieorgia.  The  YVfUK'N.see  enters  the  slain 
nt  its  northeast  corner,  and  beading  runnd  in  a  curve, 
leaves  it  at  ihoN.  W.  corner. 

The  other  rivers  of  this  slate  are,  the  JilubiU  and  its 
brrtnt'lii-s. 

The  J/o/;//(' is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Alabama 
and  the  I'onibeekbee.  Aflcr  the  jonclirm  of  ibese  two 
rivern,  ttie  united  Klreini  pursues  a  southerly  eiiurse  fur 
i<  fiMv  miles,  nod  then  dixiding.  empties  lliroogli  two 
eliKtini-ls  into  Mobile  Uay,  which  eunwnunicales  with 
the  (iiilf  of  Mexico. 

I'be  .'llabuma  is  the  eastern  branch  of  the  .Mobile.  It 
is  fiiroti'd  by  the  union  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoo^ia,  It 
is  niivii'ublp  for  sen  vessi'U  lo  F(m^  ('luiborne,  and  for 
l.(<-gc  lid.its  through  i's  ubole  exienl.  lis  general  course 
is  S'lUl Invest.  'I'liC  6'oosa  nod  Titllaimnsu  rise  in  Geor- 
giii.  ami  flow  soulhucHl.  'i'liey  are  itol  navigable  except 
for  n  i'vw  miles.  The  Cdhnwha  empties  itilo  the  Alu- 
bamii.  a  IVw  miles  lielow  the  cunllueiice  of  the  Coo^a 
and  'i'ltllnpiiosa. 

The  Tomheckboe  is  the  western  branch  of  the  Mobile. 
It  ri.es  ill  the  northern  part  cf  ilie  stale,  near  the  Mus- 
cle shouts  in  'l'eiinei>see  river,  and  running  south,  joins 
the  Mabitma,  about  70  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
It  is  nnvigable  fur  sloops  to  St.  Stephens.  The  Blttck 
If'arrior  empties  into  the  Toinlieekbee  from  the  east, 
S.I  miles  above  St.  Stephens.  It  is  navigable  for  boats 
through  the  greater  part  of  its  course. 

I'oivildtirm.  Alabama  has  been  but  recently  settled, 
and  tlie  population  is  now  increasing  with  wonderful 
rapidity,  in  1810,  there  were  less  than  10.000  inhabit- 
ants ;  in  1816,  there  vtere  29,6^3  ;  and  in  1818,  only  twn 
years  after,  TO.ddl  The  settlementg,  as  in  all  new  conn- 
tries,  are  principally  confined  tu  the  banks  of  the  great 
rivers. 

Indians.  The  Creeks  occupy  the  goutheastern  part 
of  the  state,  the  Cherokees  the  northeastern,  the  Choc- 


fc^-. 


I '.'4 


ALABAMA. 


i 


•r 


tnwH  (lie  soulhwcitcrn,  aik!  the    Cliickftrnwn  (!ie  nortli- 
ne»torii. 

Chief  Towns.  ^Muhile  in  on  the  went  »itlp  of  Moliil.. 
river,  iit  ioi  onlratice  iiiio  Mdliilf  buy.  It  in  a  placi'  of 
coiiiiidi'rnlile  trade,  hut  the  harbor  ii  d;niciill  of  ttcee»« 
ior  lar^c  %c«Rt>lK. 

ntakely  is  a  now  town,  about  10  inilcii  cant  of  Mobile, 
on  the  easlirn  t'hannel  of  Mobile  river.  It  is  well  sit- 
iiiited  for  commerce.  Its  harbor  in  good,  and  eii^y  of 
Here<(fi. 

St.  Sh'jilinis  \n  on  the  Tonibeckbce.  120  miles  above 
]Mobile,  al  the  head  of  Hchooner  niivi|jalion. 

Cd /id  If  ha  ii  the  hoiU  of  ^'ovtTiinienl.  It  ii  at  the  jun(.. 
lion  of  Cahawba  river  with  the  Alabama. 

A*rt;>-/«i-;//f  iti  a  French  nettlement,  near  the  junetiou 
of  the  IJInek  Warrior  with  the  Tombeckbee. 

Jliiutsvitlr  \»  pleananlly  siiuiited,  about  half  way  be- 
tween  Tennegece  river,  and  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
stale.  The  iturrouiidiii!»  country  is  very  fertile,  and 
ra])idly  increasing  in  population. 

Furls.  F(.rt  Stoildart  is  on  Mol)ile  river,  nl)ou»  lialf 
way  hctwe.Mi  Mobile  and  .St.  Sicplicns.  Fort  Cluibnrm 
in  on  the  Alabama,  at  the  head  of  achooner  navigation, 
20  mileg  K.  of  St.  Stephens.  Fort  Jackson  is  near  the 
junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa. 

Education.  Two  townshipH  of  land  have  been  granted 
by  Congress  for  the  support  of  a  eollesje,  and  a  section  of 
land  in  every  township,  for  the  support  of  schools. 

Jlonds  and  Canals-  One  twentieth  part  of  (he  money 
received  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  in  this  state,  is 
appropriated  by  Congress  to  making  roads  and  conals, 
ibr  (he  benefit  of  the  s(ate. 

Face  of  the  coitittn/.  The  land  gradually  rises  as  yon 
pioceed  from  the  coast  into  the  interior.  On  the  coast 
it  is  low,  and  level;  in  the  middle  it  is  hilly  j  and  in  the 
north,  it  is,  in  some  places,  mountainous. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  particularly  on 
the  banks  of  the  rivers.  The  lands  between  the  Tom- 
htckliee  and  the  Alabama,  and  those  on  the  Tennessee, 
are  among  the  best  in  the.  state.  The  low  lands  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  are  well  adapted  to  the  culti- 
vution  uf  rice. 


U-. 


hickamwn  (fie  north. 

wcKt  tide  of  Miiliilc 

buy.     It  JK  a  plact'  ut' 

ii  d;Hicuh  of  ucceNH 

inilcB  caul  orMoliilr, 
■iver.  It  IN  well  »it- 
n   goud,  and   VAfy  ul' 

Jirc.  t20  niiloii  nliovc 
ivifjiilinii. 

III.  It  is  ut  the  jun(.« 
ali:ima. 

it,  near  the  juncliou 
inlu'ckbee. 

>  ahuiit  half  tvay  be- 

ihiTii  boundary  ui'the 

is   very  I'erti'lc,  aud 

lilc  rivpr,  nbniit  half 
I'us.  Flirt  Claibornp. 
ichuoner  navigation, 
Jackson  is  near  the 
isa. 

ud  have  been  granted 
lego,  and  a  Hcutionof 
port  uFschnolH. 
ih  piirt  of  the  money 
ids  in  tliis  Riate,  is 
g  roads  and  canals, 

[radnally  rises  as  you 
erior.  On  the  coast 
t  is  hilly  ;  and  in  the 
inuug. 

lile,  particularly  on 
8  between  the  Tom- 
se  on  the  Tennessee, 
'lie  low  lands  in  the 
adnplcd  to  the  cuiti' 


MIHSISSIIM'I. 


l-lh 


t'l'Dilui'fioiiH.  (!iiMon  Ih  the  Htii|ili'  |iriiduuliiin.  Tlio 
other  |iroiliiiMions  are  rirr,  corn,  wheat.  {*ce,  The  sugar 
cane,  the  vine  and  the  ulivc,  it  is  Kii|iiiosed,  may  be  cul- 
tivated with  sueeess. 

Comrnvrrf.  Coiion  is  ilie  great  nrlirle  of  export. 
HIakely  and  .Mobile  are  the  |tiiiiei|ial  ports;  and  one  or 
bolli  ot  I  hem  will  probably  be  tlie  centre  of  commerce 
for  the  Ntale  of  'Icnnessee,  and  the  exieiiiive  country 
watered  by  the  Mobile  and  its  branches. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Situation.  Mississippi  i*  hounded  \.  by  Tennessee  ; 
K.  by  .Mabama;  >S.  by  the  Oiilf  of  Mexico,  and  Louis- 
iana'; and  W.  by  Mississippi  river,  which  separates  it 
from  Ijouisiana  and  Arkaiisaw  Territory. 

Divisions.  The  northern  part  of  this  state  belongs  to 
the  Chickasaw  Indians  ;  the  middle  and  largest  portion, 
to  the  Choctaws  ;  and  the  southern,  to  the  wliiles.  The 
part  belonging  to  the  white*  was  divided^  in  lUlG^  into 
IJ  cunnties. 


Countitt. 

Pap.  in  1816. 

Counrii'i. 

Pofi.  in  1816. 

>Varren, 

1,909 

Lawrence, 

i,rn4 

Claiborne^ 

3,606 

Pike, 

2,t;i3 

Jefterson, 

1,906 

Marion, 

1,701 

AJanis, 

10,000 

Wayne, 

2,081 

AVilkinson, 

7,'275 

Greene, 

Franklin, 

2,700 

Hancock, 

1,000 

Amite, 

5,05!) 

Total,     44,208 

River.^.  The  .yFissiFsippi  fs  the  western  boundary, 
from  lat.  35*  to  .M".  The  I'azoo  rises  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state,  in  the  Chickasaw  country,  and  running 
«  little  west  nf  south,  empties  into  the  Mississippi,  140 
miles  above  Natchez.  The  Valo'  Busha  is  an  eastern 
branch  of  the  Yaxoo.  Black  river  rises  in  the  Choctaw 
country,  and  running  southwest,  empties  iato  the  Mi«' 
sissippi,  about  .^0  miles  above  Natchez. 


I 


« 


no 


.MH>»ISSirPI. 


/Vrti'  riv»T  riii'«  in  th*'  C'li<'<*<«w  <MMtn(r,v,  mnl  runiiiii); 
xiiiilli.  i'iii|itieii  iiiln  n  niirriMv  •trnil.  vthlcticoiiiiet'U  I.ukii 
I'uiitrliitiiriiiii  miiIi  \,tikv  llol'^l)r.  l.iiki>  Hor^fiii*  ooin- 
liiiiiiii-iitei*  tviili  ihcOiill  111' Menipn.  Houlh  nl' lul  ;(l*, 
I't'Hrl  riviT  in  |lu>  buumlnrv  bi'lttioii  Mi>ti«i»ii|)|ii  niiij 
liOui'tiiiMn. 

I'tiHcagoiila  river  ri»r»  in  Ifip  ('Imrtuw  roiinlry,  nnil 
running  uniitli,  fiii|tlii'4  into  tlic  (iiiU'iil'  IVIexiro,  iw  milfii 
\>'.  (if  .Nliiliilf  liiiy.  It  drains  llir  t'onnlry  liet\tren  the 
'runilicrklicc  iiml  IViirl  rivt-r*.  Hiuiw  of  the  wi-tli-ro 
liriiMi'lii'4  III'  llif  'I'linilirt'kliev  riito  in  lliit  t'lite. 

Vh'ii'f  I'dwiis.  w\\i/(7icx,  in  Ailiinii  viiiint),  id  much 
lliv  lilr^^lll  liiwn.  It  in  on  the  Mi«itiii«i|)|ii,  :!'.'((  niileit 
nihive  Neu  Orliunit,  liy  the  course  of  the  river,  mid  l.'iti 
hy  lund.  It  ulnndii  on  u  hliiH'.  elevated  more  ihun  150 
feet  above  the  iiurfuee  nf  the  river.  The  inrrounding 
country  is  fertile,  popiiloiiN,  luid  well  rultivalcd,  and 
producpH  great  i|iiunliiieii  of  eotlon.  Natehe/  iH  the 
eoniinercial  depot  for  all  the  letllementa  in  the  uvcilern 
part  of  the  itate.     Punulation,  in  HU'l,  abuut  .'),UOU. 

Wunhiw'ton  in  0  miles  E.  uf  Natchez.  It  ha«  a  very 
pieaNAnt,  healthy  lituatiou,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  line 
country. 

8hiddsborous:h  in  on  the  Bay  of  Si.  Louin,  about  10 
miles  N.  K.  oi'  New  Orleant.  It  has  a  nlc-wnnt  and 
liealthy  situation,  and  is  a  plare  of  resort  fe.  (he  inhab- 
itants of  New  Orleans,  durinjif  the  sickly  season.  I'm- 
rnsnititt  •«  near  the  mouth  of  Puscag  '  "r, 

Monticello  is  the  seat  of  gover-'-nci.  Pearl 

river,  about  Do  miles  E.  of  Natchez. 

AV/ioMs  a  missionary  station,  in  the  C^  '"'un- 

iry.     It  is  on  liie  Yalo  Uusha,   about  .30  m  tv  it» 

junction  with  the  Yn/oo,  and  has  a  water  coR..ui.iiicatioa 
with  Natchez  and  New  Orleans. 

ropulatiun.  In  ICIO,  this  state  had  about  MD.OOO 
inhabilanis,  exclusive  of  Indians;  in  liilC,  11,201}, 
uearly  one  half  of  whom  were  sluvcp.  The  prineipal 
part  of  this  population  ti  near  the  Mississippi  river, 
^uuth  of  the  nioulh  of  the  Yazoo. 

Iiiilians.  The  Chickasaus  inhabit  a  fertile  country, 
(ii'.'ji'uclii;^  the  u.irthcru  ].art  of  i!ii<)  Hiate,  and  the  udja* 


I 


iiiilry.  ftii'l  niMiMiij; 
litfli  coiiii»>flii  l.iiko 
.iik(<  Hiir^iie  cuin* 
Houih  ollul  :ir, 
I    Mitnisiipiii   niiii 

diiw  country,  anil 
il'  IVIfkiro,  iw  mill'* 
iin(ry  ltel\ti'en  the 
ic  of  the  wi-«(i'rn 
litis  (*ule. 

voiinl),    in   inuvh 

iiii«i|i|ii,   .VH)  mile* 

llie  river,  mid  I')<1 

eil   nior«    tliun  loU 

The  ■urrouiiilinK 
'II  ciiltivalt'tl,  aiiti 
1.  \at(lH>7.  JH  ihq 
•nt«  in  (he  uvMlurn 
I'l,  abuiit  :),U()U. 
ex.  It  hail  a  very 
irruundeil  hy  a  fine 

t.  Loui<i,  ahnut  10 
IS  a  nIpp.Niuit  nntl 
'!<ort  Ir.  ila>  iiihnb- 
•.k\y  »paion.      J'aii- 

I.  Vearl 


IC-  C 
30  m 
iter  COR..MI.; 

■"^un- 

vw  its 

Jicatioo 

had  ahnut   MD.OOO 
in    1)3IG,    11,201), 
9.     The  |iriii('i|tal 
MissiiiBiiipi   river, 

a  fertile  country, 
laic,  and  the  adja* 


I 


MISSIS8IPPI. 


m 


th   a  ca|tilal 


cent  prl»  of  Tcnni'»'«ce  and  Alahuma.  Their  numluT 
i«  alMiuMi.Joi*.  They  arc  fricndl)  uitil  hiiMpituhlc,  aii«l 
cunniilcrahly  advanced  in  many  of  itic  nrUofcinli/rd  lil'Ci 

'I'lic  (7iw7nir.H  inhultil  the  central  parltof  ihi<i  Hialc. 
Their  country  cxIcniU  Ironi  the  iMi4«iii»ip|ii,nn  the  weitt, 
In  the  Tonila-cklice  on  the  cu«l ;  and  from  the  Chicka* 
■aw  country  on  the  north,  to  about  lnl.:iJ°,  on  ihenouth. 

The  number  of  the  ('hoclawn  i*  cxiiinuted  at  Jli,UUO. 
Within  a  few  jeari,  they  have  made  ffrcal  advance*  in 
agriculture,  and  the  art*.  They  now  rai<4e  cattle,  corn, 
and  cotton,  and  Nome  of  Iheni  Miiin  anil  weave.  Thcjr 
are  bcginnini;  to  leave  oil'  the  wild  and  iinvai^e  life,  and 
are  bcconiiiiK  civili/ed.  The  American  Hoard  of  Com- 
miMiuncra  nir  Fureii^n  Misitionii  have  iicnt  nevcral  miii- 
■ionaricH  and  iichonl-inaiitcri,  to  teach  them  to  read,  anil 
initrucl  them  in  religion.  The  Indiani  treat  the  mil- 
iionarict  very  kindly. 

Eduratian  A  college  linn  been  iiicor|iorated  at 
Waithinglon,  und  another  at  Hhicldnborun^h. 

Hank:     There  it  a  bank  at  Natchez,   with 
of  gl,ooe,000.     It  has  several  branches. 

Ituads  and  Canals.  Coni^rciis  have  a|iprnpriated  one 
twentieth  part  of  the  money  received   from    the  sale  of 

iiublic  lands  in  this  stale,  to  making  roads  and  canals 
or  the  benefit  of  the  state. 

Face  oJ'tliK  cimntnj.  The  southern  nart  of  the  state, 
for  about  100  miles  from  the  Uulf  of  Mexico,  is  level. 
Further  north  it  becomes  agreeably  uneven  and  undu- 
lating. Near  the  banks  of  the  iMiHsissippi,  the  lands, 
in  several  place*,  are  liable  to  annual  inundation. 

Soil.  On  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Vazoo  the  soil  i« 
exceedingly  rich  and  productive,  and  well  adapted  to 
the  cultivation  of  ontluii.  The  southeastern  part  of  the 
state  is  the  least  fertile. 

I'rodnctions  and  Comvterce.  Cotton  i  the  principal 
production,  and  is  raised  in  large  iinantilies  for  expor- 
tation. The  climate  and  soil  arc  well  adapted  to  indi- 
go, toliaccn,  grain,  &c.  but  the  raising  of  cotton  is  so 
much  more  profitable,  that  they  are  neglected.  Mont 
nf  the  flour  and  grain  uised  in  the  seUlemciits  on  the 
Mississippi  is  brought  from  Kentucky. 


I 


i 


m 


M>UI,m.\NA, 


i.nriMiANA. 

Mmf  ttitil  Kxt.iit.  Tlif  u  liolf  rttithtry  Wtwfpn  l?i« 
lVli*<ti>«tii|ii  ii«i-r  hihI  llif  I'ltnliu  oifuii,  nitw  litliiiiKiiiit 
lit  llif  I  iiilxt  MttleH,  Htta  iiiM-c  ouiirJ  liy  Fritiire,  ami 
wtm  eutli'il  LnnisiunUfinUutntr  til  Luin*  aIV.  In  Ittiij. 
Iliia  v«s(  ciMiiilry  miu  »oltl  by  France  li«  llie  IJnilvtl 
Sluleii,  I'lir  Kl'^iOOO.iKiii.  It  liN*  wiiiri-  lifi-ii  tlividfil  inlii 
4  |titiu,  v',/.  I.  Miikuiiii  IVrriliiry.  2.  The  ■lulo  of 
ISIimtiiuri.  S.  ArkHiiiMW  'IVrrilory.  l,  'I'lii*  ntutv  nf 
LiiiiMana.  The  imme,  h)ni!<iuiia,  i»  nuw  H|i|ilu'd  iiiily 
lo  (he  luitt  oflheite  <livi»iniiii. 

Situation.  Lmnn'nuin  i«  bouiiilnl  N.  hy  Arkuiitnw 
'I  errilorv  «  K.  hy  llie  Nta'r  ol'  .MiMiii«ippi  (  H.  hy  ihe 
(iiiH'ol' Mexico  t  and  W.  hy  (he  Hpaninh  ilitmiiiiont. 
The  stale  liei  |iriiu'ipKlly  nii  ihe  Me»t  nide  of  the  Mi«- 
nimiltlii  river;  n  uni.tll  (tart  in  on  ihe  ea»t  siiie. 

JUvisionn,  Tbi*  tlaie  wan  divided  in  ISIU  iutu  25 
pnriuhe*. 


J'urh/ut.                    Pnp, 

in  1810 

Nitiehiloehen, 

'j,o:o 

tluairhitia, 

1,0-7 

Knpideii, 

".',:joo 

OcHtahoolb, 

1,1114 

Concordia, 

'.'.87.^ 

Aviiyelle«, 

I,l(l<.l 

l'lHt;<|ueminei, 

1,510 

<>rleitn«, 

2»,56i.' 

Hi.  BernnrJ, 

',0'JO 

S(.  ("hurle-t, 

3.'ii)l 

8t.  John  naplinte, 

'.',!t!IO 

HI.  JamPM, 

:i,ar)r. 

A^een^iun, 

i-.S!!! 

Assumptiun, 

2,17'-' 

Partthn.  P>.p.  in  1810. 

lulerior  la  Kuurehe,  l,9!)ri 
'.',(17!) 
1,U1.» 
IfiJ'J 


Iberville, 

Wcsl  Ualon  Kougc, 
I'oinl  ('ou|>ee, 
New-Kelirinna, 
Kaxt  Itiiion  Uougp,^ 
SI.  li-lenn. 
Hi.  Tttinmany, 
Hi.  Mary's  and  .Si. 

MarlinN  (Atia- 

rapnii,) 
Hi.  Landre,  (Ope-  ] 

iuuian,}  ' 


10,000 


r,300 


S,OiH 


Jtii'frs.  Red  river  ri«c«  in  llic  f^paninh  dominion*, 
among  llie  Uocky  moiintainR.  and  Jliiwing  Houtlieaxt, 
cuter*  this  itale  Dear  the  uurthnent  corner,  and  empties 


MMMmIXNA, 


M^ 


piMMilry  WtMfpn  ifie 
i-ntii,  now  licliiiiKiiiit 
irJ  liv  Kritiire,  aiiil 
<>iii»  A IV.  Ill  tttiij. 
uncr  In  llie  IJiiiltMl 
in-  lifcii  ilividril  mill 
y.  J.  'I'lie  ■(»(<.■  of 
r.  1.  i'lte  iitute  of 
i*  now  apiilirU  utily 

I  N.  hy  Ark«iitiiw 
MiMippi  t  8.  Ilj  lIlK 
Hpaniuli  ilominioni. 
L-kt  nidc  of  the  Mit- 
le  i-a»t  tiiic. 
tfd  in   1810   iutu  S5 


rA<«.  A^.  ID  1810. 

r  la   KuureliL-,  l,9!)5 


I 

laliMi  Kougp, 

flipinna, 
nluii  Uougp,^ 
Iviin, 
inmany, 
,ry'»  and  Hi.  "J 
tin's  (Alia-  | 

«.)  J 

rtilrc,  (Ope-  > 


l.Ul.-i 
10,000 


r,300 


S,04H 


Speninh  dominioni, 
I  iltiwing  Houtlieaiit, 
,  cornor,  and  empties 


into  III.-  Mi>MMippi  nliiiiii  Ih(,  ;!i»      ||  ),  ^  -rfni  r|vrr, 

nuirp  1I1.111  i.'oo  mil,.,  |„nn.     Tin-   nt«i.<iti in   Inii-i. 

riipli'il  in  .iMTiil  |ihip.'»  Ijy    lrn».   ««hirli    liuw    n<M«i,d 

UitMii  in  iiniiiinx'  numliom.  luiil  ctntkiil  u\>  Ihr  i'IuimmiI. 

I'Ih'    ll'iiiiiilii   ri»c«  ill  Arkuii.ijM    riirilor).  anil  run. 

nnn^»(inil(iiui,  cinpiii**  miu  Id-d  river,  nrar  ill  hkimiIi. 

II  i>«  iiiivii(Hlilf  I'lir  iwio  niil<«. 

riio  tMiuMt^lpjii  i»  ilic  riuli'rn  Itiiiiiidurv  of  ilii*  «lnn>, 
Ini.n  lal.  .Ij"  I..  Jl".     |J,.|„»v  U\.  Jl' lU  i.Mir,.-  lmLoIIv 

III  Ihu  kimc.  IJfr.ir.' (Mini ih^  III,.  (j,i||-  „(•  ,M,.»i,.„,  ,1 
jliviili'i  iiilit  .1  ».n,|  liniiulu*.      rii,.  miiiii  •ir.uni  pn^.,'* 

>>  llie  iiIjiiINVm  Orli'un*.  and  iinplii'.  100  mil,-,  tie. 
ioH,  l._v  »,.v..r.,l  inon;l,4.  'riip  Jt,l,„ft,l„i/n  l.-avi-n  ilie 
iii«in-.lrfi»m  .1  inilii  In-low  llii-  inoiiili'ol' lii-d  rivrr.  itnd 
rnitnin^;  «oii(li,  murly    im  inilti.,  t-nipiir.  iiiiu  Atili  iCa. 

Inja  Ijmv.     'Ih,.    Hwivillv    Icau-i,  ilu- inuiii  Hin-iim ro 

tlian  100  mile.  Im-I.hv  iIh-  moulli  ol  li.d  riu  r.  and  run. 
iim;?  i-unl,  i-mpiif<  into  I.uki-  .Manri-(i.i«.  |,.,k,-  \\»urv- 
I»u«  t-injiiii-,  into  I.uki- I'oiiii-hnrlruin,  ind  L:iIjp  r„i,i- 
«•  i..:lr«.ii  i:ii„  Luke  llorijiie,  and  Lake  H<ir.;n«ibilu  the 
Uull  ol  Mcxii-o.  ^   ^ 

rrart  rivir.  ImIoh  lal.  31*,  in  llic  lionndarv  •loUv.-cn 
llitt  mate  ami  .MiH«i»»ippi.  |i  eniiiii,-,  into  il,.:  Ui;;oli(«, 
I  a  narrow  nlrail  runiiini;  Iroiii  I.uki-  Poiitclmrlraiii  lu 
Liakc  Uori^ni'. 

Tile  7'.(/(f  empliet  into  iW  Alrliafalnvu.  13  niiiea 
from  III  moulfi  in  llie  (Jair,,!'  Mexic-o.  iii,-  IWinillioit 
II  wt-ii  of  the  'I't-plii.,  aiiil  nn|ili(>i.  into  \  i-rinillmii  Imv. 
1  he  .Vfrm('«f<j«,llit-  Catraxhi,  and  llu-  S„hi„f  <'>iipi\  ii.iu 
lheOuir.,r.Mi.xi(-o,  wi-m  of  the  Vermillion.  llVloie 
eiik-ring  the  (iulf,  they  all  spread  wtt  iiiio  Ijroad  lakei, 
and  then  conlract  a^nin  into  narrow  riven. 

VlneJ' Towns.  Nhw  Ohi.kans.  the  capital  of  the 
■Inte,  II  on  the  eail  bunk  of  ih,-  IMiMi.Mppi.  10.1  niilei 
from  it«  mouth,  liy  the  coufM.-  of  ihe  riv,r.  It  i«  admi- 
rably Hiinalid  for  trade,  near  llu-  nioulh  of  a  nuble  river, 
who«e  brnnehes  exiei.d  for  ihonnandH  ofmilen  in  oppoiile 
dirpclioni,  and  open  eonimnnirationx  t\illi  the  whole 
vn  ey  of  the  MiMMJ-iNippi,  ||„.  ,„„8,  ,.xi,.,„iv,.  and  fertile 
valley  ,.n  the  faee  of  Ihe  earth.  'I  hi*  eiiy  i«  already 
one  ui  Ihe  greateit  enijioriuoii  of  commerce  in  America, 


I 


li 


H 


Vi 


m 


LUUlKiA.VA. 


iMiriiiliii'V)!  iMilh*  MM«i*>ii)|iii  Ncm  Oitiitiu  Mill  |ir>iliit< 
Illy  li)MMtMl<*,  •!  ii"«  ili«li»nt  <liij.  iitit*  t>r  llii-  i^ri'tilr*!  i-illi<i 
ill  ili»  Miirhl.  'riii<  |iii|>iiIhIii)M  liii<«  iiircft* 'i|  HJiti  ifrrnt 
rn|iiilil^.  1)1  IHO.'.  II  MH«c«tiiii'iiril  Hi  |ti,iH)oi  in  Jntii, 
il    w»«    1 7,.' 13 1  Mini    in     HUH,    ii    hii«    ««lintiil<'tl    Hi 

;ir,.«HHi, 

,>*i/<"Ai7«i''Ac"<,  lhi>  Ur'^f«i  iiit*n  in  ilii*  •Uf^  «•••»  itrilii* 
Mi4<>i4*)|*|M,  i«  nil  lii'il  riviT.  hImiiH  jnn  niih'*  kIiovo  il4 
J'liKlioM  uilli  ihf  MM«i<i«i|i|)i.  Jli.vintiii-iit  i<  uti  linl 
ri»fr,  •  Ji' iimIi'h  f.Miii  iu  nmuili,  iiini  «(»  mil*  lulu** 
Nni<'liilitrli«>4,  lliiliiit  ttinist  i«  I'll  ilif  t'H«l  liiiik  »f  III'? 
Mi**!**!!!!!!,  1 10  mill*  ii'iiiv*  Ni-w  OrleiUH.  .*•^  t'rnii- 
rlnvilt'  ix  !••»  )li«'  •nmp  river,  .Mt  mill-*  Htin\«'  Mitlnn 
M"lig^  ,Uiili*«uiill''  i"  'in  llir  N.  »iil)'  oi'  (.iikc  I'uni* 
ihiiririiin,  J7  iiiiltn  \.  nf  %'<•«»■  Orlpun*. 

/-/<«n'N  I  li»*  fit*  "f  N'»v  Orli«.Mi"«  «»Tiiil<  nn  nn  i«l- 
mill,  Mliirli  i*  fiirnii'fl  liy  I'u' ri»i-r  Mi««i«»ii<Mi  on  iiin* 
•iilc,  nnil  the  lliirMllc.  iiii{<fli<'r  mIiIi  l,iikf«  Si  tin  i';)!!!!, 
pMiih-t^lruiii.  mill  niiru;iii«  mi  (lir  (iilnr.  Il  it  h  0 
inil<'«  nmif.  'Ilwri'  i*  n  oinii!!  itlnni!  in  Itiiruiuriii  l)>i>, 
Mi-Hi  ul' llic  ini'iiili  i.r  ilif  >li»i»«ipiii.  Il  ii  liiiiltliy, 
liiK  n  Kitl'i'  nii'l  dtii.iriuiM  luirliir,  uml  u  cnpiiltli'  iirliiiiii} 
Wfll  iliTi'iiilcil.  0 

lli^tnni,  'I'lii*  pnnntry  mi\*  orii^innlly  inwii-il  Hn<l 
•clllcil  Ity  I'll'  FriMiili.  Wliilf  il  ri'miiiin-i!  in  fln-ir 
ImiiiU,  il  wnn  in  n  liiii^iii«liinn  I'tmiliiinn,  'I'lie  piiinnii-rri', 
Mcnlili,  nnd  |Mi|iiiliiliiin  wen'  very  ini-iinniili-rulilc.  In 
ICO),  Frnnci-  knlil  it  to  llio  rnitf'il  StntF«,  uml  il  liu« 
ever  ninfc  lliiurj«lirtl  ni"*!   «oinlrrfnlly. 

In  IrtI  I.  lliP  Hrili*li  iniuli'  mi  iiltiirk  nn  \«w  OrlciuM, 
but  wen"  r.'linUi'il  wiili  i<r«'ul  li»4,  by  llie  AiniTiciui 
troiip*  mihIit  (JeniTiil  .Itu-k'tiHi. 

I'njmliitiitn.  In  I'IU>,  llitri'  wrro  Ili'i.OdO  inlmlii'nnK, 
tlinnt  onf  half  i»r  wliiim  wcri*  hIiuim.  Tliin  itn|MiIi«iion 
U  (letlli'tl  prinpipully  on  llif  liiuikt  of  llif  i>li4i«it«ippi,^ 
aliovi*  nnil  ki'loM  New  Ortenno.  For  I  hi-  iliUnnce  «f 
more  lliiin  lOH  inilei  nloii^  thin  rivrr,  llii>  Imnkii  preiti-nt 
thi-  nppprtruncf  of  a  roiiliniieil  villnt^e.  In  llii"  ollifr 
Iiarlt  ol'llif  »lrtt'-.  Ilin  »''lt'cm*nt«  are  cliitfly  cmiDuod 
lu  lli«  bauki  of  the  riven. 


III  li'iui*  w  ill  |iriiliii  ■ 
r  llii-  i^ri'r»li'«l  I'ilh  <• 
firrr  i«'i|  MJili  ifrfHt 
Ml  |i>,iM)H|  in  in|(», 
««!««    ('•lirthiii'iJ    Mt 

III-  (lltlf   Hl><l  Itf  llif 

JOii  mile*  hIiovi*  iM 
viiHiiriii  i<  oil  Hi-il 
III  Nil  niil> «  III  |ii«* 
llP  rM«l  it  ilik  of  llio 
•  rliniiH.     .•»^    Frnti' 

inili'4  nliovi-  Itnliiri 
villi'  III'  liitki*    I'unl- 
in*. 
iii<t  «(inil'4  nn  an  i*\- 

!^1i«<«i«tiiijii  nil  mil! 
h  l.iikF«  Si  iiiii-;mi», 

iiiliir.  Ii  U  I'lO 
I  ill  ItariUuriii  H><>« 
ijii.  Ii  i*  lii'iiltli_V| 
I  u  i-npiiltli'  iiI'lMing 

ii^initllv    i)«wii-il   mill 

I    rt'iiiiMiii'il   ill  llii'ir 

ion,   'I'lie  piiiniiii>rci> 

infoiiniili-rulilc.     Ill 

Sintr*,   uimI   il  littt 
illy. 
irk  lilt  \«w  Orli'nn*, 

bj-   I  lie    Atticriruii 

tli'i.OOO  itilinlii'nnK, 
I.  'I'liin  j><i|iiiIrtiion 
or  tht*  i>liiii«ii|)ii|i|ii, 
*'or  I  lie  iliUniice  nf 
r,  llii'  ImiikN  |ire«i'nt 
Int^i*.  Ill  till*  ollifr 
are   cliiiflv  cutiKmciI 


I.OI'ISIA.NA. 


ttit 


Vh*  pnpuhitiin  U  inrrt<a«ing  wllh  Krrat  mpiiliiy.     It 

i*  IMMlli-  ll|Mir  lllilliy   tflltiTflll   iHtllUlM,     Ktl-lioll,     Klllflivll, 

H|iMiiiiiri|<,  (ii'mmiK,  dm.  A  liw  )i-nt»  mfo  ilic  Finich 
wrri'  fur  ilif  inii«c  niiiiicroiin,  liiii  rniii(riiiii«  fruin  ili« 
unrllii'iii  •lull*  Mrf  lloekiiig  in  \rry  rml,  anil  tnll  •uun 
tiiiinuiiilifr  (III)  Fri-nch. 

L»ns;nagr.  A  •hurt  limp  linep  llii>  Knncli  lan^ullg• 
\\<k*  hIiimkI  uiiiyiTtiil.liiit  mv>  i\\v  Kni^livli  jtrciloniinBlri 
HtUifiuH.  riir  UnniNn  (.'Hltmlii-  rt'liijion  i«  iIih  mii«' 
pnviilinl  at  prfmnt.  In  |i:ij  (JMrn  tvii*  not  »m  I'm- 
(ftlaul  cliurdi,  of  nuy  ilpnuniinniioii  in  llii'  •tati*.  Hiiu-« 
llml  limi'.  rniiMv  Iih*b  linn  furnitil. 

Jitlmatiun.  'Till  titj  iic.mly  iilnrnlion  li«*  beirn 
niMi'li  nr|||lpcliMl.  Mun>  of  tin-  inliuliiiunl*  an-  nnnhlHtu 
reail.  'Ilif  gnvrrnnii'iit  liu*  ni>w  roninii-ncrii  llio  futab- 
li«liini'iil  of  «tiiiioU  iinil  (If .nil- mil-*. 

/•(4.Y  of  Ih*  cmiHtrif.  rh.>  I'oiiiilry  on  (lie  dulf  of 
Mfiico,  from  I't-arl  rivir  to  llii>  Mabinf,  fioii»i«i»  of  low 
|irairip,or  miiuJow  land.  Abont  the  nioutlii  oflbi-  Mi*- 
*iii<i|ipi,  for  .JO  niili'i,  it  \%  oni>  continiifii  Kunmii.  More 
Iban  one  iWih  part  oflbc  Mirface  of  ihi«  ■iiiio  in  liablo 
to  III'  iMiinilatfit,  every  year,  by  lli«  uveriloiviiig  of  Ibu 
lMu«i»iii|ipi  iinil  |(i.,|  riMr». 

_  Ltvrin.  |.evi'i-»  uri-  buiikv  crecU'il  tiloni;  lhi>  »idfi  of 
river*,  in  prevent  the  water  froiii  overlloMiiii^  ihe  plan* 
lalion»,  during  the  prrioilicul  flood*.  Tbrre  i«  a  levee 
Mionjt  the  iVIiiwiuippi,  „|,„ve  and  below  New  Orleaim, 
t:5(t  mile*  long.  W  hen  the  »iater«  bumi  lhrou^h  lliene 
leveen,  n«  ihej  vomelinieii  do,  ihev  leiir  every  iTiinn  be- 
fore them.  deMroyin^  the  crop»,  lind  buildiligi,  and  fre- 
quently,  ruininj^  Ihe  noil. 

8uil.  The  pari*  of  the  Hale  which  are  cultivated  arp, 
nliiiom  e»p|uitivelv,  alluvial  IhimN  on  Ihe  bank*  of  the 
Mm.Mippi,  the  Tech",  Red  river  the  WuchiU,  and  it* 
hranche*.  riic  land*  or.  !{cd  river  are  considered  the 
be»f^  in  Ihe  irnited  Hiaie*  for  the  cnllivaliou  of  cotton. 

1  luiliicliims.  The  vlaple  production*  are  cotton, 
an^ar,  and  rice.  Collou  Muoceed*  be*l  on  the  deep  al- 
luvial  noil  nf  ||,|.  river*,  but  i*  very  proliliible  al*n  on  the 
Jirairie  land.  The  principal  »iiniir  plantation*  are  on 
thebanktof  the  Mi«»ii(iiippi,  feche.  and    Vermillion, 


L 


139 


LOUISIANA. 


below  ]a(.  31°,  III  11117,  tliere  wcic  :20,000,000  poiiniN 
oi'!4iiu;iir  mitilc  in  IIiIh  xtitti*.  'riiiTc  is  ii  vti^  l.tii^o  i'\< 
ti'iit  of  country,  udiiiintlil}  uilapiuil  l»  (he  ciillivutiuii  ut' 
rice. 

Toliiiccn,  imlii'o,  Mlieut,  rye,  pciioliP'*.  oruiisics,  figs, 
pomi'^rniiiifi'fs,  |ilitiiix,  i^niiics,  &,!•.  Mould  i^iinv  Inxiiri- 
anll),  ImiI  tlii-y  ure  not  fulliviiliMl  to  iiiiy  conHkiliiulile 
cxleiil.  Colloii,  Hiig'ir,  anil  rini-  jiclil  iinnu'inte  piotits 
to  the  iilatitcrA,  itiid  I'ligrn^H  nil  (heir  utii-ntion. 

Cattle.  Till'  exit'nsivu  |iruiiii'  lands  in  (lie  southwes- 
tern jiurt  of  the  stale,  are  udininildy  adapted  to  the 
rearing;  of  cattle,  and  are  extt>iisivcly  used  lor  tlii<*  pur< 
pose.  .Many  ol*  the  farmers  in  t1ii«  district  count  (heir 
ealtle  liy  the  thonsund. 

Salt.  Salt  spring!*  abound  helween  Red  river  and 
the  Waeiiita.  Near  Natchiloehe«,  suit  is  made  in  sulfi- 
eieni  qiiantitii'S  Cor  the  supply  of  all  the  settlements  on 
Ited  river. 

Commprce.  The  IMIsnissippi  empties  in  this  state. 
This  river  i^  the  natural  outlet  for  all  the  country  from 
the  Allegany  to  (he  Rocky  inonntaiun,  and  from  the 
great  Lakes  to  the  Spanish  dominions.  The  produce 
of  all  tlie  eiiltivalt'd  parts  of  this  Territory  is  floated 
down  the  Mississippi,  and  exported  from  New  Orleans. 

The  diHienlty  of  ascending  the  rapid  current  of  the 
Mississippi,  lierclofure,  prevented  New  Orleans  from 
supplying  this  country  witli  foreign  merchandize.  It 
was  found  cheaper  lo  purchase  goods  in  Philadelphia  or 
Baltimore,  and  transport  them  by  laud  to  Pittsburg,  and 
thenee  down  the  Ohio,  than  to  carry  them  up  the  Missis- 
sippi. I)>M  steam  bouts  are  now  nuecessfiilly  employed 
in  aseeiiding  the  Missi..>iippi,  and  New  Orleans  is 
rapidly  becuiuini;  the  enipurium  of  the  western  country. 


4- 


I'c  20,000.000  poiiniTu 

('    is   II  Vt'H   l.tiyio  t\- 
to  lliu  ciillivutioii  ut' 

NU'liP'*.  oraiis;('»,  figs, 
^\()til(l  i{iii«\  liixiiri- 
In  :iny  ((iiiNkili'i utile 
yield  innnerinL*  i)iiiiils 
ir  iilu-ntion. 
uiiils  ill  (lie  Aoiitlivvcs* 
>ilily  ii(lii|ttL'cl  to  tim 
ly  used  lor  I  his  iiur- 
li  district  count  thfir 

IwciMi  Red  liver  and 
,  Hult  is  madu  in  suifi- 
ill  the  seltlcmeiitti  on 

mpties  in  tliis  stale. 
-  all  the  country  iVom 
ntuiiin,  and  from  the 
iiiions.  The  produce 
Territory  is  floated 
d  from  New  Orleans, 
rapid  current  of  the 
1  New  Orleans  from 
gn  merchandize.  It 
tU  in  Fliiladeiphia  or 
'and  to  Pittsburg,  and 
y  them  up  the  Missis- 
Mierettsfiiily  employed 
iiid  New  Orleans  is 
'  the  western  country. 


TENNESSEE. 


WESTERN    STATES. 


tU 


The  western  states,  are, 

1.  Tennessee, 

2.  Kentucky, 

3.  Ohio. 
SUuation.    These  states 


4.  Indiana, 
0.  lllinoi<4, 
6.  iMis<ioMri. 
ie  Mcst   of  the  Allegany 


mountains,  between  33°  and  -n"  N.  lat. 

^0*7.     The  soil  of  this  scctinn.is  generally  very  fertile. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  very  various. 
The  most  common  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  hemp,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  &c. 

Population.  This  section  has  been  but  recently  set- 
tled, and  the  population  is  increasing  with  wonderful 
rapidity.  Emigrants  are  constantly  pouring  in  like  a 
tide,  from  New  Englund,  and  all  the  old  stales.  In 
1790,  the  population  of  this  section  was  only  1U9,:3C0  } 
in  1800,  it  was  377,0 1  tJ :  and  in  1810,  'Jni'^niAB. 

Commerce.  All  the  Western  Hiatus  lie  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, or  its  branches.  Their  produce  is  floated  down 
the  diOerent  rivers,  to  the  Mississipiii,  and  down  that 
river  to  New  Orleans.  The  current  of  the  Mississippi 
is  so  strong,  that  hei-etofore  boats  could  not  ascend  it, 
and  the  Western  States  were  supplied  with  fdreign  goods 
from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.  But  since  steam 
boats  have  been  used  to  stem  the  current  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, these  states  begin  to  receive  foreign  goods  from 
New  Orleans. 

TENNESSEE. 

Situation.  Tennessee  is  hounded  N.  by  Kentucky: 
E.  by  North  Carolina;  S.  by  Georgia,  Alahama,  and 
Mississippi;  and  W,  by  Arkansaw  rerrilorv,.from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Mississippi  liver. 

]^t  is  very  regular  in  its  shape,  its  northern  and  south- 
ern  boundaries  being  parallels  of  latitude. 

Divisions.     This  slate  is  divided  into  West  Tennes- 
se^,  and  East  Tennessee.     West  Tennessee  is   divided 
into  31  counties,  and  East  Tennessee  into  ir. 
12 


nil  lilt, IIRIWJB 


l.il 


TKNNKSSEE. 


West  Tennesfpe, 

(.uuntira.  l\p.  in  18i0. 


lU-iltord, 
DuvidHoii, 
Dickoon, 
Kraiikliii, 

llickinaii, 

lluni|tiii'iei, 

Jackoun, 

Liiivoln, 

Moiiigomery, 

Maury, 

Overton, 

Ilobcrtion, 

lluilierforil, 

Smith, 

Stewart, 

Sumner, 

AVilson, 

Williamson, 

White, 

Wurren, 


8,2*2 

1S,«08 
4,(516 
B,730 
4,010 
2,S83 
1,511 

e,40i 

6,104 

8,021 

lO,:i0O 

0,613 

7,270 

10,205 

11,640 

4,262 

13,793 

11,902 

13,103 

4,028 

6,723 


160,370 


East 

CoUntin. 
Andortton, 
KiedHOP, 
UlounI, 
Cam|iliell, 
Carter, 
Claihorne) 
Cocke, 
Granger, 
Green, 
Hawking, 
JeRerson, 
Knox, 
Rhea, 
Roane, 
Sevier, 
Sullivan, 
Washington 


Tennessee. 
Pop.  in  1810. 
3,959 
8,S3U 
8,259 
2,668 
4,190 
4,798 
0,104 
6,397 
9,713 
7,643 
7,309 
10,171 
2,004 
0,008 
4,000 
6,847 

,  7,740 


101,277 
West  Tennessee,  160,370 


Total,    361,647 


History.  No  white  sellloments  were  made  in  this 
state  lill  about  the  year  1775.  Until  1790,  it  was  a 
part  of  North  Carolina.  In  179b  it '  as  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  an  independent  state. 

Rivers.  The  JUissifsippi  is  the  western  boundary. 
The  other  great  rivers  are  the  Cumberlanil,  and  the 
Tennessee,  both  of  w  hich  empty  into  the  Ohio,  near  its 
nioHth. 

The  Cumberland  rises  in  the  Cumberland  mountains, 
in  the  southeast   part  of  Kentucky,  and    running  into , 
Tennessee,  makes  a  circular  bend,  and  passes  into  Ken- 
tucky ngttin.     It  is  000  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  for 
louts*  500. 


E. 


JRast  Tennessee. 

oUntiii,           Pop. 

in  1810. 

lorHoii, 

3,900 

dsop, 

8,%3U 

lint, 

3,2au 

n|iliell, 

2,068 

'ter, 

4,190 

ilionie, 

4,798 

:ke, 

0,104 

inger, 

6,307 

!en, 

9,713 

wkins, 

7,643 

ergon, 

7,309 

ox, 

10,171 

en, 

3,004 

niie, 

0,008 

k-ier, 

4,000 

I'lTan, 

6,847 

ttshington, 

7,740 

101,877 
est  Tennessee,  160,370 


Total,    261,647 


nts  Mere  made  in  this 
Until  1790,  it  was  a 
9b  it  *  as  admitted  into 
le. 

the  western  boundary. 

i  Cumberlandf  and  llio 

iuto  the  Ohio,  near  its 

Cumberland  mountains, 
ifky,  and    running  into  ^ 
id,  and  passes  into  Ken- 
ig,  and  is  navigable  for 


TENxNESSKK. 


tip 


Tenneniiee  river  rises  in  Virginia,  and  runs  soulliwoit, 
through  the  state  of  Tennessee  into  Alabama;  it  Iht'ii 
turns  and  runs  northwest  through  Tennessee  again,  and 
empties  in  Kentucky,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  Its 
course  resembles  the  letter  V. 

The  Tennessee  is  navigable  to  the  Muscle  shoals,  250 
miles,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Here  it  spreads  out, 
and  becomes  so  shallow,  that  it  is  difficult  for  bunts  In 
puss,  when  the  water  is  low.  Above  the  shuals  there 
is  no  obstruction  fur  250  miles,  till  you  cnine  tu  th» 
Huck,  or  Whirl,  where  the  river  breaks  through  llio 
Cumlierland  mountains.  Here  the  stream  is  very  rapid, 
but  Itoats  aseend  without  much  danger  or  ditlicully. 

The  principal  branches  of  the' Tennessee  are,  (liu 
Iliwassee,  which  empties  near  Washington,  about  To 
miles  above  the  Stick  ;  the  C7(/it/j,  and  the  Ilnhlon,  both 
wf  which  rise  in  Virginia,  and  running  S.  W.  join  the 
Tennessee  below  Kn(»xville.  French  Ilroml  river  emp- 
ties into  the  Holston  ai  Knox^illo.  Duck  riveremptiis 
into  the  Tcnneiisee,  about  80  miles  W.  of  Nasiiville. 

Ohian,  Chickasaw,  Forkrd  Deer,  and  /loZ/are  small 
rivers  which  empty  into  the  Mississippi. 

Mjimtniiis.  The  Ciimlwrland  mountains  run  fioin 
8.  W.  to  N.  K.  through  ihi'  middle  of  the  state,  between 
Cumberland  and  Tennesste  rivers,  and  pais  inm  Vir. 
ginin,  where  they  are  called  the  Laurel  nionntnins. 

The  Megany  mountains  are  the  eastern  bonndnrv  of 
the  slate,  separating  it  from  North  Carolina.      1  here 
are  many  small  ridges  between  the  Allegany  and  Cum- 
berlund  mountains,  and  parallel  with  them. 

Curiosities.  The  ff'hirt,  or  Suck  in  Tennessee 
river,  where  it  breaks  through  tlie  Cumberland  motin- 
tains,  is  as  great  a  curiosity  as  the  bursting  of  the  I'oio- 
mac  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is  about  halfway  be- 
tween Knoxviile  and  Muscle  shoals,  near  the  point 
where  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state  crosses  thi> 
Tennessee. 

The  river  is  here  compressed  to  a  width  of  about  7o 
yards.  Just  as  it  enters  the  mountain,  a  large  roek 
nrojects  from  the  northern  shore,  which  causes  a'sudden 
bend  in  the  river  j  the  water  is  thrown  with  great  vin- 


IM 


TENNESSEE. 


Ipnce  and  rapidity  against  the  loutliern  shore,  whence  it 
relioutids  around  the  point  of  the  rock,  and  produce*  the 
whirl.  Boats  pass  down  the  whirl  with  great  velocity, 
but  without  danger. 

Chief  Townn.  Murfreesborough,  near  the  centre  of 
(he  state,  32  miles  8.  E.  of  Nashville,  is  the  seat  of 
t^nvernment.  The  situation  is  pleasant  and  healthful, 
und  the  surrounding  country  very  fertile. 

ICnoxvUle  is  on  the  HoUton,  near  the  junction  of 
French  Broad  River.  Population,  in  1818,  about  1,400. 
t.VushvUtc,  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  is  on  the  Cuni- 
herlaiid,,  which  it  navis;able  to  Ibis  place  for  vesiteU  of 
oO  or  40  tons.  A  htcam  boat  iiasses  between  Nattlivillc 
and  New  Orleans,  and  a  ruau  is  opened  through  the 
Indian  country  to  Natc^hez.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  pop- 
ulous and  fertile  country,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade. 
J'opulalion  in  1818,  between  3  and  4,000. 

ClaricsviUe  is  on  the  Cumberland,  60  miles  N.  W.  of 
Naslivillc.  Greenville  is  75  miles  E.  of  Knosville. 
Columbia  is  on  Duck  river,  40  miles  S.  of  Nashville.^ 
Washington  is  near  the  Tennessee,  75  miles  8.  W.  of 
Knoxville.  Brainerd,  a  missionary  station  among  (he 
(^'herokees,  is  00  miles  S.  of  Washington,  on  a  small 
creek  which  empties  into  the  Tennessee. 

Education.  There  arc,  nominally,  4  colleges  in  (his 
stiile;  at  Orccnville,  Knoxville,  Nashville,  and  in 
Washington  county.  G»re«i'j7/e  college  is  a  flourishing 
institutiun.  It  has  a  philosupliical  apparatus,  a  library 
of  between  1  and  2,000  volumes,  and  about  (io  students. 

Fopulation.  In  1810,  Tennessee  contained  201,000 
inhabitants  of  whom  14,000  were  slaves.  This  state 
tias  been  but  rccfMitly  settled,  und  the  population  has 
increased  with  very'^reat  rapidity.  In  1790  (here  were 
but  33,000  iul!\bitaut*}  iu  ISOO,  105,000;  and  iu  1810, 
261,000. 

The  most  populous  district  in  the  state,  is  the  country 
for  30  mik'8  around  Nashville.  This  district  contained 
ill  1810,  ninre  than  one  third  of  the  whole  population. 

Indians.  The  Chickasaws  own  all  the  country  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state,  between  (he  Mississippi  and 
theTpniiessee.    The  Clierokees  own  a  largo  section  iu 


--^  ii-f>i  iwAi 


Iiern  ■hore,  whence  it 

tck,  and  prodiii^es  the 

witlt  great  velocity, 

I,  near  the  centre  of 
viile,  is  the  teat  of 
iitaiit  and  liealtlifiil, 
lertile. 

near  (lie  Junction  of 
in  1818,  about  1,400. 
state,  is  on  the  Cuni- 
•  place  for  vesiteU  of 
es  between  Nashville 
opened  ihroiigh  the 
in  the  midst  of  a  pop- 
a  flourishing  trade. 
I  4,000. 

d,  60  miles  N.  W.  of 
eg  E.  of  Knoxville. 
ilea  S.  of  Nashville. 
,  75  miles  8.  W.  of 
ry  station  among  the 
hinglon,  on  a  smalt 
nessee. 

ly,  4  colleges  in  this 
,  Nashville,  and  in 
college  is  a  flourishing 
I  apparatus,  a  library 
nd  about  (io  students, 
e  cunfained  201,000 
i  slaves.  This  state 
1  the  population  has 
.  In  1790  there  were 
05,000;  and  in  1810, 

e  state,  is  the  country 
'his  district  contained 
e  whole  population, 
all  the  country  in  the 
I  the  Mississippi  and 
ivn  a,  large  section  iu 


TE.V.NKSriKK. 


137 


the  soutlieitxl  corner  of  the  stute,  on  both  Kides  of  Hi- 
wassfe  river.  'I'hey  own  uUu  the  tieiglthoiing  purls  of 
Georgia  and  Alubnma. 

The  number  of  the  Chornkces  'm  ubont  t  J,UOO.  They 
arc  partially  civili/eH.  Many  of  iheni  own  cattle, 
sheep,  ploughs,  mills,  &,l-.  There  is  u  mittHioiuirv  sta- 
tion at  Ui'uinerd,  and  suliooU  in  several  other  places, 
where  the  children  are  taught  to  read  and  write,  and 
arc  instructed  in  religion.  The  Cherokees  are  very 
desirous  that  their  children  should  receive  a  good 
education. 

Religion.  The  principal  denoniinutions  are  Metbe* 
dists,  Baptists  and  l're«bylet'ians. 

Face  of  the  country.  East  Tennessee  is  mountainous. 
West  Tennessee  is  partly  level,  and  partly  hilly. 

Soil.  In  East  Tennessee  the  mountains  have  a  bar- 
ren soil,  but  the  vallies  between  them  are  fertile.  la 
West  Tennessee  there  is  much  fertile  land. 

Productions.  Cotton  is  the  staple  production.  To- 
bacco, hemp,  Indian  corn,  and  wheat,  are  also  cultivated 
to  a  considerable  extent.  Cattle  are  raised,  in  large 
numbers,  in  East  Tennessee. 

C»mmerce.  The  principal  exports  arc  cotton,  tobacco, 
and  flour.  These  are  carried  <iown  the  Tennessee  ami 
Cumberland  to  the  Ohio,  and  theme  down  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  to  New  Orleans.  This  course  is  very  cir- 
cuitous. It  is  expected  that  a  road  or  canal  will  soon 
be  formed,  connecting  Tennessee  river  with  some  of  the 
branches  of  the  Tombeckbee,  which  will  shorten  the 
distance  to  New  Orleens  more  than  one  half. 

Foreign  goods  imported  into  the  state  have  hitherto 
been  brought  from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  to  Ea.st 
Tennessee  in  waggons;  and  to  West  Tennessee,  princi- 
pally by  waggons  as  far  as  Pittsburg,  and  ihence  bv 
water  down  the  Ohio,  and  up  the  Cumberland, 


:  i 


■■'-M.t. 


131 


KENTUCK.Y. 


KENTUCKY. 

Sititntion.  Krntiicky  is  liniiiiileil  on  (he  N.  Iiy  llli- 
iini<«,  ]ii'iliniia,  ami  (Miio,  I'roni  Miiicli  it  i*  Hi>|mru((Ml  liy 
Oliiii  river;  K.  !iy  Virginia,  I'niin  wliiuli  it  is  aeiiaratrtl 
by  Hit*  Handy  river  and  Cuinherland  ntountaina  ;  S.  by 
'leniie*H»'e;  and  W.  by  the  Miit^ifoiipjii. 

Keulucky  \vu«  divided  in  1810  into  Sli 


Diviiiiom, 

Keulucky 

couulie*. 

Cuuiiliei. 

Pop.  in  1810. 

Adair, 

6,011 

Diirriu, 

11,2S6 

Boone, 

8,()U8 

Bracken, 

8,706 

Breckcnridge 

,         3,4ao 

Bourbon, 

18,000 

Biillcr, 

3,181 

Bullet, 

4,811 

Clarke, 

11,010 

Casey, 

3,28fl 

Campbell, 

3,478 

Christian, 

11,020 

Cumberland, 

6,101 

Clay, 

2,308 

Caldwell) 

*,208 

1<:stle, 

2,083 

Fayette, 

21,370 

Franklin, 

8,QJ3 

Fleming, 

8,«J*7 

Floyd, 
Oallatin, 

3,485 

3,307 

Greenup, 

2,369 

Green, 

6,739 

Grayson, 

2,301 

Garrard, 

0,185 

Henry, 

6,777 

Harrison, 

7,752 

Henderson, 

4^703 

Countiei,          Pep 

.  in  1810. 

Harden, 

7,B81 

llo|ikins, 

2,»64 

Jensamiue, 

8,377 

JelVeriou, 

ia,3ttt) 

Knnx, 

»,875 

Livingston, 

8,67-l> 

Lewis, 

3,397 

Lincoln, 

8,676 

Logan, 

12,123 

Mason, 

12,409 

Mercer, 

1^,680 

Madison, 

10,040 

Muhlenburg, 

4,181 

Montgomery, 
Nieholai) 

12,970 

4,8»3 

NelsoD) 

14,078 

Ohio, 

3,793 

Pulaski, 

6,8»7 

Pendleton, 

3,001 

Rock  Castle, 

1,731 

Scott, 

12,419 

Shelby, 

14,87- 

Wayne, 

0.430 

Washington, 

13,248 

Warren, 

11,937 

Woodford, 

9,600 

Total, 

406,011 

— *-'"  ■«■■      ■*■ 


_        L 


I  on  (he  N.    Iiy  llli- 

ill  it   in  HP|mrul<Ml  hj 

tliiuli  it  i»  neparatrtl 

itl  mountains  }  8.  bjr 

ipiii. 

«d  in  1810  into  a* 


tnliei.          Pop 

.  in  1810. 

en, 

7,981 

(init, 

2,»61 

uiiue, 

8,377 

nou, 

ld,30tt 

t> 

l»,879 

igston, 

a,67-l> 

». 

3,aa7 

oin, 

8,676 

in, 

12,123 

on, 

12,409 

:er, 

1^,680 

isont 

10,940 

lenburg, 

4,181 

Igomery, 
olai, 

12,979 

4,898 

OD, 

14,078 

< 

3,792 

Hki, 

6,8»7 

leton, 

3,001 

.  Caitle, 

1,731 

» 

12,419 

iy. 

14,87- 

ne, 

0.430 

hingtoD, 

13,248 

ren, 

11,937 

dford. 

9,690 

Total, 

406,011 

KKXTUCKV. 


tfh'ey$.     Kenliii' 
WHlir*.     'I'he  Ohiu 


130 

t(aliln 
own 


i',kj(  ik  ninioiit  mirroiiiKliMl  hy  nftvii^i 

-■■ iu  •«  the  northfrn  boundary.     It  llinvn 

Klorig  the  bordemol'lhe  mate  for  more  than  fioo  niileit. 
Ihe  JImissippi  it   the  wenterii    boundary.     Tho  7% 


It  ein|ilici  into  ibe  (Miiu  4U  inilea 


Handy  i»  the  eaitcrn. 
abii\e  I  he  iSc'iolo. 

Cumberland  river  ritiPM  in  the  Cumberland  mounlaimi, 
and  puRNci  uilo  the  male  or'IVMne«i.ec,  where  it  inakeii  a 
circular  bend,  and  returniiiji  to  Kentucky,  empiie*  into 
the  Ohio,  6u  iiiileH  I'loni  the  Miiiiiit«i|)|M.  The  Tenimsee 
cmjitiett  into  the  Uhio  12  niilet  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Cumberland. 

The  other  riverg  which  empty  into  the  Ohio  from 
this  stale  are  Green,  K'eutuchi/,  and  Lickiut'.  Thcue 
rivers  arc  uavi^able,  by  boats,  for  a  consiclerable  dis- 
tance, during  the  winter  Hoods,  but  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  are  much  reduced  in  si/e. 

Chief  Towns.  Frankfort,  the  seat  of  governntent,  is 
on  Kentucky  river,  60  miles  above  itti  conlluence  with 
the  Ohio.  When  the  river  is  high,  steam  boats  of  aoo 
tons  come  up  as  far  as  this  place.  Population  in  Ibio. 
1,099.  •  ' 

I.e;riWjg:<o«,  the  largest  and  wealthiest  town  in  the 
state,  is  pleasantly  situated  about  30  miles  S.  E.  of 
Frankfort,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  delightful  plain, 
of  40  miles  in  diameter.  It  has  considerable  commerce, 
and  flourishing  manufactures.  Its  growth  has  been 
rapi''  The  site  of  the  town  was  not  long  since  a  mere 
forest }  the  first  tree  was  cut  down  in  1779  ;  the  town 
was  laid  out  in  1783;  in  1810,  it  contained  more  than 
4,000  inhabitants,  and  in  1818  about  7,ooo. 

Louisville,  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio  river, 
00  miles  W.  of  Frankfort,  is  the  second  town  in  the 
Btate   in  wealth  and  conseuuence.     A  very  extensive 

1  5?''*'*  •'O'"™^"^  '■  earned  on  bctwe..i  this  place, 
and  Natchez,  New  Orleans,  and  St,  Louis.  The  great 
command  of  water  power  afforded  by  the  rapids  o?  the 
river,  and  the  other  advantages  of  its  situation,  wi:i 
probably  make  Louisville,  at  no  distant  day,  a  great 
manufacluriog  town.  Population  in  1819,  about 
9,000.  ' 


t40 


KENTUCKr. 


Mmin-ilU,  on  the  Ohio,  fio  mile*  N.  P.  nf  reiin^lnn, 
tin*  cuniiderttltle  Irnile.  HusHfUille  i»  Mur  the  miulh- 
eiii  hounilory,  93  niilen  N.  of  N»ihvill«',  in  I «;iinc»ii'i'. 
timilhfeld  in  oit  the  Ohio.  3  milci  hi'ltuv  the  iiioiUh  uV 
the  CuinberUiicl.  Hendenon  i%  on  ihe  Ohio,  helow  »he 
mouth  of  tlrt'cti  river.  A'eiiport  i«  al  ihe  mouth  of 
Licking  river,  opuutite  Cincinnati  in  Ohio.  Ihnvillc 
\t  40  mile*  H.  of  FrHnkfort. 

Education.  Traiisiflvania  Univer$ittj,  nt  Lriiiiglon, 
had,  in  1S18,  »  |ire«idenl,  and  S  proffoorn,  beiiifei  ft 
iirofciior  in  the  law  nchool,  and  +  |)roft'»«ora  in  the 
medical  •chool,  which  are  connected  «ilh  Ihe   Univer- 

litv 

A  eolle«e,  hat  been  recently  citabliihed   at  Danville. 

Pitpulation.  In  ISiO,  Kentucky  contained  4()n,91l 
inhabitanlK,  of  whom  90,()00,  or  one  lifth,  were  ilavci. 
The  nopulalionof  ihis  ilate  htt»  increaied  with  a»lon- 
iHhing  rapidity.  The  ftrnt  ietilcmcnt  by  the  while*  wa» 
made  in  1779;  in  1700,  there  were  73,000  iuhaliilanH  ; 
in  1800,  220,000,  and  in  ISto,  406,000.  As  the  ■tale  is 
now  to  a  considerable  extent  settled,  the  population  in 
future  will  not  increase  so  rapidly. 

Hfligion.  The  most  numerous  denomiDations  are 
Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Methodists. 

Face  of  ihe  country.  The  eastern  counties  are 
mountainous  ?  those  on  Ohio  river  are  hilly  and  broken  ; 
the  rest  of  the  slate  is  par«ly  level,  and  partly  undulat- 

iniC' 

Soil.  The  eastern  counties,  and  those  on  Ihe  Ohio, 
are  the  poorest  parU  of  the  stale.  The  interior  is  very 
fertile,  especially  the  country  for  30  miles  round  Lex- 
ington, and  the  district  between  Green  river  and  the 
Cumberland. 

The  whole  slate,  below  the  nionnlains,  rests  on  an 
immense  bed  of  limestone,  usually  about  8  feet  below 
Ihe  surface.  There  are  every  where  apertures  in  this  bed 
of  limestone,  through  which  the  waters  of  Ihe  rivers 
•ink  into  Ihe  earth.  The  large  rivers  of  Kentucky,  for 
this  reason,  are  more  diminished  during  the  dry  season* 
than  those  of  any  pari  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
small  streauis  entirely  disappear. 


J-  _i_aiJ*rKM*»'=** 


_J 


OHIO. 


lit 


N.  E.  nf  r-eiin^tnn, 
•  it  iirur  llie  miulli- 
ivillf,  in  'I'f uneitii-e. 
ii'Invv  llir  iiiuudi  uF 
(he  Oliio,  Ill-low  I  lie 
i«  al  (lie  mouth  of 
in  Uliiu.     Danville 

r$ity.  At  lirtiiigton, 
irorcMion,  bviiilet  a 
t'  pmrviRor*  ill  the 
d  with  the   Univer- 

kli»hetl  at  Danville, 
y  contained  4(ifl,dl  t 
e  iil'lh,  were  ilavci. 
created  with  astoO' 
nt  by  the  vihilet  ua* 
73,000  iiihaliilanli ; 
)00.  At  I  he  iiate  is 
I,  the  population  in 

• 

I  denomioationt  are 

iditti. 

olern    countiet    are 

kre  hilly  and  broken  ; 

,  and  partly  uudulat- 

1  ihotte  on  the  Ohio, 

The  interior  it  very 

30  milei  round  Lex- 

■rern   river  and  the 

inlaint,  regis  on  an 
ahnut  8  feel  below 
apertures  in  thit  bed 
ivaters  of  the  rivers 
crs  of  Kentucky,  for 
uring  the  dry  geason» 
ited  State*,  and  the 


ProJuclwm.  The  principal  pnHluctioni  are  hemp, 
tobacco,  wht'nl,  Intlian  corn,  rye,  &,c. 

Salt.  .Mall  tpringt  or  lickn  abound,  and  talt  it  ob. 
laiued  from  thfin  in  MolfK-ienl  (|uunliiiet  In  supply,  nut 
only  Ihit  tialc,  but  a  gn-nl  pan  of  Ohio  and  reuncitee. 

Commrrcf.  Hi-inp,  Jobacco,  and  wheat  are  ihe  prin' 
cipal  rxporlt.  Thite  are  curried  down  the  Ohio  and 
MinsitHippi  lo  New  Orlciint,  and  foreign  t;iHid«  received 
from  ihe  tame  plaec  in  return.  l.niiiHvilluoH  Ihe  Ohio, 
al  Ihi'  rapid*,  it  Ihe  centre  of  (hit  trade. 

Canal.  A  canni  it  about  lo  be  opened  around  the 
Rapidi  of  the  Ohio,  at  l.iMiitville.  Tln-ie  rnpidt  ar« 
the  only  im|>orlHiit  obttruelion  tu  the  nuvitjulioii  of  the 
Ohio  from  its  mouth  In  i'ill^burg. 

Curiosities.  In  the  touihwctfern  pari  of  the  tiale, 
between  Oreen  river  and  ihc  T'omberlmid,  there  are 
several  wonderful  cavet.  One,  culled  thu  Mimmuth 
cave,  i*  said  In  be  S  or  1 J  milet  loni?. 

The  bankt  of  Ihe  Kentucky  and  Cumberlind  rivern, 
are  great  curiotitict.  In  nianv  placet  they  are  perpeu- 
dicuTar  precipices,  sou  feel  hi^li,  of  tolid  limetione. 

OHIO. 

Situation.  Ohio  it  bounded  N.  by  Michigan  Terrl. 
lory  and  Liike  Erie?  K.  by  I'enndjIvHnm  ;  S.  by  Vir- 
ginia  and  Kentucky,  from  both  of  which  it  it  separated 
by  Ihe  river  Ohio;  and  W.  by  InrI  una.  lit  eaitlera 
and  we»tern  boundnrie*t  are  lihet  of  l.m^iitide. 

Divisions.  In  lyio,  Ohio  was  divided  iulu  38  couD' 
ties. 


Countiet, 

Pop.  in  tfUO. 

Cuunttet. 

Pup.  in  1810. 

Adams, 

9,»3I 

Columbiana, 

10,878 

Athens, 

Vf" 

('ayahoga, 

l,4.'>9 

Belmont, 

11,097 

heluuare, 

2,000 

Butler, 

11,160 

Fairfield, 

4,361 

Champaign, 

(5,003 

Fayette, 

1,864 

Clermont, 

9,9G6 

Franklin, 

»,48G 

Clinton, 

2,1374 

Ijallia, 

4,181 

J 


I.    ! 


i 


il 


.  in  into. 

Oiii  uitt.            i'i,p 

.  in  IDIC 

tt/U7 

I'ifkaudjr, 

7,1  il 

n.(»M 

|'»rlu)ff, 

2,'.t'.i  . 

f.,KH) 

IViliU, 

;»,ao» 

l.'iV.T)!! 

i(uK«, 

I5,r»n 

r>,iM 

Mciiito, 

;»,.iit',' 

l7,'.»ii(» 

Htnrk, 

'.•,r:VJ 

•.Mi;» 

'i'rumlMiil, 

0,011 

;»,ii5'j 

Tiiicnrana*, 

r»,oifi 

i/.d.i 

Wnrreii, 

!»,!iiri 

:!,!»  1  1 

WualiiiigliiM, 

f.,liui 

7,7  V  2 

U),o;io 

Total, 

«:)u,7t»> 

I4t  UIIIO. 

Ctunliti. 

Oeauifit, 

Oiicriiit'y, 

(Jrii'M, 

llniiiillon, 

llii^hlunil, 

JflV«*r«on, 

Knox, 

Licking, 

Mailituii, 

Miuiiii, 

MiiiilK<iiiifry, 

Mutkiiiguin, 

(flixliM'ii  coun(it>«  httvi*  Hinoc  keen  riirmcU,  rix.  AnIiIii. 
hiilii,  nrtiwti,  Cliirk.  ('i)Hlii>etiiii,  Umk,  llarrimui,  lltiron, 
Jiivk^tim,  Loi^iin,  Mctliim,  Muiiruf,  Murijuii,  I'tn  v,  I'ikf, 
UifliliiiMl,  \Vu)iii;. 

nivm.  Oltio  river  riin«  along  lli<*  ulmle  ftoiitlirrn 
bordvr,  a  ilistiiiKM'  oC  4^0  uiiltr*,  ii-jmratisig  lliii  aluie 
from  Virniiiiii  und  Kentucky. 

Tlie  |iriMci|ml  river*  cmpijliin  ii>lo  lli»'  Ohio,  I»««t5in- 
nins^  ill  llif  fUHl,  uro.  tin"  ►♦/unA  in;,'ijm,  Uie  Ilfickhuvkiii^'-, 
tlie  Silotth  anil  ilic  <»rpnf  .^liaini. 

The  |>ri«('i|»iil  rivtm  ivliieh  lull  into   F*«ke   Kri««,  he- 

Si'iniHg  iti  ihe  vvent,  are  ihe  tMiami  of  tlie  Laki>«,  at 
tiumie**,  «hf  Samlu^ki/.  ami  the  Ca'jnhnga. 
Camls.  Tliu  niivi^abiu  water!!  of  the  Mii«kingiitn 
nriil  ihe  Caynho^ii  ajtproacli  vvithin  »  few  mill"*  of  eiiivh 
other,  no  that  if  *i  short  canal  were  cnt,  a  uitter  poni- 
munication  woMlil  l»t>  oppncil  bet  ween  Luke  Kric.  anil 
Oliio  rhcr.  Tlit;  uttoie  objeul  might  hi;  ellucleil  hy  n 
canal  between  the  Snniliinky  ami  Ihe  Mciolo. 

Chief  Towm.  Viminmti,  the  largest  town  in  Ohio, 
in  neai'  the  louthweNt  enraer  of  the  Blulr,  uii  Ohio  river, 
JO  mile*  above  the  month  of  the  On  at  iMiatni.  Nuoier- 
ouR  and  eilennive  manufacturing  entabliKliment*  have 
been  erected  here,  and  the  commerce  and  popuiat'on 
have  increaned  with  antoninhin^  rapidity.  In  iHtu  the 
population  was  2,910;  in  1810,  it  was  estimated  at 
0,001);  aod  ID  1819,  at  io,ooo. 


m. 


lint. 

y./i.  >i  iitic. 

sway, 

7,rii 

*«••. 

2,!»!t.» 

\t, 

;i,3t)i 

• 

i5,r»M 

•». 

M,Jlti» 

k, 

2,7W 

It  bull, 

0,071 

nranKK, 

a,045 

rt'ii, 

i),f»ar. 

liiiiijdin, 

fi.tJUl 

T«ittl,  «:»u,7b ) 

fiirmol,  viz.  Aiiltta- 
rk,  llarrimiii,  iliirnn, 
Murgtiii)  I'tri  «j  i'lkf, 

ttie  «vltiil(>  fioiitliprn 
ii'|>iiratisig  (hit  tluie 

ilo  tlic  Ohio,  h««t5iH- 
m,  I  he  //ivi-^ftoiA  JHjr, 

nto  Lske  Kriv,  bp- 
It  iif  the  Lakvi,  of 
i>j(iltnga- 

of  the  Miiftkingiim 
I  H  fe^v  inilt'H  111'  rm'.h 

cut,  n  uitttT  P(jm- 
vn  Iiuk«»  Kric.  ami 
{ht  bt;  cll'fcteil  by  u 
e  Mciolo. 

largptt  tinvn  in  Ohio, 
Kittle,  uii  Ohio  river, 

Bt  Miami.  Numer- 
eiitabiiKhmentt  have 
>rce  attd  {lopulul'nn 
pidity.  Ill  iHto  ihe 
t    wa»  estimated  Ht 


OHIO. 


IH» 


VhiUu'Dlltir  i»  oil  lh«  Heiato,  To  mile*  from  lU  nioulh. 
I'lijiulatinn  in  |»|H,  about  U.ouo. 

I'olumlmt,  (he  teat  of  goveriinirul,  li  on  ihc  HeinlA, 
*iear  ifin  ««Btr«  of  the  iilair,  «il  inilen  north  uf  Chillienihe. 
U  uai  Uid'out  in  tnn,  and  in  l^tH  eonlainrd  1,.1(>*)  in< 
hubiluult.  The  turruundiuff  country  ii  |tk'aiaut  and 
fertile. 

Jhrielta,  the  nidfal  town  in  (he  niale,  i«  on  the  Ohio, 
at  the  itinuili  of  Ihe  Mn•kill^un1.  The  lowii  i«  liable  lu 
annual  innundalioai  $  an  ineonvenJenee  which  hat  mueh 
retarded  iu  ii^rowth.  Hhip-liiiilding  hat  been  carried  on 
here  to  a  roM«iderablc  extent. 

XtmtivUU  ia«n  (he  Muikin^um,  flo  niilet  N.  of  Mari- 
ella.  StouhonvUlf  i"  on  the  Ohio,  near  ihe  I'enntylvnniA 
Uuudnry.  I'urhmauth  it  on  (he  Ohio,  at  fhe  inuullt  of  iho 
Heioto.  AthfM  it  on  the  Hoekhocninif,  ahnut  SO  iniUa 
K.  of  Chiiiiicathc.  Clfvelnnd  it  on  tiake  Erie,  at  the 
ntoulh  of  the  Cayahoga. 

Edunttion.  '1  he  Ohio  tJnivertilij,  at  Athent,  it  Ihn 
moit  revpeotable  literary  intlitutiun.  It  it  in  itt  infau- 
ey,  but  ill  protpccit  are  proniiting. 

Po^uhtioH.  In  IHto,  the  population  waa  aao,7AO. 
The  inereate  of  population  in  thit  ttate  it  almott  unei. 
•mpled.  In  1740  it  wat  but  a.ooo;  in  t<4nu,  4«,taA  ^ 
in  1810,  330,7A0}  and  in  IHIA,  it  wat  ettimated  at 
33^,700.     There  are  no  tiavet  in  Ohio. 

Indiana,  In  17«i3,  nearly  the  whole  of  thit  ttate,  wat 
owned  In  the  Indiant,  but  (hey  hare  tinee  eoded  nearly 
•II  their  landt  to  the  United  Htatet.  The  few  that  re- 
main live  in  tlie  norlhtvett  part  of  ihc  tlate. 

Ueligim.  The  Frethyleriant  are  inott  numeroui,  and 
next  to  them  are  the  Methodittt. 

Face,  o'  the  Cimntri/,  The  ioulheattern  part  of  tfic 
•late  it  iiilly,  the  rent  it,  Kenerally,  level 

Suit  and  rrodueliimH,  The  toil  it  generally  fertile. 
The  eouiitict  on  the  Heiolo,  and  Great  Miami  are  per- 
liapt  the  beKt  in  (he  ttate.  Wheal  it  thettaplc  produe* 
lion.  Other  kindt  of  grain  ara  iilto  eilentively  eul(i« 
vated. 

Commerce.  The  principul  exportt  are  flour,  pork, 
and  tobacco.     Theie  are  carried  dott  u  the  Ohio  and  Mit' 


J 


mpmm 


U   f 


ut 


INDIANA. 


•Iiilppi  to  New  Orkkiit,  ami  fbrtign  Ko<Hi«  ntthti 
frnm  llimamf  pUcc  by  Ihr  •lom  boait,  and  rnim  I'hiU* 
dclphia  «ii(l  lUllimorc,  ncrum  llir  All«-i^»n|  mountaint, 
«Vin'ra/i.  <'<»i  KbaMOiU  in  lh«-  rstlrrvr part  of  lhr> 
•Ul»,  ntar  lh>  Ohi«.  Halt  tiirinif*  an  rnunil  near 
Hfiolo  ami  Muikingnm  river*.  Iron  or«  and  rreaitono 
abound  on  Ihr  banki  ofllic  liofkboekiog. 

INDIANA. 

SUmUnn.  Indiana  U  boandrd  N.  by  llllnoii,  and 
Mirhii()tn  Terrilorj  i  I*',  by  Oliiu  i  H.  bv  Krntueky, 
rrnm  wliicb  it  i«  avparatrd  by  th«  river  Oliioi  W.  by 
Illinois. 

iHviiioni.  The  norlhcra  and 'middle  part*  of  the 
■late  belong  to  the  Indiaiie. 

Tlip  while  »eltleifieni«  in  the  south  were  divided  in 
Iflia  into  13  eounlica. 


Ctuniiti, 

A/>.  in  1811. 

Clark, 

7,000 

Dearhnrni 

4,4«« 

Franklin, 

7,970 

flibiinn. 

0,Kau 

llnrriitoD, 

«,7»H» 

JelTrnion, 

4,0tta 

Knox, 

6,N0fl 

Perry, 

8,000 

Poney, 

Mwitxerland, 
Wnrwirk, 
W'athingtoO| 
WttjnCi 

Total, 


I'ofi. 


in  1815. 
3,000 

a,aoo 

«,«0A 
3,000 

e.sito 

67,000 


Rtverx.  The  Ohio  ii  ihe  •oiithern  boundary  of  the 
■tair,  from  the  moiiih  of  the  Urrat  Miami  to  that  of  the 
Wabath. 

The  fVabath  riiei  in  the  nortleatt  part  of  the  *tate, 
and  Oowing  inulhweKl.  (-mplie*  inlo  I  he  Ubio  SO  mile* 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland.  For  the  laiit  half 
of  ilai  eour«e  it  i»  the  boundary  'irtMeen  Indiana  and 
lilinoiH.  It  ii  more  than  ;)00  mile«  long,  and  i«  naviga- 
ble fui  keel  boaU  lOO  milt  <*,  and  for  tmall  boatt  nearly 
to  it«  (ouree.  Tipptcanoe  river,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  ttate,  ii  a  braneh  of  the  Wabaih. 


L 


nrftifii  goAili  rrrrivcJ 
boait,  and  rmm  I'hiU- 
F  Allc^ani  m«ttntain«. 
l«  i>Mlrr«rB«rt  of  llii< 
in^»  mn  tnani  nt«r 
I  Dim  or«  tntl  frfattona 
borkiag. 


«l  N.  bjr  lllinoii,  anil 
ill  I  H.  bv  Krnluckjr, 
he  river  Ohio  I  W.  by 

I'tnitldle   parts  of  the 

•outh  were  divided  in 


nn'fj. 

Pop. 

f'l  181  J. 

»ejr, 

3,000 

itxerland, 

a,sou 

nrwirk, 

«,«on 

ii«liiiigton, 

3,000 

tt)ne, 

■ 

e,8ito 

Total, 


«7,000 


thrrn  boundary  of  the 
It  Miami  to  that  of  the 

leait  part  of  the  *tate, 
iilo  ln#  Ubio  so  mile* 
icd.  For  the  lam  lialf 
'  'letween  Indiana  and 
lr»  long,  and  i»  naviga> 
for  amall  boat*  nearly 
in  the  northern  part  of 
bath. 


ILUNOlA. 


i«^ 


WhUf  river  i%  a  branch  of  the  Waba.b.  It  rtiM  fn 
•  be  catlrrn  purt  nt  the  ttalr,  m  ihh  liriiMrhrt  and  jutn* 
ihe  Walia»b  alin<j|  wo  milr*  bfbnv  Vinf-rniir*. 

tt'htlfuuittr  river  empliet  inlti  ib«-  (irvat  Mii«mi,neap 
the  ■iHiih<-««(  earner  of  »be  tlale,  Hiibin  a  few  mile*  of 
ita  inouib. 

Vanal.  The  Aaviifalile  walert  of  the  W«ba«b  ap« 
proaeb  wlibin  a  frw  mile*  of  ibe  navip{iibl)-  Mater*  of 
the  Miami  or  Maiimee,  vvbieb  emplip*  iniu  |,ake  Kria. 
A  eanni  ennnerting  ibe  Imd  river*  would  iiprn  a  eoin* 
muiiiralinii  helweeii  P^ake  Krie  and  ibe  Miii»ji«ip|ii. 

CMtf  Town*.  yiHernntt  it  on  tbc  WaUa«b,  about 
aoo  milea  from  ilt  mouth-  It  waa  flrit  teltled  by  lh« 
Freneh  in  t7ilo.     The  Niirroundiiig  roiinlry  ia  fcrlile. 

Corydnn,  ibi*  aeat  of  noveriiment,  i*  3fl  milea  W,  of 
liuuitville  in  Kentucky,  on  ■  tmail  creek  whieh  emiititt 
into  Ibe  Obiu. 

Femv  ia  a  Switt  aetllemenl,  near  the  innlheait  eor. 

ni*r  of  the  ttate,on  the  llbio,  15  milet  below  f'ineinnali. 

,Mndiion  ia  on  the  Ohio,  'Ul  niilea  below  Vevay. 

Pofinlation.     Tbi*  i<  a  new  atale  and  i«  urttliiif^  very 

ra|>)ly.     In   IHOI    the   while  population  waa  le«»  than 

A,000}    in   IHIO  itwaaslM^Oi    and   in   iHiA,  aHtTNi. 

Fane  of  the  eonntrt/,  &c.     Near  the  Ohio  the  eountry 

i«  billy;  further  north  it  it  level,  obonndinif  with  ex« 

•entive  and  fertile  prairiea.      The  ooil  i»  rieh.  parlicu* 

iarly  on  thu  Wabaib  and  While  rivera,  yieldiiii^  Indian 

corn,  wheat  :..id  other  grain  in  nbundanre.     'J'hv  vine  ia 

culiivatid  by  the  8witt  teitlera  near  Vevay. 

ILLINOIS. 

Situation.  Illinnit  it  bounded  N.  by  the  NorlhweiTt 
Territory  {  K.  by  Lake  Michigan,  nrid  liidinna  (  8.  by 
Kenluckv,  from  which  it  ia  aeparnted  by  the  Ohio 
river }  W,  by  the  Mitiitiippi,  which  aeparatet  it  from 
Miiiouri. 

tHviiiont.    The  northern  part  of  the  tlate  belonga  In 
the  Indiana.     The  white  aptllemeni*  arc  in  the  touth, 
and  were  divided  in  1818  into  10  couDtiea. 
it 


f 


I 


t4« 


ILLINOIS. 


Cauniiet. 

Fop.  in  1818. 

Bom), 

1,383 

Crawford, 

2,07* 

KdwnnlK, 

1,9+8 

Friuiklin, 

000 

Gallatin, 

3,290 

Jackson, 

l,-^^)* 

Johiiitou, 

6"/S 

Mudibon, 

0,406 

Countia, 

Monroe, 

Pope, 

Kaiidnlpli, 

m.  Clair, 

Union, 

Washington, 

White, 


Pop. 


in  1818 

l,3fi8 

i,tt7a 

3,030 
4,010 

3,4Ka 

i,7or 

8.030 


Total,     80,220 

/fivers.      The  Mississippi,   Ohio,  and    JVahash  are 
houndary  rivers  on  the  west,  south,  and  east,  for  more 

than  1,000  mile*.  .      ,»t  l    ,        * 

Little  mtbash  river  empties  into  the  Wabasli  a  few 

miles  from  its  mouth.     M   Vase  empt .es  into  the  Mis- 

cissitipi  more  than  50  miles  above  the  Olno. 

Kaskaskia  river  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  »hc  stale, 

and  Bowing  8.  W.    empties    into    !«'«    ^"^W,  J!? 

miles  above  the  Ohio.    It  is  navigable  for  boats  130 

""/Jinoi.s  river  rises  in  Indiana,  near  Lake  Michigan, 
and  pursuing  a  southwest  course,  em^Hies  into  the  Mis- 
s"s,ippY  21  miles  above  the  Missouf  It  .s  navigable 
SKit.  whole  extent.  Its  head  waters  approach 
veryTar  to  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  a  canal 
is  in  contemplation  to  connect  them. 

Hock  river  rises  near  the  northern,  boundary  of  he 
f,tate,  and  eaters  the  Mississippi  160  miles  above  the 

^^^ Chief  Towns.  Kaskaskia,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
on  Kaskaskia  river,  11  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  an 
old  French  settlement,  mere  than  100  years  old 

Cahokia  is  a  French  settlement,  near  the  Mississippi, 
0  miles  from  St.  Louis,  on  the  opposite  side  "f  «he  mer. 
Shawneetoum  is  o.i  the  Ohio,  9  miles  below  tl'e  mo""! 
«t' "he  Wabash.     EdrvardsviUe  is  10  miles  N.  of  Caho- 

^'""population.  In  1810,  the  population  h  as  12,282; 
in  1818,  33,220,  and  very  rapidly  increasing.  1  be  set- 
tfement;  ar;  in  the  south,  Jar  the  banks  of  the  great 

rivers. 


MISSOURI. 


,m 


tici. 

Pop. 

in  1818 

roe, 

1,308 

E, 

1,973 

(Inlpli, 

3,030 

Clair, 

4,010 

on, 

3,4Ha 

ihington, 

i,7or 

He, 

(al, 

8,030 

To 

80,220 

hio,  ami  iVahash  are 
(j,  and  east,  for  more 

»  the  Wabasli  a  few 
empties  into  the  Mis- 
the  Ohio. 

itern  part  of  the  Mate, 

the    MisuiMippi    130 

rigable  for  boats  130 

near  Lake  Michigan, 
empties  into  the  Mis- 
louri.  It  is  navigable 
lenil  waters  approaoh 
Michigan,  and  a  eanal 

m. 

hern,  boundary  of  the 
160  miles  above  the 

seat  of  government,  is 
II  its  mouth.  It  is  an 
1  100  years  old. 
t.  near  the  Mississippi, 
posite  side  of  the  river, 
miles  below  the  month 
1  IB  miles  N.  of  Caho- 

ipulation  was  12,282 ; 
|r  increasing.  The  set- 
he  banks  of  tie  great 


Education.  Congrass  have  granted  one  tectinn  in 
c^rcry  township  for  the  nupport  ui  schools,  and  two  town* 
ship*  for  the  support  of  a  university. 

Face  of  the  country,  &c,  liliuois  is  a  flat  country, 
abounding  with  extensive  prairies.  The  soil  is  gener- 
ally very  fertile,  particularlv  on  the  margin  of  the 
rivers.     Corn  is  the  staple  production. 

Salt.  Tht  re  are  extensive  salt  works  belonging  to 
the  UiMled  Slates,  12  miles  W.  of  Shawneetown.  Be- 
twoiii  ;20o.ooo  xnil  dou.ouo  busheU  of  salt  are  annually 
made  at  these  works. 

MISSOURI. 

Situation.  Missouri  is  bounded  W.  and  N.  by  Mis- 
sunn  IVrriinry;  K.  by  the  Mississippi,  which  divides 
it  from  Illinois  and  Kentucky  ;  and  8.  by  Arkansaiv 
Territory. 

Rivers.  The  Mississippi  is  the  eastern  boundary. 
Moitif  or  des  Miynes  river,  a  branch  of  the  Mississippi, 
miiki's  pnrt  of  ihe  northern  boundary. 

The  Jlissouri  comes  from  the  west,  and  passing 
through  Ihe  middle  of  the  state,  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, 20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois.  The 
principul  brandies  of  the  Missouri  which  empty  in  this 
stale,  are  the  Gasconade,  Great  Osage^  and  Mine  rivers 
from  Ihe  south,  and  Clwrlatan  and  Grande  from  the 
north. 

The  Marameck  empties  into  Ihe  Mississippi  14 
miles  below  St.  Louis,  'it  is  navigable  3t;o  miles. 

Chief  Towns.  St.  Louis  is  on  the  Mississippi,  14 
miles  by  laud  bilnw  the  mouth  of  Ihe  Missouri.  It  is 
admirably  situated  for  commerce,  near  the  junction  of 
the  three  great  rivers,  Missouri,  Mississippi,  and  lili- 
nois.  The  population  is  increasing  very  rapidly.  In 
18(0,  it  was  l,eoo,  and  in  1819,  about  4,000. 

Herculaneum  is  on  the  Mississippi,  do  miles  below 
St.  Louis.  It  is  Ihe  placeof  depot  for  the  lead  obtained 
from  the  rich  mines  40  miles  west  of  the  town.  Here 
they  manufacture  shot. 


n 


148 


MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 


St.  Oenevieve  is  on  the  Miss'iMippi,  6*  miles  below 
8l.  LnuiH.     Population  1,000. 

St.  Charles  in  on  the  MisHonri,  19  miles  northwest  of 
St.  LouiH.  Franklin  i»  on  the  Missouri,  160  miles 
from  St.  Louis.  Cape  Girardeau  is  on  the  Mississinpi, 
SO  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  J^Tew  Madrid 
is  on  the  Mississippi,  73  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio.  . , 

Fopulation.  The  population  is  increasiug  very  rapid- 
ly. In  18J0,  it  WHS  only  20,000;  Bn«l  in  18t8,  60,000. 
The  settlements  are  principally  aloug  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  anil  Missouri. 

SuiL  Sec.  On  all  the  rivers  there  are  extensive  allu- 
viul  tracts  wliich  nic  very  fertile,  thongh  in  some 
idttces  exposed  lo  inundution.  A  very  extensive  tract^ 
on  both  siile*  of  the  Missouri,  between  the  mouths  ol 
Osage  and  lvnii«as  rivers,  is  very  fertile.  The  produc- 
tions are  Indian  corn,  cotton,  \vheat,  rye,  oats,  8ic. 

l^ad  Mnes.  Tiie  famous  lead  mines  of  this  country 
arc  near  the  river  Marameck,4B  miles  west  of  Flereula- 
neum.  The  ore  is  exceedingly  rich,  and  thymines  are 
extensive  enough  to  supply  the  whole  world. 

Salt  springs  abound,  and  salt  is  obtained  from  them 
in  great  quantities.     Coal  is  found  in  abundance 

Commerce.  The  principal  exports  are  lead  and  furs. 
A  large  capital  is  employed  in  the  fur  trade  with  the 
Indians  up  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  St.  Louis  is 
the  centre  of  commerce.  Boats  are  continually  passiflg 
between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 


MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 


Situation.  Michigan  Territory  is  a  peninsula,  lying 
between  Luke  Michigan  on  the  west,  and  Lakes  Huron, 
St.  Clair,  and  Erie,  on  the  east.  On  the  S.  are  Ohio 
and  Indiana.  , 

Lakes  and  Bays.  Half  of  Lakes  .VicAt^-aii,  Huron, 
anASt.  C/air,  aiid  a  small  part  of  lake  Erie,  arem 
this  territory.    Saganaum  bay  is  a  long  deep  bay,  on  the 


[TORY. 

tpi,  64  miles  below 

S  miles  northwest  of 
Missouri,  160  miles 
s  on  tlie  Minsissinpi, 
Dhio.  Jyew  Madrid 
low  the  mouth  of  the 

nereasiug  very  rapid- 

an«i  in  18 1 8,  0O,U00. 

tug  the  bauks  of  the 


e  are  extensive  nllu- 
ile,    though  in  some 
very  extonsive  tract 
ween  the  mouths  of 
fertile.     The  produc- 
l,  rye,  oats,  &.c. 
mines  of  this  country 
iiles  west  of  Ilercula- 
h,  and  thennines  are 
ole  world, 
obtained  from  them 
in  abundance 
rts  are  lead  and  furs. 
'  fur  trade  with  the 
issippi      St.  Louis  is 
e  continually  passiitg 
ns. 

ITORY. 


1  is  a  peninsula,  lying 
;8t,  and  Lakes  Huron, 
Od  the  S.   are  Ohio 

es  wMichigan,  Huron^ 
»f  Lake  Erie,  are  in 
I  long  deep  bay,  on  the 


MICH  JOAN  TKURITORY. 


iJf) 


we^t  side  of  Liikp  lliinm.  Traverse  bay  is  on  the  N. 
li.  (tide  oI'Lakf  Michiijim. 

JtivevH  The  river  or  slniiU  of  >}IiiltUimnckinac  con- 
nect Luke  Micliigiin  with  Lake  Hiimn.  Si.  Vlnir  river 
connectH  Luke  Huron  with  Luke  St.  Clair.  Detroit 
river  connects  Lake  Hi.  Clair  with  iiuke  Krie.  Baga- 
naitm  river  emplie<t  into  Siii^anaiini  buy.  Many  small 
rivers  empty  on  the  east  side  of  Luke  Micbiijan;  the 
principal  i*  Grand  river. 

Cfiief  Tijwiis.  Detrnit  i<*  on  Detroit  river,  between 
Lake  Erie  and  Lake  St.  Clair.  It  has  a  fort  and  a 
garrison,  and  is  concerned  in  the  fur  trade.  Population 
in  1810,  770. 

JitichiUmackinac  fort  is  on  an  island  in  the  river  or 
straits  of  Michilimuckinac,  between  l^ake  Michigan  and 
Lake  Huron.  It  is  the  grand  depot  of  the  Canadian  fur 
traders. 

Historif.  This  country  was  settled  by  the  French 
more  than  130  years  asjo.  In  1730  it  fell,  with  Canada, 
into  the  hands  of  the  British.  Since  1783,  it  has  be- 
longed to  the  United  Stales. 

PoptUatinn.  The  white  population  in  1810  was  only 
4,762.  The  settlements  are  principally  in  the  south- 
east, along  De'  oit  river,  and  Lake  Erie. 

Indians.  The  number  of  Indians  is  about  6,000. 
The  names  of  the  tribes  are,  Cbippewas,  Ottawas,  Po- 
townttamies,  Wyandots,  Munsees,  Shawanese,  and  Del- 
awares. 

Face  of  the  country,  &c.  The  country  is  flat,  and  the 
soil  generally  fertile,  producing  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
rye,  fruits,  &c. 

Inlani  JSTavigation.  This  territory  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  navigable  \»pter9.  Steam  boats  ^o  regu- 
larly during  the  summer,  from  Detroit  to  Biiftuloe  on 
the  east  end  of  Lake  Erie,  and  occasiouuliy  from  De- 
troit to  Miehiliniackinae.  The  ice  closes  tks  uaviga> 
tioa  for  nearly  e  months  of  the  year. 


fm 


AKKANsANV  TKUfUlOUV 


I 


NOKTHWKST  TKRIillOUV. 

Situntinn.  Tliin  U-rrilory  lies  bH«een  MixMMiitin 
liver  on  il«e  »i*l,  nml  LtiK'  ^  Superior  ami  Mitlngnn  on 
the  eaul.  Il  Iiuh  llie  Hrili  i  |)0«»pitgioii«  on  ihe  iiorlli, 
ftDtt  lllinniit  on  tlie  soulli.  ,..  , .  • 

Jakes.  One  liuH'  i»f  llu«  great  hikes  Micliignn,  and 
Superior,  and  of  the  Lake  of  llie  Wood*  i»  in  tl>i»  «er- 

t  ilory.  ,  ...       . 

n'au.  Oreen  bay  i«  a  lonj.  narrow  bay,  Ml.ieli  pnts 
i.ul  li'uni  the  N  W.  »i<le  ofl^Hke  Micbigun  and  extend* 
fn»m  iiorib  lononlh  uboul  100  mile*. 

Jlivfvs.  The  Mississippi  i*  ibc  western  boundary, 
i  be  river  .«*t  Marif's  eonneets  Lwke  Superior  wilb  Lake 
Huron.  'Mitre  are  fulls  in  tbis  river  wbioli  prevent  tbe 
jiseent  of  boats  from  Lake  Huron. 

Fux  river  eniptie*  into  tbe  bottom  of  l>reen  Bay. 
The  Ouisconsin  empties  into  the  Mississippi  near  the 
Honthwest  corner  of  tbe  territory.  The  navigable 
waters  of  these  two  rivers,  at  one  place,  are  only  s  miles 
apart.  The  common  route  from  Cireen  Bay  to  the 
iiississippi  is  up  Fox  river;  then,  aeross  the  portage  lo 
Hie  Ouisconsin,  and  down  the  Ouisconsin  to  llic  Missis- 

^'^Black  river,  the  Chippeway,  and  the  St.  Croix  empty 
into  the  Mississippi  above  tbe  Ouisconsin. 

Forts.  The  United  States  have  a  fort  and  garrison 
on  Green  Bay  at  the  mouth  of  Fox  river.  There  is  no 
other  while  settlement  in  the  ierritory. 

Indians.  This  territory  is  inhabited  by  various  small 
liibes  of  Indians.     Very  little  is  known  about  them. 

ARKANSAW  TKRUITORY. 

Situation.  This  territory  is  bounded  N.  by  Missouri 
Territory  and  slate;  E.  by  the  Mississippi;  S.  by 
Louisiana,  and  the  Spanish  Dominions ;  W.  by  the 
Snanisb  Dominions  .         .         i 

River'i.  The  Jilississippi  is  the  eastern  boundary, 
and  Ked  river  the  southweslerD. 


I(>U\ 


MlnSOlIUl    rhURITOHV. 


151 


llOUV. 

iel«een  Mix^iKsiiil'i 
ior  Hiiii  Mielii{;anflii 
nniis  on  llie  iiurtli, 

i«kr»  Micliignn,  and 
^Voi)d»  i«  in  «l>i»  «er- 

row  bay,  mIupIi  pnl» 
lidiigun  und  cxlendu 
I. 
western  boundary. 
Superior  wilb  Lake 
IT  wl'ioli  prevent  the 

illfim  of  Green  Bay. 
^lissiiHippi  near  Ine 
y.  Tlie  navij|;able 
lace,  are  only  8  miles 
(ireen  Bay  to  the 
acroHti  the  portage  lo 
consiu  to  tlie  Missis- 

the  St.  Vroix  empty 
iconsin. 

e  a  fort  and  garrison 
(  river.  There  is  no 
lory. 

liled  by  various  small 
nown  about  them. 

IITORY. 

jnded  N.  by  Missouri 
?  Mississippi ;  '^.  by 
linions;    W.   by    the 

le  eastern  boundary, 


this  slate,  and  passes  into 


Tlie  .hkinisiiw  is  a  mighty  rivor.  It  lUfs  in  the 
Itiipky  (niMin)uiiis,  and  running  H.  K.  niore  than  2000 
iiiilin,  eniplii'M  into  the  Mii«sis>iippi,  400  miles  uliove  the 
entrance  of  Ited  river.  It  is  navigable  almost  to  its 
souree. 

H'hite  river  empties  into  the  Missi'<*ippi  20  miles 
above  the  Arkaninu.  It  nulers  a  great  ekteni  of  coun- 
try, and  is  navigoble  for  1,000  miles. 

The  St.  I'lancia  rises  in  the  state  of  Missouri,  nnd 
flowing  south,  empties  into  the  Mississippi  ior  miles 
above  the  Arkonsaw.  The  banks  of  this  river  and  of 
White  river  are  annual 'y  overflowed,  for  100  milea 
above  their  mouths. 

The    H'acltittt   rises   in 
Louisiana. 

Soil,  &c.  The  eountry  on  White  river  and  !(• 
branches  is  the  best  in  the  territory,  and  among  the  best 
in  America.  It  is  well  adapted  to  cotton.  On  the 
other  rivers  the  land  is  very  fertile,  except  on  the 
Wachifa  where  it  •  r  and'stony. 

Settlement,  ^^rhatisaiv,  on  Arkansaw  river,  C.l  miles 
from  its  mouth,  is  an  old  French  settlement.  Topula* 
tion  in  I8I0,  874. 

I'opulation.  In  1810  the  white  population  was  only 
J, OBJ.     In  1817  it  was  estimated  at  3,000. 

The  Indians  occupy  nearly  the  whole  of  this  territory. 
A  part  of  (he  Cherokee 'tribe  have  lately  removed 
across  the  Mississippi,  and  settled  on  Arkansaw  river. 

Jiniimls.  The  country  on  the  Arkansaw  furnishes 
line  hunting  grounds.  It  abounds  with  buflaloes,  deer, 
oik,  bears,  wolves,  panthers,  &c.  Wild  horses  abouud 
iu  the  prairies  between  the  Arkansaw  and  Red  river. 

MISSOURI  TERRITORY. 

Situation.  All  the  territory  of  the  United  Slates 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  not  included  in  the  slates  of 
Missouri,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansaw  Territory,  is  called 
Missouri  Territory,  ll  extends  from  the  Mississippi  on 
the  Fi.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  W.  und  from  the 
British  possessions  on  tie  N.  (0  the  Spanish  nossessious 
oa  the  S. 


n 


\  *$ 


a  €3 

I'  'J 


ifl 


m 


MISSOURI  TEIlHirORY. 


t 


I': 


Miuntains.  The  Uorky  mountains  run  from  S.  K.  to 
N  W.  acniNi  thiti  terrilorv,  dividing  it  into  two  |i«it«. 
'itiven  'ri>«  Mmimjipi  i*  (lie  i-anlern  boiiii«l«ry. 
Ill  iiriiicii.al  l.ranche*  from  llii*  l«'rrilory  arvSt.  Fetor'a 
river,  wlii.h  ciii|.lie«  mar  (he  falln  of  St.  Anthony,  anrt 
M'linff  river,  whitli  forms  part  of  the  northern  bouu- 
ilary  of  Hie  Male  of  MiMoiiri.  .„..., 

'rhe  isreiit  river  »Vissoiiri  is  almo«j  wliolly  in  thi»  ter- 
ritory it  riHP'^  in  the  iiocky  moiinlain*,  ami  il»  general 
course  i*  H.  K.  The  prinnpal  hranolieH  on  the  west 
iiitJeare  (hase.  ICansan,  la  I'lntte,  and  lellnwstone  ,•  ttad 
on  the  east  M.le,  Grand,  Sioux,  an<l  Jacque. 

IMnmbia  river  is  llie  sreal  river  we.l  of  the  Rockr 
Mountain..  It  rise,  ahout  lat.  &5  N.  and  (Inw.  S.  W. 
into  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  nftviguble  to  the  M\»,  about 
:J00  mileg.  The  three  princinal  bra.iche*  are  Multnomah, 
Lewis,  and  Clark  riveri,  all  of  which  ri»e  in  the  Kucky 
mountains,  and  flow  went.  .    •  .nu 

All  the  abovcinentioned  rirers  are  ttrcat  riveri.  I  he 
imallest  of  them  is  more  than  000  miles  long.  Most  of 
them  are  navigabU  throu^h  the  Rreater  part  of  their 
course.  1  he  Mississippi  is  navigable  to  the  tails  of  St. 
\nthony,  2,400  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  I  he 
Missouri  is  naviKable  to  the  Great  Falls,  *000  mile* 
from  the  same  Gulf. 

Settlement.  There  is  a  white  settlement  called 
Mioria,  near  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river.  The  inhab- 
itants  carry   on   the  fur  trade   with  the  surrounding 

Indians.  ...         ,  ,      „        •     .  •    l 

Indians.  The  whole  of  this  vast  territory  is  inhab- 
ited by  numerous  tribes  of  savages,  or  wandering  In- 
dians.  The  principal  tribes  east  of  the  mountains  are 
the  Siowa-,  in  the  norlboasi,  between  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi ;  the  Osages,  in  the  southeast,  on  the  Osage 
and  Arkansaw  rivers;  the  Kansas,  on  Kansas  river; 
and  the  Pawnees,  between  the  Missouri  and  the  Platte. 
Verv  little  is  known  about  the  other  tribes. 

Face  of  tke  country,  soil.  &e.  Very  little  of  this  ter- 
ritory is  fit  for  settlements.  On  the  east  n\  the  Kooky 
mounlains  the  country  is  principally  destitute  «f  wood. 


ronv. 

ns  run  from  S.  K.  to 
ng  it  iiiln  two  \nxrl*. 
a  i'H!tli>rn  boiiiiilary. 
rilory  nre  St.  Feter^s 
of  St.  Anthony,  an<> 
r  (lie  northern  bouu- 

os(  wholly  in  thin  ter* 
lininM,  unii  i(»  general 
liranciieH  on  the  west 
nil  yellnwstone  ;  and 
<l  Jacque, 

cr  west  of  the  Rockjr 
5  N.  and  flows  S.  W. 
ikble  (oihe  falli,  about 
.iche«  are  Multnumnh^ 
lich  rise  in  the  Uovky 

re  ijrcat  riveri.  The 
n)ile8  long.  Most  of 
greater  part  of  their 
able  to  the  falU  of  St. 
lulf  of  Mexico.  'I"he 
■eat  FalU,  4000  mile* 

i(e  iettlement  called 
Ilia  river.  The  inhab- 
with  the  Burroundint; 

a»t  territory  is  inhab- 
ge«,  or  wandering  In- 
t  of  the  mountains  are 
Aeen  the  MiHOouri  and 
outheast,  on  the  Osaga 
.SOS,  on  KansaH  river; 
iissouri  and  the  Piatte. 
Ijer  tribes. 

Very  little  of  this  ter- 
Ihe  east  of  the  Rocky 
ally  destitute  uf  wood. 


I 


FLOIUI).\. 


xm 


Jinimals,  Dufl'alors  abound,  especially  near  Arknn> 
saw  river.  They  are  hunted  by  the  Indians  for  ihuir 
hides  and  tallow.  Hears,  deer,  elk,  wolves,  panthers, 
M'ild  horses,  and  other  wild  animals  are  very  numer- 
ons.  The  country  un  Arkansaw  river  is  the  paradise  of 
Imuters. 


FLORIDA. 

Situation.  Florida  is  a  peninsula,  bounded  N.  by 
Alabama  and  (iuirgiat  K.  and  8.  by  the  Atlantic,  and 
W.  by  the  (Julf  of  Mexico, 

Bays.  The  principal  hays  are  on  the  Cfulf  of  Mexi- 
rn.  Cfialham  bay  is  near  the  southern  extremity  of 
Florida,  between  (.'ape  Sable  and  Cape  Roman.  Fro* 
ceeding  north  we  come  to  Charlotte  harbor.  Spiritu  Santo 
bay,  St.  Joseph's,  Jipalachy,  and  Fensacoln  bays. 

Rivfrs.  i'he  Ferdido  is  the  weslerH  boundary,  separ* 
ating  Florida  from  Alabama.  The  St.  John's  is  the 
largest  river.  It  comes  from  the  south  and  tmpties  intu 
the  Atlantic  3(*  miles  N.  of  Hi.  Augustine. 

The  Jippnli.  hicola,  formed  by  the  junclion  of  the 
Chatahoocnec  and  Flint  rivers,  empties  into  8t.  Ueorge's 
sound,  whirh  is  the  wexlern  part  of  Apalnchy  bay. 
St,  Marks  river  empties  also  into  Apalaeby  hay,  and  the 
Conecuh  or  Encamhia  into  IVnsaenIa  bay. 

Swamp.  Okefonnco  swamp  lies  between  Florida  anil 
Georgia. 

Chief  Towns.  St.  Augustine  is  on  the  Atlantic  roast, 
3U  miles  below  the  month  of  St.  John's  river.  It  has  a 
good  harbour  and  about  3000  inhabitants. 

Fensacola  is  on  Fensacola  bay,  SO  miles  K  of  Mobile. 
It  has  a  ileep,  safe,  and  capacious  harbor.  St.  Marka 
is  on  Apalaehy  bav,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Marks  river. 

FopuMion.  The  white  population  is  estimated  at 
1-a.OOO.  They  are  principally  Spaniards.  Most  of  the 
country  is  in  the   possession  of  the  Seminole  Indians. 

Face  of  the  Country ^  &c.  Florida  resembles  the  low 
country  of  Georgia  and  the  other  southern  itates.    It  is 


M 


i 


'I 


184 


MKXICO  OK  NKW  H|»A1N. 


li'Vfl,  nnil  eseepl  on  llie  border*  of  rivcrt,  awampi  inJ 
lakfn,  i^  liiirrt'ii. 

Vrodiu-tiotiH.     TIm'  proiluclioni  «ri«  rice,  coHon,  «u- 
gar,  liidmn  cum,  uruiijjeK,  li>inai)«>  iigi,  ^c. 


SPANISH  POSSESSIONS. 

The  S|iaiii»li  poMni'Mioin  in  Norlh  America  coimiHt  of 
(lie  Vicerojally  "•  Mexii-o  or  New  8paiii,  uuti  llie  cup- 
taiii-gciierulihi'p  of  Uuuliinulii. 

MKXICO  OR  NEW  SPAIN. 

Sitmtion.  Tlti«  roiinlry  i*  Jioiinilnl  N.  Iiy  llie  UnUrd 
HttkH-n  K.  by  the  Untied  Mlnieii  and  ibe  Oiilf  "f  Mexi- 
eo;  H.  K.  by'GiialimftIa:  and  W.  hy  the  Pacifie  Oeean. 

Divisinns.  Miieh  of  the  northern  part  of  the  roiinlrv 
it  inlialiited  by  navage  liidiann.  The  remainder  it  divid- 
ed into  ta  provinces  or  intendrneies,  as  followi  : 


Northern  Provinces. 

Sq.  Mllu. 

Pop  in  1803. 

C/ii't/"  Tuvnu. 

Old  Crtliforr  . 

B3,880 

o.nno 

Loreto. 

New  California 

16,378 

18,600 

Monterey, 

Hnnora 

14n.633 

121,400 

Arittpc. 

Duran^o 

12«,24.r 

109,700 

Diiran^o. 

New  Mexico 

48.731 

40,200 

Snnla  Fe. 

Han  Luis  Potoii 

303,109 

334,(100 
680,800 

Bt.LuiBPotoai 

631,B!iO 

Southern  Province!. 

Gimdalaxara 

7^,028 

630,000 

Gnadalaxara. 

Zucaleeaa 

18,039 

103,300 

ZaratecaH. 

OuunaxuHio 

6,«T8 

817,300 

Guanaxualo. 

Valladolid 

2A.39ft 

376,100 

Valladolid. 

Mcxioo 

40,401 

1,811,800 

Mexico. 

Puebia 

2O,A01 

813,300 

Puebia. 

Vera  VnvA 

31,720 

106,000 

Vera  Cruz. 

r 


k 

W  HPAIN. 

or  rivers,  iwampt  and 

!•  «rc  rice,  coUod,  »u- 
t,  tiijo,  &c. 

ESSIONS. 

I'orth  Amerira  cniiiiHt  of 
Jew  iBpaiii,  uud  the  cap- 

W   SPAIN. 

iiinilfil  N.  Ity  llie  UaiJod 
n  and  (lie  Giilfor  IVIexi- 
kV.  hy  the  Pncific  ()<>t>aii. 
ihern  part  of  the  country 
The  remainder  ia  divid- 
li'ies,  as  iollnwt: 


/>  in  1803. 

C/iit/"  'VWw. 

o.noo 

Loreto. 

la.floo 

Monterey. 

21,400 

Arixpc. 

89,700 

DuranRO. 

40,a0(» 

Santa  Fe. 

d»,llOO 

Bt.LuiiPotoii 

)80,d00 

130,000 
153,300 
H7,3(>0 
irttjtOO 
JUjHOO 
it  3,300 
36,000 


Gnadalasara. 

Zaratecas. 

Guanaxtinlo. 

Vnlladolid. 

Mexico. 

Puebla. 

Vera  Cruz. 


MKXICOOH  NEW  SPAIN. 


i6:> 


louihern  Pitvinctt.      Sif.  tniln, 

Oaxnca  84,on» 

Vucatau  or  l^Ierida     4a,7H4 


Pbp.  in  1803.     Cliiff  Tavini, 


03-»,8OO 
4AO,tiOO 


Oaxaea. 
Merida. 


802,iini      »,tatt,^oo 


Oraml  Total  »A7,941      fl,840,t»00. 

I'oimlation.  The  population  was  eittimaled  in  1803 
at  o,Htoooo;  id  1808,  at  6,000,000;  and  in  IM^o.  at 
8,000,000  {  more  than  one  third  of  whom  were  civilixed 
Indians.  This  population  is  settled  prineipully  in  the 
southern  provinces,  lielow  the  parallel  of  •^iJ"  N^.  lat. 
The  northern  provinces  contain  ninn-  than  two  thirdt  of 
the  territory,  but  uuly  about  one  tenth  of  the  popula- 
(ion. 

Face  of  the  Countrtf.  The  land  on  both  the  coasts  is 
low,  but  rites  gradually  as  you  approach  the  interior, 
till  it  has  attained  the  heii^ht  of  6  or  8,0(io  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean;  it  then  sprnads  out  into  broad 
plains,  which  are  called  table  land,  presenting  the  strange 
spectacle,  of  a  level  country  on  the  top  of  a  lofty  rungu 
of  mountains.  These  plains  or  table  lands  extend  along 
the  range  from  lat.  18°  to  lat.  40*  N.  a  distance  of 
171)0  miles. 

Mountains.  A  range  of  mountains  passes  through 
the  whole  length  of  this  eoiintry  from  southeast  to 
northwest,  called  the  Cordilleras  of  Mexico.  Il  is  a 
pari  of  (he  great  chain  whieli  runs  through  the  Ameri- 
can continent  from  Cape  Horn  to  the  l^ro/en  Oeean. 
Its  top,  as  we  have  already  mentioned,  ennsiuls  of  ex- 
tensive plains  or  table  land  From  these  elevated  plaint 
tingle  niuuntaihs  oceasionally  shoot  up,  whose  summits 
arc  covered  with  everlasting  snow.  Several  peaks  near 
the  city  of  Mexico  are  more  than  19,000  feet  high,  and 
the  lotiiest  are  volcanoes. 

Climate.  In  the  low  plains,  on  both  coasts,  the  heat  is 
very  oppressive,  and  the  elimatc  unhealthy  to  Kurope- 
uns ;  but  when  you  advance  into  the  interior,  and  begin 
to  ascend  the  mountains,  it  heconn's  more  temperate,  and 
at  the  elevadun  of  4  or  5,000  feet  (here  reigns  perpetu- 


I' 


!!W) 


MEXICO  OH  NKW  Ml'AIN. 


ally  »  »n(l  <pr3ng  ttmotrnUiTf,  wMeh  !•  very  lietUliy. 
Ai  you  tttlvaiirp  ilill  Ii'kIkt  the  cl.mair  bfcom*-!!  ewWr, 
ami  »t  Ifnglh,  nn  »lif  i  .t|»i  of  lomf  of  Ihp  lufiiint  nmun- 
Uini,  you  cnnie  to  llie  rfKi.m  of  pfrpe(u»l  tnow— Tliui, 
in  llie  eour«B  of  2  or  J  »la)-t,  «lie  Irtivdlrr  may  riijoy  •! 
tli«>  vnriilv  of  •unimeF,  »piiiig,  uml  winter. 

Suii  ami  /'n«/m*t«0H)i.  TIib  pro<l«elion»  of  ihU  eoun- 
try  are  ii*  v«rioi;:  h«  iU  clim*Ce.  In  lite  eourie  of  « 
few  huntlreil  mil«>i.  you  inny  moel  with  iilmotl  nil  the 
fruiU  of  Ih*-  leinp<'rtt(«  ami  torrid  zorn-s, 

Thf  noil  of  the  table  land  it  rfmarkalily  produclivf. 
Mai/.e  ii  far  the  moat  iniporlanl  olijiet  of  agriculture, 
and  in  lonip  plaee«,  from  3  to  3  har»«>ita  may  »»e  luken 
annually.     Wheat,  rye  mnd  barlt-y  art  e»teu»ively  eulti- 

vaied.  ,   .  ....  . 

Hivfrit.  .frfcdwuflic  tnd  lied  riveri  riae  in  Ihu  country 
and  flow  noulheaul  into  the  ITnilt»d  Mtaten.  The  Sabtne 
\%  the  ea«tern  biMindurj  Jth  dd  JS'urle  ri»e»  in  tha 
Uo«ky  w.mnJfttrii.,  uiHrflowinu  »niMli.«H»>l,  empt|e«  inlo 
the  Gulf  of  M<-xieo  It  i«  iHiiOmil.H  Ions?,  ll.rCo- 
lorado  riuH  mi  the  went  «ide  of  llie  mooiiliiM»<<,  an'l  How. 
inK  ioulhwi^l,  emplien  inl"  ihe  (Jull  of  Crthfonu...  It 
ii  l,tiOO  nul(«t  lontr.  Tlie  (iih  .omrn  from  'he  eail, 
and  ••mptien  iit'o  the  Colorado  near  it*  mouth.     It  U 

800  mile*  long.  .       ,i  q 

CMff  Tuwm.  Mexico,  th<'  l«rge«t  town  in  all  Mpan- 
iih  .^mtTica,  i«  below  Int.  i  '  "O  thi-  hi^h  table  1""^. 
hulf  w»v  between  the  dull'  of  Meiieo  and  the  PaciBo 
Ote'in.  '  It  i»  m-ar  Lake  rezeiieo,  in  a  deliKlitful  Talley, 
380  wile*  in  cirenmferenee.  mid  elevated  more  tiian 
"  000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  tea.  Tlie  strevti  are 
broHil.  elean,  generally  paved,  and  well  lighted.  Thia 
beauiiful  city  «•  supplied  with  water  by  two  aqueduott } 
and  it*  vegelahlei  are  rai«e««  on  the  elpjjaMt  flouting 
gardenii  of  the  lake  of  Tezeuco.  It  conlaina  upwarda 
of  100  churchea  and  487,000  inhabitant!,  of  whom  one 
half  are  whilea  anti  the  rcat  Indian*)  mulattoea,  and 

meatiroPt.  ^     »>  ««     • 

GuumxuaU)  i»  about  iBOmtlea  aorthwcat  of  Mexieo. 
The  inhabitants  are  employed  principally  in  the  gold 
and  Hilver  mines,  for  which  the  city  is  famoui.— I  opula- 

tion,6(ioon. 


L 


*Meh  ft  very  lie»llli). 

l<   tlf    lIlP    Illflii-Ht   (tMMin- 

irprtual  tnow. —  Tim*, 
rKVflli-r  limy  enjoy  •!' 
ti  \«  titter. 

uiliintiontor  thi*  eouo- 
In  lite  eourip  ut  a 
!t  with  ftlmuat  all  the 
I  /nneii. 

imarkiibly  proiliicljve. 
I  wlijtet  or  a({rirul(ure, 
harvvita  may  he  Ittken 
y  Br«  eiUucivrly  euUU 

\tt»  rite  in  thin  country 
•li  Htnten.  The  Sabine 
tel  ^'iivle  ri»e»  in  the 
»rll)lh<^H^I,  emplii'M  into 
I  otilcH  Inns?.  'I'l"'  Co- 
If  moiiiilnin:'.  mi'l  flow, 
iiill  nf  Cnliroriti.!.  It 
(•om«"i»  IVom  'lie  eati, 
near  itt  inoutb.     It  it 

rj^ett  town  in  all  Span- 
it  thf  high  table  hind, 
feiieo  anil  the  Paeifio 
[),  in  aili'liKlitfulTalleT, 
III  I'li'vateil  more  than 
B  »ett.  lit'  slreet'i  are 
nd  well  lighted.  Thit 
ater  by  l»o  Hqiieduelt  j 
in  Ihe  elpj|aMt  floating 
It  conlainii  upwards 
habitantt,  of  whom  one 
iidiani,  mulattoei,  and 

«  aorthwett  of  Meiiflo. 
priiieinally  in  the  {^old 
itv  i<  ramoui.— Popula- 


MKYICO  OH  M:\V  SPAIN.  n? 

Ptifbin  i«  ?o  pniliii  •anlheaii  ef  Me»ieo.  PopuUlion, 
W<On.  Aarntcrnn,  famoii*  for  ('«  rich  tilvir  niin.«,  \% 
iilMtnt   .'M  milei    norlkwetl  of    M«iieo.     I'opiilrtiiiin 

„  ^'Z*^  0'"/"'  ""'  Oiilf  of  Wp«Jco,  and.lrrtini/ion-i 
thi  Piictflr  Oeean  are  the  principal  »i««|irli.  V\w 
port  of  Aeipiileo  it  the  be»t  on  the  we^ten,  coast,  Inif 
I  he-  place  U  eiireinely  unhealthy.  I'he  popnlaliuu  doei 
not  e«ceeil  »,ooo,  and  tliey  are  ehierty  mulattoei. 

Hithtn  /-.'  i4  the  moil  northern  lov»n  of  any  note.  Il 
M  on  the  llio  Uravo  del  \ortc,  in  lat.  an"  ao',  about  tooD 
Diilet  northweU  of  New  Orleani. 

Jfuw^my.  the  eapital  of  Ihe  «w.i  Calir.irnlai,  {.ion 
the  iihoriM.f  Ihi  Pacilie  Oeean  in  lat.  ao»  jo'.  h  i»  a 
mere  villajjp  containing  Ton  inhabitiintn. 

Boad*.  There  i«  a  road  fl-om  Mniro  to  New  nrleatis 
1519  tnilet.  There  ii  alto  a  Heuuiir,,!  level  r»ud  for 
noo  mile,  along  the  bank*  of  ,he  U,o  del  Norte,  front 
Mnnta  Ke  to  Chihuahua  in  lat.  28»  43'. 

//./i^-i««.  The  religio.i.at  in  all  the  .*<panUh  pror- 
sneet,  iMhc  H, man  Catholic.  There  are  in  thi«  couutry, 
1  arebhmhop,  h  hmhopa,  and  lo.ooii  clrr>»y. 

Education.  There  it  a  University  in  iho  .jty  of 
Mexico,  end  eolleget  ar..  emubli^I.ed  in  oth,-r  places, 
but  the  bigotry  of  thoie  who  conduct  them  renderMheni 
or  little  value. 

I^k'».  Lake  Chnpala  it  about  iro  miles  wett  of 
Meiico.     It  It  «0  inilet  long,  and  ao  bruad. 

There  arc  four  imalllaket  in  the  valley  of  Meiico. 
The  walert  in  thete  laket  u.ed  formerly  t«  ri,e  above 
i-J«  .u'"''  ""'  "•'"•'«<«  <»'•'  city  and  the  valley.  In 
«29  there  wat   a  great  inundaffon,  which  la.ted  for 

.  r*"?./"''  *'"'■".'?  "••  *'"''•  «f  «hat  time,  the 
ttreels  of  Mexico  could  be  paMcd  only  in  hoal^.l-To 
prevent  the  recorrcnce  of  thit  evil  variout  mcait.  were 
emp  oyed  without  effect.     At  firti,  a  huge  d  ke  «r  mourn! 

hjet  broad  ;  but  the  water*  burtt  throogh  if  and  i,.re  it 
away.  A  .ui.lerrPiieon  pattage  wan  then  diiir  th.„«.jl» 
the  inountaint  which  surround  the  valle'  'o  \  t  <v  if.a 
^alert  j  but  the  earth  caved  in  and  filled .      .i,^  j.u-«.Lf.c:. 


i^Kr  .^  *»%*   ' 


ti» 


on:;  aoti  in  *»si»''  |>l»e««  ■ft"< 

_l.  ^...    III     iLii    tMtkllllIrt  AHA. 


U  letuili  A  dfftin.  t  a  mile*  \on^  aot!  m  ionu-  |>»iiM«  H»> 
Vri  .|..f|i.  hm  lipffi  flit  »hr<M^»»  «  ^«|»  "i  tlu'  inouiiImM, 
njtilliiiiPrm*  lo  ttiuMfr  Ih^  ixirp'ur.  • 
IVinfi.     'l'li«<  «'iM  mill  •ilvtr  min««  of  Mf  »ip.»  uro  «lm 
.1  „...l...ii..«  in  ili»  ikiirld.      riipv  Nrc  vt-rv  niimrniu*. 


_ aiivrr  iiiint-w  111    .»••  •!••■  ■•'•    ■"•- 

mo»l  proiluflivpHi  iIk*  worlU.  Tlipy  ure  v.ry  niim.r..u», 
.•.tiffliiilly  in  lltfl  pr..»iii<-.»  of  Cl(i»ii»«iiiiHi. /HrntPPM, 
mill  ilieiautherii  p"''*  "f  Durangu,  ami  Mnn  liUi*   I  ©• 


UUA'l'IMVLA. 

Sitiialion.  Thr  c«pt«ln  gfner»Uhi|iof  OunUiniiUM. 
U'i>il«  from  Mfiii-"  on  lli«J  nnrtliM<->it.  nearly  to  llif 
•«lltnuii  of  Dariin.  On  U...  K.  Iie»  llie  Cdribbe.n  Mut, 
And  on  tlitf  W.  Ilii*  F*eiH«'  0.f.in. 

IHviainnn,  ll  i«  "liviilpd  inio  ft  provmcM,  viz. 
(Milttua,  Vrra  Pi»«,  (MmUmuln,  iiondura«,  Nietrtgut, 
iind  (la%l%  Rica.  .         .,  , ,       ^,  ... 

nnif.  TliB  luy  of  llondiiriii  difldw  ihU  cownlry  into 
two  uenimullt.  . 

.Voun/nim.  'riie  ureal  American  r»ni^c  of  mounlnin* 
ptt««v«  Uirougli  llie  u!"lc  •••ngil'.  of  tliii  couiilry  inio 
Mexico.     It  nhound*  will*  voleai.oeg. 

I^kts.  Mrar-ixua  Inke  it  uliont  aoo  mile«  in  eip- 
enmfeicnce.  It  eoinoiuniciitft  with  ll«e  (iulf  of  Me«ic« 
liy  the  Hio  H(.  Juno  Of  Nicarai<nii  river.  Luke  i^an 
lift  «e»t  of  lake  Nicaragua,  and  communicate*  «ith  it 
by  a  narrow  »«rait.  .       .   i  .♦ 

Population.  The  population  ha*  been  eitimale.1  at 
t,H00.OO().     They  are  principally  Indian*,  and  very  III. 

tie  i»  known  ahont  them. ,  .   ^.v 

ChifJ  Townn.  Guatimala.  the  capital,  i*  in  lat.  II  «. 
on  the  coast  of  the  I'aeilio  ocean,  ll  ha*  a  good  harhor, 
and  contain*  a  nniveriity,  numeron*  convent*,  au<l  about 
80,000  inhabitant..  The  city  ha*  been  twice  dclroyed  , 
in  I9H  by  a  tempe»t,  and  in  trra  by  an  earthquake, 
whieh  •wallowed  up  8,000  familie*  in  an  in»lant. 

Leon,  the  espitul  of  the  province  of  Nicaraijua,  i«  on 
the  we.t  *idc  of  lake  l.eon.  Popnlation,  l.M>«)0. 
Ciwlad  Real  i*  near  the  border*  of  Me«iro,  delisl.il.illy 
*itoated  aiiinni;  the  mountain*,  almo»t  equidistant  from 


i 


lu-«. 


)«1  ill  SjMIIi'  |»lMt*  ^»<l 

i^np  ill  tli»  inuuiilAinii 

i«r. 

Ilf«  of  Mf*!*""  T''  •It" 

ry  itre  viry  mhumthU"", 
iKiiMtiiiilo.  /Hrtitrru*, 
»,  Kiiil  Mmii   l.iii*    I'u- 


UhiiinrOuAllmiiUfi- 
h\\i-«i,  iir.trly  In  lilt 
tn  llie  i;*rlljlK'aii  Mi'«, 

f»  ft  pniviiipf*,  vi/. 
lundum*,  Nickragiia, 

videi  ihU  eounlrjr  into 

•an  ranirc  of  mnunlftina 

li  of  llii*  ciiuiilry  initt 

itifi. 

limit   :J00  mill-*  in  rlr- 

tli  iJti'  CiuUof  Mixicn 

iia  river.     Lnkf  /yj-nn 

1  comniuiiioaiv*  \w(li  it 

liti  been  eiiiinali'tl  at 
1  Iniliiini,  aiiJ  very  lit- 

capital,  ii  in  lat.  ti  N. 
It  hn%  a  t^ood  harhor, 
niiH  ciinveiilt,  auil  nliout 
in  been  twtcp  «le«lroyed  | 
TTa  liy  nn  carlluiuake, 
ie«  in  an  intUnt. 
nee  of  Nicarai^'ia,  i«  nn 
.  PdjuilalirtiN  l-',000. 
of  Minioo,  dt'lii^hiriiily 
almotl  equidiRlant  froiu 


WEHi  isuiun. 


H» 


tli«  Inn  nrran*.  tMupa  U  llie  lari^eit  TnitUn  tnnn  lit 
ttiMlini.ilii.  tt  it  iiifar  t.'iuiUd  Id' il,  and  ciMluiiia 
Jt),<  0(1  iiitiiiliiianli. 

I'luiilurfiiiiin,  TliB  iiriidiiciinn*  an*,  ^rain  in  atinn- 
ditiiifi*,  i<r.t|it'«,  liiinvy,  rtttton,  liiii'  wtml,  )I,>i'uimmU,  &,!•, 
'I'ln-  |iiiitMii'«*  «f  lliHiiliiras  i«  itnrliciilariy  rVU'lirutrd  fur 
l"iH«<niil  luiil  niHtioi(>tny.  'rin?  Kni^litli  Imve  «clllfnii'nt< 
ill  Ihi*  iiriititier,  and  carry  un  iho  trade  in  (line  arliclvi. 


WKMT  INI)Ii:s. 


SUuation.  Tlifl  enllerliun  of  iilandt  bilMctu  Florida 
•nr|  .liiulli  Anierit'a  in  ealli-d  ili«  Wfit  Indii**.  I'riui- 
i\iM\  \i  llie  fnrilii*ii|  loiitli  I  lltirbiidiieii,  the  farihril  runf  i 
Cuba,  Ibr  lArllicit  \\vl\  and  the  Ualiania  iiiaitda  thb 
fiirilifiii  nitrlli. 

IHvisionH.  The  four  larKPit  i»litndii,  Cuba,  Uhpttn- 
i(i/rt,  (or  Mt.  I)»inini(n,)  Jamaica  and  I'orto  Miro,  are 
callfd  the  tirentrr  AutiUf». 

All  the  i*liind«  north  of  Cuba  and  |{ii|ianiala  are 
eallfd  the  Itnhnmat. 

Trinidad  and  all  the  itlandu  north  of  if,  till  you  come 
to  I'ortii  Hico,  ari'  prIKmI  Carilthfnn  iiiluniN. 

Populutian.  Th<«  nhnle  pniiulaliim  of  the  Went  India 
iilandt  i«  more  than  :i  000,000,  three  riiurth!»  of  ,\lioni 
are  ncijro  ulave*.  The  n«itii<i  of  the  i»liindf4,  with  their 
Iio|iu|atioii  and  extent,  i»  given  in  the  lolluuing  table. 


Sifuart  Mi/et. 
Tuba,  64,(M)0 

lii*|iar.iala,   SiB.OOO 


Janiaira, 

Porlo  Itiro, 

Ouiidalnu|ie, 

IVIartinion, 

Barbudoeg, 

Anlif^na, 

Saiita  Cruz, 


0,tKK) 
4,110 

200 

lOiJ 

93 


234,000 

40,000 
9 1,000 
13,000 
10,000 
16,0(h> 
*,I00 
3,000 


Jt.'nch 

li)H,000 

650,(M)0 

3jO,0(X) 

0,000 

on.ooo 

78,000 
65,000 
33.000 

ao,ooo 


mo/e  Pof, 

432,000 

€60,000 

3110,00 

100,000 

101,000 

00,000 

81,000 

35,000 

ajjooo 


160 


WEST  INDIES. 


Square  Mitti. 


Whites. 


htm  '  .  mole  fop. 


81.  CIiri»(opIier,  TO 

4,000 

Dominica, 

?[>1 

1,600 

Trinidad, 

2,000 

Ureiiada, 

109 

1,100 

Kt.  Eu«ta(ia, 

5,000 

Tobago, 

900 

St.  Vincent, 

131 

1,500 

St.  Lucia, 

2,100 

Margarita, 

8,000 

The  Daliamas, 

3,000 

Nevis, 

1,000 

^Montfierrat, 

47 

1,000 

26,000 
25,000 
23,000 
20,000 
1 5,000 
15,000 
13,600 
11,700 
6,000 
11,000 
10.000 
10,000 


30,000 
26,000 
25,000 
21.000 
20,000 
16,000 
15,000 
1 4,000 
1 4,000 
14,000 
11,000 
11,000 


443,000     1,083,000        2,126,000 

Poxsessors.  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  belong  to  Spain ; 
(j(iadalouj)e  and  Martinico  to  France  /  Sauta  Cruz  to 
Denmark}  St.  Eusiatia  to  Holland}  Hispaniola  is 
independent.  Jamaica,  tlie  Bahamas,  and,  in  genera), 
aU  the  other  islands  belong  to   Great  Britain, 

The  small  islands  are  frequently  changing  owners. 
Whenever  a  war  breaks  out  in  Europe,  the  nation  which 
has  the  strongest  nuvy,  generally  sends  a  squadron  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  captures  the  islands  belonging  to 
its  enemies.  In  the  lute  war  the  English  captured  all 
the  islands  belonging  to  France,  Denmark,  and  Holland, 
and  restored  them  again  at  the  return  of  peace. 

Religion.  In  the  islands  settled  by  the  Spaniards  and 
French  the  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ;  in  those  settled 
by  the  Dutch,  Dunes  and  English,  i^  is  Protestant.  In 
the  English  islands  the  Methodists  have  missionaries, 
who  have  labored  among  the  slaves  with  very  good 
success. 

Climate.  In  summer  the  heat  is  very  oppressive,  and 
the  climate  unhealthy.  In  winter  the  temperature  is 
delightful  :  tu  the  sick  and  aged  during  this  season  it 
is  the  climate  of  paradise.  In  autumn  nurrieaues  are 
iVequeut. 


I 


_i 


GS. 

Ultii '  ,  Whole  fop. 


20,000 

30,000 

25,000 

2G,000 

23,000 

25,000 

20,000 

21.000 

1 5,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

13,600 

15,000 

11,7C0 

1 4,000 

6,000 

14,000 

11,000 

14,000 

10.000 

11,000 

10,000 

11,000 

,683,000        2,126,000 

tleo  belong  to  Spain  ; 
ance  j  Sauta  Cruz  to 
land ;  Hispaniola  is 
imas,  and,  in  general, 
Qreat  Britain. 
tly  changing  owners, 
rope,  the  nation  which 
f  sends  a  squadron  to 
s  islands  belonging  to 
£nglish  captured  all 
lenmark,  and  Holland, 
(urn  of  peace. 
I  by  the  Spaniards  and 
holic ;  in  those  settled 
,  i^  is  Protestant.  In 
sta  have  missionaries, 
laves  with  very  good 

s  very  oppressive,  and 

;r  the  temperature  is 

durins  tliis  season  it 

itumn  nurrieaues  are 


i 


ST.  DOMINGO. 


m 


Productions,  Sugar,  rum,  and  molasses  are  the  great 
staples  oJ"  the  West  Indies.  The  other  productions  are 
cotton,  indigo,  coftee,  cocoa,  ginger,  allspice,  cloves,  cin- 
uamoii,  &e.  The  fruits  are  oranges,  lemons,  limes, 
pine  apples,  figs,  pomegranates  and  many  others. 

THE-  BAHAMAS. 

The  Bahamas  consist  of  sei  ".ral  small  islands,  inter- 
sperscd  with  an  immen!«e  number  of  sand  banks  and 
rocks,  which  render  the  navigation  extremely  dangerous, 
riiousands  of  vessels  i  ,e  been  wrecked  among  these 
islands.  The  principal  business  of  the  inhabitants  is 
rescuing  shipwrecked  vessels  with  their  crews  and 
cargoes  from  destruction. 

CUBA. 

Face  of  the  country,  &c.  A  range  of  mountains  runs 
from  east  to  west,  through  the  whole  length  of  the 
island.  On  the  coasts  the  land  is  level  and  very  fertile, 
|iroducing  sugar,  tobacco,  and  coffee  in  abundance. 
The  tobacco  of  Cuba,  from  which  the  Spanish  cigars 
are  made,  is  esteemed  the  finest  in  the  world. 

Chief  Towns.  Havannah,  on  the  cftrth  coast,  is  the 
ca|)ital.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world, 
being  very  capacious  and  secure,  difticult  of  access,  and 
strongly  fortified.  The  commerce  of  Havannah  is  more 
citensive  than  that  of  any  other  town  in  Spanish 
America.     The  population  is  about  70,000. 

St.  Jago,  in  the  southeast,  has  a  spacious  and  secure 
harbor,  and  about  40,ooo  inhabitants. 

HISPANIOLA  OR  ST.  DOMINGO. 

History.    This  island  was  formerly  divided  between 
France  and  Spain;  but  in  1791  there  was  an  insurrec- 
tion of  the  blacks  in  the  French  part  of  the  island,  vrhich 
i!*sued  in  ihe  expulsioa  of  the  whites.    The  island  is 
14* 


162  1»0RT0  RICO. 

MOW  untler  the  govrrnment  of  two  or  three  imlependent 
ne{»Po  phicU,  \vh(»  live  on  oj)poHito  aiiiei  of  the  inland, 
unil  are  IVi-quontiy  «l  war  with  each  other. 

Chief  Towns.     Cape  Ilenry,  Ibrinerly  Cape  Francoia, 
is  the  rapital  of  one  of  the  negro  chief*.     It  is  on  the 
north  side  of  the  iHtand,  and  hus  an  excellent,  harbor.  . 
It  was  forinfrly  the  cnjiital  of  the  French  colony. 

Port  au  Prince  is  at  the  head  of  the  larj^e  hay  on  the 
west  tide  of  the  island.  St.  Domingo  is  on  the  south- 
west side  of  the  island.     Population  12,000. 

Soil,  &c.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  sugar, 
eoffee,  eottoD,  and  indigo  in  abundance. 

JAMAICA. 

Soilf  &c.  The  north  side  of  the  island  is  mountain- 
ous. The  south  side  has  a  deep,  fertile  soil,  and  is  well 
cultivated,  producing  sugar  in  abundance.  Large  num- 
fcers  of  cattle  are  raised  on  the  island. 

Chief  Towns.  Kingston,  the  chief  town,  is  on  the 
southeast  part  of  the  island,  on  a  beautiful  harbor.  It 
is  a  place  of  great  commerea,  and  contains  mora  tbaa 
^0,000  inhabitants. 

PoKt  Hoyal,  on  the  sonth  side  of  Kingston  harbor,  10 
miles  south  of  Kingston,  was  formerly  the  chief  town, 
but  it  was  destroyed  three  times,  first  by  an  earthquake, 
then  by  a  fire,  and  afterwards  by  a  hurricane.  After 
tho  last  calamity  the  inhabitants  removed  and  founded 
Kingston.    Spaniehtown  ii  20  miles  west  of  Kingston. 

PORTO  RICO. 

Porto  JRico  is  the  fourth  island  in  size.  Its  capita^ 
St.  Juan,  is  on  the  north  side  of  tho  island,  and  contains 
abovt  30,000  inhabitants. 

BERMUDAS  ISLANDS. 

The  Bermndaa  islands  are  a  cluster  of  small  islands 
about  1,000  miles  northeast  of  Cuba.  They  have  a  de- 
UghtfUl  climate  and  abont  10,000  ioiiabitants. 


M- 


L 


.(t. 


0  or  tliree  imlependent 

itu  gides  of  the  inland, 

ach  other. 

•rinerly  Cape  Francois, 

ro  chief*.     It  is  on  the 

8  an  excellent,  harbor. 

e  French  colony. 

of  the  larj^e  hay  on  the 

ningo  is  on  the  south- 

:ion  12,000. 

>rtile,  prodneiog  lugar, 

iidanee. 


i. 


the  island  is  mountain' 
,  fertile  soil,  and  is  well 
Itundance.  Large  num- 
ilaud. 
chief  town,  is  on  the 
a  beautiful  harbor.  It 
ind  contains  mora  than 

of  Kingston  harbor,  10 
rmerly  the  chief  town, 
,  first  oy  an  earthquake, 
by  a  hurricane.  After 
Is  removed  and  founded 
niies  west  of  KingstoD. 

CO. 

id  in  size.  Its  capita\» 
the  island,  and  contains 


LANDS. 

elnster  of  small  islands 
^nba.  They  have  a  de- 
10  iniiabitaDts. 


SOUTH  AMERICA.  16J 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

SUmtion.  On  the  N.  is  the  Caribbean  sen,  and  the 
Atlantic;  on  the  K.  the^tJantic  ;  on  the  S.  it  comes  to 
a  point;  on  the  W.  is  the  FaciHc  Ocean;  and  on  the 
•  V  'i  l^  connected  with  North  America  by  tht 
isthmus  of  Daricn.    In  shape  it  resembles  a  pear. 

Divisions. 

New  Granada. 
Venezuela. 
Peru. 
Chili. 
Buenos  Ayres. 


>  Spanish  provinces. 


Guiana. 

Brazil. 
Patagonia. 


Spanish,  Dutch,  English,  Frcieh  and 

Portuguese. 
Portuguese. 
Aborigines. 


rolitieal  Condition.  The  Spaniak  provinces,  htt  sev- 
eral years  have  been  iu  a  revolutionary  state.  All,  ex- 
cept Peru,  have  declared  themselves  iadependent.  Bra- 
ztl  is  a  kingdom,  having  become  the  residewe  of  the 
royal  family  of  Portugal.  Fatagmia  belonss  to  the  In- 
dians.  Qwam\% divided  between  the  Spaniards,  Dutch, 
English,  French  and  Portuguese. 

Mountains.  The  Jindes  run  along  the  whole  western 
coast  of  South  America,  from  Cape  Horn  to  the  isthmus 
ot  Uarien.  Ihey  are  a  part  of  the  great  American 
range. 

Jfivers.    The  three  greatest  rivers  are  the  .amadou, 
the  La  Flata  and  the  Oronoco. 

The  ^maxon  is  the  largest  river  in  the  world,  and, 
axcept  the  Missouri,  the  longest.  It  empties  under  the 
equator,  by  a  mouth  160  miles  wide,  and  the  tide  flows 
up  500  miles.  All  the  rivers  which  rise  on  the  east  of 
the  Andes,  from  lat  2^  N.  to  Jat.  SO"  S,  are  broBches  «f 
the  AmazoQ. 


II 


k. 


164 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


nmw 

l- 


Its  moRt  ilistant  »ourre  is  ihe  river  Beiti.  Mliich  ruen 
in  Ihe  Andes  in  lat.  19°  8.  and  running  «orl!i,  j"in»  lli« 
^purimac,  and  forms  the  Paro  or  Ikayate.  1  he  Ueu- 
vHle  luim  north,  and  joining  th«  J»/rtr<JHon  or  lungura- 
hta  forms  the  ^maxon.  The  course  of*  the  Amazon  is 
then  east  to  the  ocean.  This  mighty  river  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  OOO  Ions,  from  its  muuih  to  the  veiy  loot 
of  Ihe  Aiide*,  a  distance  of  4,000  mihs. 

The  La  Plata  empties  into  the  Ailantio  on  the  south- 
east side  of  the  conlineni,  in  about  lat.  35".  It  is 
formed  by  the  Uru:-mu  and  the  Parana,  which  unite  u 
little  above  the  cily  of  Buenos  Ayrcs.  The  Paraguay, 
the  nrincinni  branch  of  the  Parana,  empties  into  it  near 
Corrientes.  The  Uruguay  and  Parana  both  rise  id 
Brii/.il,  and  flow  southwest. 

The  Oronoco  empties  on  the  north  coast,  opposite  the 
island  of  Ti  midad,  by  00  mouths.  It  drains  Venezuela 
and  Spanish  Oiiuna.  .  '      .       .    ,, 

Belision.  The  religion  of  each  province  is  Ihe  same 
with  that  of  the  European  country  from  which  it  was 
aeuled;  that  of  the  Spanish,  Portugu^je,  and  French 
settlerocnts  is  Roman  Catholic,  that  of  the  English  and 
Dutch  is  Protestant.  .  ,     j  •     .u 

laiandi.  Terra  del  Fuego  is  a  large  island  in  the 
soul h,  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  conlinent  by  the 
■trails  of  Magellan.  Cape  Horn  on  the  south  side  of 
the  island  is  the  most  southern  extremity  of  South 
America.     Falkland  islands  are  northeast  ot  1  erra  del 

"jm"*  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  nearly  opposite  Val- 
paraiso on  the  foast  of  Chili,  is  uninhabited.  Alexan- 
ller  Selkirk^  a  sailor,  lived  here  4  years  in  «!»>»"««?• 
This  circumstance  gave  rise  to  the  story  ot  Robinson 
Crusoe.  The  Oallipagos  islands  are  further  north,  on 
both  sides  of  the  equator. 

Indians.  The  Indians  are  of  two  classes,  the  uncoii- 
nuered  or  independent,  and  the  conquered  or  civilized. 
The  former  nccupv  the  interior  of  the  continent  ;  the 
latter  are  mixed  io  with  the  whiles,  and  many  of  them 
ave  slaves. 


k 


mcA. 

river  B^fiJ.  Mhich  riteM 
•unning  uorlli,  j"iii»  lli« 
r   Ucayale.      The  Vta.- 

Mnranon  or  Tungurtt' 
)utw  of  (lie  Amttzuii  is 
iglity  river  i»  imvigable 

muuili  lo  the  veiy  foot 
}  inilt'ti. 
>  Ailantio  on  the  south- 

about    lat.    35".     It  is 

I'arana,  which  unite  u 
\jre8.  The  Faraguuy, 
ina,  empties  into  it  near 
J  Parana  both   rise   iu 

lorth  coast,  opposite  the 
s.     It  drains  Venezuela 

,ch  province  is  the  same 
ntry  from  which  it  was 
Portuguiie,  and  French 
that  of  the  English  and 

8  a  large  island  in  the 
of  the  continent  by  lh« 
irn  on  the  south  side  of 
»ru  extremity  of  South 
B  northeast  of  Terra  del 

lexy  nearly  opposite  Val- 
»  uninhabited.  Alexan- 
dre 4  years  in  solitude. 
lo  the  story  of  Robinson 
ids  are  further  north,  on 

f  two  classes,  the  uncou- 

conquercd  or   civilized. 

p  of  the  continent  ;  the 

tiles,  and  many  of  thew 


NEW  GRANADA.         iCi 


NEW  GRANADA. 

^Jtuation.  Nctv  Granada  is  in  the  northwest  corner 
of  S.  America.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Caribbean  sea: 
I;,  by  Venezuela  and  Guiana;  S.  by  Peru  j  W.  by  the 
Paeihc  ;  and  N   W  by  GualimAJa  in  North  America. 

Uivittons.  New  Granada  is  divided  into  3  audiences, 
Panama,  Santa  Fe.  and  Quito,  which  are  subdivided 
mto  21  provinces. 

•  ,/*"^*'    J*,"l'"  ?"*  ofVamma  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 

&r.ofXu'""'  "'''*'"'f"'  Guaya^HUu^ur  the 

Momtaim.    The  Andes  come  from  Peru,  and  oass 

lll"J,    fT'^  "**/'"  ^"r^?  ""*"'  •'"•""S'' '»»«  «••«»« 
tnn,\       I     ''"""'•■yv  At  Popayan  the  range  divide. 

.?.„.•  ri'"''?u°\" '  '^*  '*"*'"'•''  '•  "•*  P"P"  A  ndes,  and 
run.  iBto  North  America  acrowi  the  isthmus  of  Darieu ; 
the  eastern,  called  the  chaiu  of  Venezuela,  run.  along 
tne  coast  of  (hat  nrovi.iSP  and  terminates  opposite  the 
island  of  Tr.n.dad;  the  middU  branch  runs  north,  be- 
tween  the  rivers  Magdalena  and  Cauca,  and  terminate, 
at  (he  junction  of  those  two  streams. 
n..«  ^"T*  .1  ^  «  "^"'  *'"''=''  "•*  "»'  "f  the  Andes  flow 
?hl  a"?  i*  *^''''""."  *":'  ^^^  Amazon;  those  vvest  of 
the  Ande.  flow  west  into  the  Pacific;  those  between  the 
!„"fl7h  •»^.yf«<"" '»'•»"'»«  of  the  Andesflow  no  ?J 
into  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

The  Mtgdalena  is  the  great  river  of  New  Granada. 
It  rise,  among  the  Andes,  near  Popayan, •.nd  ruunins 
north,  empties  into  the  Caribbean  sek.  It'is  looo  3 
long,  and  navigable  about  600.  The  Cauca  rise.  aUa 
near  Pop«yan.  It  is  the  great  western  braneh  of  the 
Magdalena,  and  run.  parallel  with  it. 

he  .mall  river  Bogota,  which  empties  into  tlie  Magda- 
Jena.    It  is  built  on  n  spacious,  fertile  plain,  which  i. 
elevated  more  than  8,000  feet  above  the  level  rf  the  ' 
«ea.    Population,  30,»00. 


r^ 


NKW  GRKNADA. 


(iuilo  Wet  ainonj5  the  Amlc«,  almost  under  llit?  eqiintor 
It  iH  built  on  the  side  ol'  k  volcanic  mnunluin,  iind  \*  ele 
VHti'd  more  ihiin  f>,(tOO  fVrt  above  »hi'  lt'\el  •(  the  tti-a. 
The  umiu'ralnrc  hire  in  mild  and  jtleasaiit  ihroiighoiif 
(he  year,  but  there  are  frcquenllj  dreadful  lenipe»(»  of 
thunder  and  liu;hlning.  I'npula'tion  r.r.,U()(».  Vupnijan 
is  on  the  Andes  near  the  sources  of  ihe  Cauca  and  Mag. 
dalena. 

The  principal  seaporls  on  the  Caribbean  sea  are, 
Cartliaf;cm,  which  has  a  sale  and  extensive  harbor,  anrf 
au,0'Jl)  inhabitants;  St.  ^Martha,  i;H)  miles  N.  H.  of 
Carthagena;  and  larto  Hello,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
isthmus  of  Dariin. 

The  ports  on  the  Facifie  are  Panama  on  the  south 
side  of  the  i»thmu»  of  Darit  n,  opposite  Forto  Bello,  and 
GunyaquH  on  n  river  of  the  same  name,  which  empties 
into  the  (Jnlf  of  Guayaquil. 

Fopultttion.  The  population  is  estimated  at  1,800.000. 
A  very  large  proportion  are  Indians.  The  principal 
netllementrt'are  nlopg  the  Andes,  elevated  many  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  level  of  ihe  sea. 

Fare  of  the  country.  The  western  part  is  mooniuin- 
ons  :  the  eastern,  is  an  immense  plain,  ejtending  from 
the  Andes  to  the  great  river  Oronoco. 

Climate-  In  the  low  country  the  climate  is  hot  and 
unhealthy  ;  hut  in  the  mountains  every  variety  is  expe- 
rienced, according  to  the  elevation.  On  the  hi£?hest 
anmmits  you  meet  with  everlasting  snow,  while  at  Quito 
and  some  of  the  other  principal  cities,  the  temperature 
is  delightful  threughout  I  Ik-  year. 

Productions.  New  Gr.»nadii  is  celebrated  for  the 
richness  an4  variety  of  its  productions,  in  the  vegetable, 
mineral,  and  animal  kingdoms.  Here  are  found  all  the 
fruits  of  tropical  climates;  the  mountainli  are  rich  in 
gold  and  silver,  emeralds,  and  platina.  Tiiere  are  also 
animals  of  an  enormous  size.  The  condor,  a  largt  bird, 
has  been  known  tr  fly  away  with  lambs.  The  jacuvia- 
tup  is  an  immense  serpent  found  in  the  plains  east  of 
the  Andes,  11  or  12  feet  long  and  a  foot  in  diameter. 

■J^atural  Curiosities.     About  70  or  80  miles  south  of 
Quit«  i j  tUe  celebrated  Chimboraxo,  the  loftieit  summit 


lis 


.'ADA. 

ilino^l  iinilcr  iUf  eqiintur 
iiiio  inouiiUin,  titiil  ix  ele 
[)ve  llii'  If* el  si"  till'  Mi'U. 
and  jilen^uiit  llirougliniif 
(ly  «lrett<lfiil  <Hnip«'»(ri  ol' 
lalinii  r>ri,Ui)(».  Vitjmijan 
;s  of  (he  Cauca  and  Mug- 

(he  Cnribhenn  tea  are, 
ind  rxtetmive  harbor,  ami 
ha,  VM  miles  N.  H.  of 
un  the  north  side  nf  (he 

e  Vanama  on  the  aoulh 
9p|)ortitc  Forto  Bcllo,  and 
me  name,  which  emptiest 

i«e«tima(ed«t  1,000.000. 

Indians.     The  principal 

le«,  elevalfd  many  thou- 

le  lea. 

iveslem  part  is  moanhiin- 

me  plain,  entunding  from 

rnnoco. 

ry  the  climate  ia  hot  and 

lins  every  variety  i»  oxpe- 

>va(ion.     On  (he   highest 

iting  iinow,  while  at  Quito 

»l  cities,  the  temperature 

■ar. 

\a  is  celehrntcd  for  the 

dilutions,  in  the  vegetable, 

.     Here  arc  found  all  the 

he  mounlaink  are  rich  in 

I  ptatina.     There  are  also 

The  condor,  a  largt  bird, 
vilh  lambs.  The  jacuma- 
bund  in  the  plains  east  of 

and  a  foot  in  diameter. 
It  70  or  80  miles  south  of 
boraxo,  the  loftiest  sumsiit 


VENEZUKLA. 


16: 


lit"  the  Andes,  and  the  hiuheit  mountain  in  .\mpri('a.  Ii 
i*  -'1,440  I'l'i't  above  the  level  of  the  neii.  In  mormons 
siiruinit  is  covt-red  uith  snow,  ami  i-  lii.i'tv  tnuiruiied 
with  the  diM'p  «/,(ire  blue  of  ihe  rf|ii,»((iri.il  .kv. 

Cotopa.vi,\\\f  higheNt  volcano  in  llif  H.irll.  i<i  nbiiut 
iO  miles  soMthcAst  of  Qiiii<».  li  U  is.'-.il'j  :-cf  almve 
the  level  of  the  xen.  lu  i'X(il(i.iMn<  ari-  trf,|i!cnl  iin<l 
itreadfril.  When  an  ernpMon  litken  piiii-e  ihe  .now 
■  rnunil  the  volcnnn  i:*  i>u<Mcnly  mtlM'd,  and  a  lurrenl  of 
waloi  i4  p,  -"vil  down  from  thV  mnnnfrtin.  Athi-s,  fire, 
and  rocks  are  I'-n  thrown  forth  with  a  dreudlnl  roar- 
ing noixe,  and  spread  dcxohnion  over  llie  snrioundinir 
plains,  "'he  roar  of  the  »o|pano  continues  d»y  and 
night  so  lon^  as  theernpiion  lasts,  and  has  been  heard 
at  the  distance  of  noo  milex. 

Th(!  cataract  of  Tequendama  is  in  th"  river  Bogota 
near  Santa  Fe.  This  river,  after  watering  the  elevated 
plain  on  which  lliut  city  xtands,  breaks  through  thu 
n'ountains,  and  wi;li  two  bounds  rushes  down  a  preeipica 
<o  the  astonishing  depth  of  87o  feet.  The  culuniii  of 
vapor  which  rises  i;ke  a  cloud  from  the  shock  is  *vcn 
IVom  Santii  Fe,  in  miles  distant,  reflecting  the  mott 
beautiful  colors  of  (he  rainbow. 

VENEZUELA. 

Situation.  Venezuela  includes  Spanish  Guiana.  It 
extends  from  New  Granada  on  the  west,  to  (he  river 
Essequcbo,  which  separates  it  from  English  Guiana  oil 
the  east  ;  and  fwui  the  Caribbean  sea  on  the  north  (o 
ro'ingiiese  Guiana  on  the  south. 

Mime.  This  country  is  called  the  Captain-general- 
ship  of  Caraccan  by  the  Spaniards,  but  ut  (he  deelara. 
tion  ot  independence  in  18H,  it  assumed  the  name  of 
the  Republic  of   Venezuela. 

JHvisions.     It  is  divided  into  9  provinces. 


Prvvincet. 

Caraceas, 
Margarita  island, 
<)Hmana| 


Chiif  cities, 

C'aiiaccas 

Asuncion 

Cumana 


Pop.  Iff  eititi, 
30,000 

24,000 


i 


»G0 


VENEZUELA. 


Bnrflplnna 

1«.000 

Trtuilb 

7,«CM» 

Mfiida 

li,«0O 

VrtriiiHH 

0,000 

Mnr«rajho 

31,000 

Ml.  i'liniiinK 

N,000 

RarMlAna, 

Truxilio, 

Meridn, 

Varinui, 

Miirncayhn. 

Hpaiii«li  (Juiana, 

Lakt  and  Boy.  Jilarncnylm  luke,  in  (Iip  mtrthweit,  U 
Itto  niile«  lung  iiiul  too  biuHit.  In  nIiuih*  it  n>«rmbtei  a 
tlecanttir.  U  emptiei  into  iho  Uiilj  nf  Mnrarayho 
throuf^li  a  neck  to  inilei  wide. 

Face  of  the  Coiintrtf,  Th«  nortlicrn  part  ia  moun- 
tainouk.  A  branch  oi'  the  Andm,  culled  the  ehaia  of 
Vfrf>Kuela,  runs  along  ihc  whole  'Vor(h(*rii  coiiitt  and  ter- 
ininati'i  oppoitile  Ihe  iitlniid  of  Trinidad.  Itt'low  tlie 
mountain*  there  are  ininicnie  plainH  which  »tr«toh  loiith 
beyond  the  Urouoco,  and  wc*t  into  Ne«vGraiiada.  In 
the  rainy  hchrod  the  Urnnocn  overflowR  itM  bunks,. and 
tbcae  plains  are  inundiited  to  a  vast  extent. 

Jtiuers.  The  Uronnco  in  tlio  great  river  nf  this  eoiio- 
try.  it  empties  into  the  Oceun  near  the  iitland  of  Trin- 
idad by  50  mouths,  ihi;  tun  most  dintHnt  of  wkieh  are 
lOO  miles  apart.  The  course  of  the  Oronoco  ia  very 
crooked,  somewhat  resiMnblinjc  the  figure  fl. 

The  principal  branehes  are  the  C'aroxi,  from  the  south, 
and  the  Jpures  and  .yfetu  from  the  west.  The  Apures 
and  Meta  ii'.tb  rise  in  New  Uranadu  at  the  foot  of  the 
Andes,  anu  fiow  west  till  they  join  the  Oronoco.  The 
Oronoco  ia  navigable  QU  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Meta,  and  7  H)  Irom  the  oecau.  The  Mela  is  naviga- 
ble  370  miles. 

Soil  and  Vrodudiom.  The  soil  i*  very  fertile.  The 
mountains  are  covered  with  forests  of  most  valuable 
timber;  the  vallies  between  the  mountains  conlaiu 
the  principal  plantations,  and  produce  cocoa,  indigq, 
cotton,  sugar  and  tobacco,  in  abundance  ;  the  plain!)  fur- 
nish  immense   pastures  for  numberless  lierd«  of  eattle. 

Chief  Towns.  Caraccas  is  in  a  valley  between  two 
mountains,  near  the  northern  coast,  elevated  s,»00  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In  IRTi  an  earthtiuako  de- 
stroyed a  part  of  the  city,  aud  biirieil  I'AOOO  persons 


.\. 


i 

l*,ooo 

7.fl(»0 

11,000 

r.,000 

ho 

si.oun 

HH 

H,0()0 

ke, 

in 

ilir  nnrthweit,  is 

In 

hliu 

III*  ii 

ri'»rinl)lc»  a 

9 

tiitlj 

f"f 

Maraanjhn 

nrtlii'rn  part  ii  moun- 
N,  culled  the  chain  of 
'torthern  coiiitt  and  (er- 
Trinidad.  Ilidow  tlic 
ins  which  »tr«toh  lotith 
ilo  NewGraiiada.  In 
yerfloHR  itn  bunks,. and 
a«t  extent. 

;reat  river  nf  (his  eoiio- 
icar  iht>  iMiand  of  Trin- 
«t  dinlitnt  of  wkieh  are 
f  the  Oronoco  is  very 
lie  fignre  •;. 

I  C'aru»i,  from  the  south, 
he  wnDt.  The  Apitres 
inndii  at  (he  fool  of  (lie 
joiD  the  Uronuco.  The 
hove  the  mouth  of  the 
The  Mela  is  naviga- 

III  i»  very  fertile.  The 
'csts  of  most  valuable 
he  inountaius  contaiu 
produce  cocoa,  indtgq« 
iidance  ;  the  plains  fur- 
iherlcNs  lierd«  of  cattle. 
I  a  valley  between  two 
1st.  elevated  a,»00  feet 
1RI2  an  earth(|Uuko  dc- 
buried  I'AOOO  persons 


nnies  d.j,.u.,,  „,.,  i. .,..,,  tn,,u,  .hanr;::;.;;:.; 

«f'?L  n""""*  "'?"'  "^•"'ernmenl,  i,  „„  .1,,.  ,„„„.  ,„,. 

«r lb.  o,„„„co. uiioui  270  oiiic*  r,„„,  ,h,. .,,     <.';'" 

iith  ;;;;.";;;',;."•'  ^•""  ^'-''  '•••"-"  i^-^e  m....:;:;!;; 

'«"."<«>.     It   IS  comjiostd  of  w  lit.*,  no'-r.....    l..,i" 
n..'lai.oc..  „„d  „...,/,„e.,  .u  follow':  ZC'^^IZ' 
Dc«ro  sill ve«, '21(1.1(10;  Indiaoi   '*j  ho/,  i  '    '*" 

meNti/oM,  jui  Wo         1 1  /.?     '      .     '■.  "'"'»""•'*  and 

Indiana.     Tribes  of  indeDendent  %viirlil,«  i    i 

.    6//ma/<'.     |„  ,|,e  |„»v  country  'be  cllmiti,.  i.  i.  ,   i    . 
in    the  mountninii  very  MleumiiK   »  ,l  ..''  ''"* 

quakes  are  common  i,^!;;rp;;t,*'      '"''''''^-     *=««••''• 

GUIANA. 

noelJat  Amt?  '^;^;7'"^v•'t<ween  ,be  Oro. 
the  Ocearon  be  N  .J'.''"*  ^"™''''""'he  N.  W. , 
NewOranaSionibesV  """•''   ""  "'^'  **•    '*'' '  •^•"' 

f^tuantyn.     3.  DukfiGuiaJT,   '^   ?'""'l"'l>'>  l»  the 
ijurom.    *.  /TfruACMujMw  extends  from  the 


m 


nruNA. 


M«rn„4HHl.e  Aru.ry.     ».  IWtugum  (iukim  .lima. 
I'liiiii  ill!'  Ariintv  i»  >»•'  Anirtif""-  .,      .   ._ 

,i„rl  f  ..01  .lH.rmMH..I,un.l.l...r.-..  ..o  ».;r^».  y  r»r     «• 
irmi  .i..K  li.en.,  l.^-niu.o   the  uL.t-  .H.lM»r...,  ,lu  no 
cXl!!  r?r  f. om.l.*  ».«  r»a..,  .I.c  .n.vrior  luiua  «e«u,..cd 

i%"froH'VH       l'ar»>maribo,  Hip   f«pi  hI   of   OuUl 
«.,!l  run  ii  .•  •  .  r  l.Oi...  inlmlHlnnU.     Stuhr,u,k,  iho  c«I.- 
hcalJhy.     Th«.oil  ...u.,.riM..g»}  fer..le,)'«W'»8»"8*^ 

ofll.«po|.ululi«n  are  negro  .Uve.j  there  are  lei.  man 
SO,UUU  wltilcB. 

VKRU. 

%[:3:;t"'^;«UdivWedi»loeiutende„eie. 
TruxiHo,  i"'*l   '  flfiOO 


i«M  liulann  ttUni* 

vikiuiii   in  lliu  inl«> 

III)  tieri«Mily  for  «!«• 

•fllUiiii'iii*  ilu  not 

frior  tK'iiia  oeaujiicd 

I  «iiliili«iilti]  into  ili<> 
mil  llerbkf.  IJuIpIi 
■imm,    *nA    Fr««ch 

re  Ktaetiurho,  Ikma' 

i. 

f   «apiiHl   of   l)ut«h 
tin  Wiirinum  river,  16 
00  iultdltimnii. 
linaiia  it  «»  nn  isUn'l 

ir«rtt  rn^T,   iifwi"  »*• 

nun«ry  i»  fl«<  •«"'  ""* 
k'rliU.) '"-'••" '•S•"8»^ 

itay  bp  t«<iin«1v(i  ot 
S|»aiiif>li  Uuiana  li«« 
Ihiin  70,000,  Dulcli 
la  30.000.  Thf  "•>»•» 
»{  tUere  are  !«••  ili»n 


J.  by  NcwOrnnada  ; 
yip» »  H.  by  Jill'  ileiert 
iroin  Chili,  arrf  W.  by 

0  8  iutenilcnciet. 

Pop.  ofeiliei- 

'  0,600 

62,027 


PEHU. 


Ifl 


thitrnttiMiti. 

UijancK  Vclic«, 

UuanunifM, 

Uuiiiilajitya, 

tJuitti, 

Ar«<|ui|iii, 


h'ae»  nf  tht  enunlr>j.     The  Anil»'«  m**    Jhroiixh  Urn 
whnle  Itfiijflh  uf  I'crui  pttrulli'l  with  ilii>  l'ti>-itic  Oernn. 


Chir/  tiltri. 

/V/>.  r/  litit. 

(iuiHifu  Vfiita, 

•,000 

Uuii>ii<iiitr» 

JU.OOU 

(tiiaiiliija}a, 

(y'lmv)*. 

ai.ooo 

Ari>r|uip«, 

u»,uuu 

'I'Ker*  are  Imo  prineiiml  ridgf*  eitlliil  ihi<  i-aiit.Tn  niiil 
Mr«lfrn  Cordillfra.  'lliu  rnunlry  lic(Mi-t>ii  ibnn  i*  an 
rievali'il  piniii  or  tulilo  l.inil.  (^fiirrally  ruiiii  h,(I(mi  (ii 
10,000  fi(!t  abnvtf  th"  lf*i'l  of  I  lie  «t'i«.  i'lit?  nurniw 
tract  bet\»«en  thi>  M«!»(rrn  i/'<ir)liili*ra  ati<l  llii^  I'aeific  it  u 
|ilitiii,  |irinri|tnlly  ■miily  mimI  biirrt-n. 

ChifY  TuwuH.  Lima,  (hi*  cHiiiiitl,  i*  in  the  rvnlrr  of 
n  ipnriuu*  an<l  difliKhtful  ViiMry,  on  a  «niHll  livtr  whieh 
tnijtlii'ii  into  ihi-  I'acifli*  <)ei*uo  It  \%  ihc  ci'iiiroof  thu 
coniinercc  of  I'tru.  Va'Jan,  ihr  port  of  (.iuiu.  ii  7  milt>« 
liiiilnnt, 

Viiiifo  an  anripRl  anil  mni(ni(ir«>nt  city,  once  the  neat 
of  l!i«  ini'ii'«,i»  anionif  the  Aniii>«  ei»«t  of  Linio,  near  iha 
riviT  .Ifiiiri mac,  nnn  of  the  >«oiii'rfi«  of  ihe  ,\inii/'tn. 

Triwillo  f*  on  the  Tiicilie,  uoo  mile*  Sf.  of  Limn. 
.^I'l'ivi  ■•  a  seaport  noiilh  nt  Limit.  ^Iret/uipa  in  helweeii 
Arici\   niu\  liima.     It  i«  hIkhii  in  leni^ueii  finm  the  tea. 

Pc/pulatiim.  The  po|iiilHlion  in  I.o70.l;jj,  of  which 
nouihkT  CIU.OOO  are  eivili/ed  InitiitiH,  utiil  the  retl  an) 
whilei,  negroen,  mulnitoeN,  anil  nie<«ti7:fleii.  The  Hpan- 
ith  •ettlcmentA  are  un  (he  hi^h  table  land  between  the 
mnuntnin*,  nod  on  the  nea  cohhI.  They  do  not  exiend 
en-ti  of  the  And^•■«. 

Clitnafe.  The  lof^y  Andes  iire  covered  twtli  eternal 
Know,  and  (he  low  country  on  the  enuitt  i«  hot  and  un- 
healthy, whili'  the  intcrmcdinle  liible  Innd  enfity*  a  uni- 
form imd  delightful  elimHte.  Karlh(|Make<«  are  eninmon  ; 
J<inia  hiiii  been  repeatedly  ainiott  ruined  by  Iheui. 

Mines.  There  are  70  t;iild  niinei,  7on  nilver  mine* 
and  1  of  quiekiiker,  he«ideH  several  of  copperund  lend. 
The  annual  produce  of  the  gold  aud  lilvi-r  miaes  it 
more  (htui  $4,ooo,ooo. 


■If 


IT! 


RRA^IT.. 


Rii'*ri.  The  /Ifiit,  ilir  jljiiirimitf,  (ht>  GuaUtiga,  Iht 
TtiHiilnriiKuu  uiiil  ik'utkI  imiilUr  hmul  Urnnthr*  »f  (lit 
Auiuiun  rid*  iii  IVrii. 

DIIAZIL. 

flilunKim.  Rraitil  nlpmU  from  llic  Am«y.nn  almnit 
Id  iIic  Ih  I'IuIii.      Ii    U  hii    itntncnip   Fmiiiirv  inrluiliiiff 


tlllllf'      inilW'H*  11        lit       nil  llilll|»Ii-*l-       *<t|flf>«T       iiiviia'aii*^ 

morf  ifiaii  oiu*  Hiinl  ofHtiiiili    Vniiriii* «  hniindcil  N.  Inf 
Oiiiiiiin  HtiiJ  lilt'  AlUiiln-i   K.  bt  ih*'  AiUnlint  mi  tin!  n. 
|»4)iiit  I  UN  llir  \V.  are  I'vru  and   llu«no« 

II    i«   liiviiluil   into    1 1     diitricia    culled 


it  COillf*    to 

Ayr'* 

l)ivi»iiiun. 
cnpitHiiia*. 

C'liPiiiiniiU' 

Pari, 

Mill  nil  linen, 

HiMiru. 

IVrniiiiiliucni 

Hiiliin, 


I'arj. 

St.  Luin. 

Hi-Bru 

I'crniuiihiieo 

Hi.  MtilvHdur. 


ruLiiitnlai. 
Hill  Janeiro, 
Ml,  I'ahI, 
Hi»  Oraiide. 
Uoyu/. 


Miuai  (if  rupn,    Villa  ilica 


cki,r 

Hiu  Jit 


Iitnviru. 
HI.  Fuiil. 
Kill  (ilriinde. 
Villa  Hua. 


Mattu  Urouoi  Cuiaba. 


Fare  nftheeimntry.  A  riilf^c  ormniinliiiiia  riion  algilg 
itiF  I'lii'.d  IVoni  litl.  10°  lu  Inl.  ;)U"  H.  Tbe  iiili-rior  of 
Ihr  ciiiinlry  it  rlnllifd  willi  ilie  itiont  luiuriaiit  vo^eta* 
lion,  inid  rovervd  in  inuny  parli  uilli  an  alniont  iinpen- 
etrulili-  foreil. 

Ahvr>.  Tfie  principal  river*  of  nruxil  arc  branclici 
ortb<>  Aniaxon  and  La  I'laln.  Tlii>  riili^i'  of  moiinlaiua 
ulonif  the  cotut  prrvenl*  llu-ir  ciilrunce  into  ttic  oci-uii 
by  •»  more  direct  course. 

'I'lie  St.  Franciu-u  und  Ibe  Tocantim  arc  the  princi* 
pnl  river*  »bifb  empty  on  tbc  coatl.  Tbe  St.  Fran- 
i.mo  rinca  in  lat.  iO°<  und  iiricr  rnimins  alon^  tbc  we»l> 
crn  tkir*  of  Ibe  mnnnluinii  for  t,oou  niilci  cmptiew  north 
of  St.  Hnlvador.  'I'lic  Tocatitins  riiici  near  (lie  nonrcea 
ul'  ibe  Hi.  Franeinpn,  and  rnnning  north  lAOO  inilei, 
cmplicM  under  ibe  eqnulor,  near  tbc  mnulb  of  tbe  Ama- 
zon. Tbc  Ar(t<ina>ja  in  the  principal  branch  ol'lbo  To* 
cantiiK. 


L 


Ill/-,  the  Ounllagti,  lh« 
he««l  t<r«nf  he*  of  llit 


n  ihe  \m»tnn  ■Imnil 
IIP  piiiiiiirv  iiii*lu)liii^ 
•ritu  I  hr>iintlc<l  N.  Iiy 
III'  A  linn)  in  t  mi  ttio  n, 
ire  I'iTii  tinti   llueno* 

II     diitricii    cnlleil 


\lat.  Ckitf  TiMin- 

iincirot     Hiu  Jitiieiru. 
kill,  HI.  Fuitl. 

Iraiiilr,      Ri»  dtmnilc. 
r.,  Villa  Hoa. 

t  UroMo,  Cuiaba. 


'mniinlnini  ruaa  along 
"  H.  Tbe  iiilerior  of 
nn»t  luiuriant  vo^rta* 
itiili  an  aliMuiit  iinpen* 

ir  nruxil  are  braiicliti 
III*  riiljG^i'  »t  moiiiilaiuf 
ilrunce  iiilu  tlie  oci-uii 

'antifiH  ari'  the  princi* 
ontt.  The  St.  Fratt' 
liming  along  tlii>  wf»(- 
)0  mile*  cmnlieK  iiorlli 
rJHci  near  (lie  tiuiircc* 
ig  liorlli  tttiW  inilei, 
III'  mnulli  nl'  llie  Aina- 
ijiiil  branch  ni'tlio  To* 


Thf  Xingii  anil  iUv  T.ymjot  tU»  in  thv  f^nitw  wf 
SoiUli  AiM^-rii'ii,  iiimI  (1  m(  till/;  nxrili  iiiuri'  (htm  l,o«iu  iiiilc*, 
rmptj  Mtiii  ilir  \iiiii/.iii.  ri„.  ^Untliirn.  ibf  Inrgpwt 
Irilniurjr  «r  llic  Aiii«/imi,  ri«i  i  in  ili»!  iKtrihcrii  (iHrl  of 
lUrniK  A>r««,  (Mill  ruiiiitug  n«niivtt»i,  iiniitt?*  iiftiir  • 
tiiurtK  of  I. ^1)0  Miilr*. 

The  t'arnjfHiii,,  ili.>  fnrnm,  ami  iIm'  Vrnfmij,  iho 
great  hrnMclii*  „l  Hie  i.it  I'IiiIm,  ri«e  m  thi-  Miilbi'm 
part  of  ihu  niiiiury  Hiiii  |iii*«  iiiln  Hut  ii04    \)(*ik, 

Vliiif   Toiriin.     '  Itio   Jaufirii  or   SI.    s,l:,i,tiau,  lh« 

tiiiil,  i«  till-  Urgroi  lowii  iii  Hoiilh  Ami-rioH      ll  ha*  • 


Gain 
nob! 


le  hurlior,  niiii  »  great  coiuiiierce.      I'lie  poiinluiiua 
it  more  than  100,000. 

Mf.  Snlvailor  or  tiachia  it  nn  the  buy  of  All  Haiiiln, 
mnre  ih«ii  Too  mile*  north  of  Km  Juihiki.  |i  m  lurge, 
neh  and  wril  bnili.  Tl,..  |innei|iitl  p.irt  of  ihr  Hiy  ia 
oti  the  top  of  H  hill  whieh  ri*e*  Niiil(l»-ii|y  lo  the  height 
of  400  f.'.t.  The  *iMmii.iii  i«  airy  unJ  httAllhful.  Tli« 
poptilrtlion  exeeeil*  rii.lioo. 

i*irnamhiiro  i*  a  lloiiriahing  lown,  4an  itiilet  N.  K,  of 
Hi.  Hi»lvu(lor.  ll  hu*  a  great  Iruile  in  enllon.  I'opnla. 
tioit,  «0,ooo.  Miranham,  or  .S7  Liiih,  i*  a  eonnnereinl 
lowii  oil  Ihu  north  eoatl.  Htu  UraitiU  i»  in  h  populout 
dittriei  near  ihe  «nnlhern  enremiiy  of  HrHxil. 

r<7/a //<ra  it  ill  the  inlrrior,  tiorlh  of  Hio  Jmiejro. 
Popniftlion.  VO.ooo.  7V;ij<-o,  the  eapiltil  of  the  dianiniia 
diMlriel,  i*  north  of  Vil|„  Uicti.  i:,iial>a  i*  in  ihti  went, 
trn  part  of  Itra/.il.  anil  bat  rich  goliiuiinet  in  ilt  viciu* 
ily.     Piipi.latioii  JO,<i(io. 

VnpulatiHn.  The  pnpulution  i»e*(imnliil  ai  a.ooo.ooo. 
It  I*  coinp,.*cd  of  HJiitet,  negrovi,  Iniliant,  inulalloei. 
•nil  me»liio«i. 

Oovtrnmnt.  The  government  it  an  abtolule  mnii. 
arehy.  Itruzil  wut  formerly  governed  by  11  vieeroy; 
bul  tinee  t8or,  the  royal  family  of  Porlugal  have  r«- 
tided  here. 

i'roJuctions.  The  nnrlhrrn  provinee*  produce  eof  (nn, 
•ugar,  eoBee  and  lobueeo  t  the  middle  eontain  the  u;..ld 
and  diamond  di*lrieli ;  the  toulhcrn  proiliiee  "heal  and 
entile  in  abundanee.  The  foreM*  abound  with  VMiiona 
kiudtf  of  Hood  UHtlnl  fur  dyeiog  and  cabiaet  Wurk. 
15* 


171 


ntJfiXOS  AYRES. 


Gold  atnl  liinmotuh,  Tlie  t;oI<I  nnd  <llnm(iii(N  (if 
Ui'n/.il  nre  toiiiMl  iiriiifipiillv  in  llii*  bcil'^  of  the  inoiin- 
tuin  lurii'iiJH.  Tim  lioml  \»iilor«  ol'  lltt?  I'Aruiiu,  ll»c 
Fi'inu'iseo,  uikI  ot'ull  tlii'giTuI  rivers  tvliicli  flaw  north 
into  the  Amazon,  are  proilnrlivc  of  ^old.  The  printi- 
|ial  iliiiinoiid  iliHtriet  iv40()  niili'»  N.  uf  Itio  Janeiro. 

Commerce.  The  txjKirttt  are  iMillon,  *iiit;nr,  ci'llVe  and 
lohiici'o  from  I'ernambiico,  St.  Salvador,  and  Maraii- 
hain  :  and  hides,  (allow,  and  beef  from  lliii  Grande. 
NVheal  i^  Hhipped  from  Itiu  (.irnnde  to  all  partH  uf  the 
coast.     The  principal  imports  arc  British  manufactures. 


DUKNOS  AVKKS. 

Mme.  This  fi.untry  wa*  railed  the  Viceroyally  of 
Bwnos  dyres,  while  under  the  dominion  of  Spain.  Since 
thf  declaration  of  Independence,  it  haH  a»»nmed  the 
iiime  of  the  Uni'ed  Provinrfs  of  South  Jimericn. 

Situation.  It  itt  hounded  N.  and  K.  by  Uracil ;  S.  K. 
by  the  Atlantic;  S.  by  l'ata,(5oiii.» ;  W.  by  the  Andc«, 
which  ficparute  it  from  Chili;  and  N.  \V.  by  IVni. 

Divisiom.  The  northern  and  untral  parl!«  uf  this 
country,  embracing  one  half  the  territory,  are  in  the 
}io8Hes»ion  of  the  Indians.  The  parts  owned  by  the 
whites  are  divided  iuto  pruvinces. 


Chief  Toviiis. 

Bueno.4  Ayres. 
]Vlflnt('\i(!cu. 
Santa  Fe. 
Cordova, 


Province*. 
Duenox  Ayre«, 
Banda  Oriental, 
Entre  Iliox, 

Cordova,  _ 

Punta  St.  Luis,   PuntaSt.Luis. 
Mer>du7.n,  Mendoza. 

.St.  ,luan,  St.  Juan. 

Uioju,  liinja. 

("alimiarca,  Caiauiarca. 

St.  Jago  del  Estero,  St.  J  ago. 


Provinces. 
Tncuniau, 
Salla, 

J<'j".V, 
Chiras, 
Fotosi, 
Mis  >je, 
C  ha  reus, 


C/il(f  Tvixnit. 
Tucumaii' 
S.ilta. 
.liijuy. 
'1  upica. 
FotoKi. 
Misque. 
Charca*. 


Cociialmmba,  Oropesa. 
La  Pd/.,  La  Pit/.. 

Paraguay,  Assumpiiun. 


Rivers.     This  country   is   drainnd  by  the  La   Plata 
■iiid    i!s   branches.      The    L(i  I'hita  is  a   very    broad 


KS. 

1)1(1  nn<I  <Iiai)i(in<U  of 
lie  bi'il'4  of  tliu  inoiin- 
I  oJ*  jIil'  I'Armiu,  ll»c 
I'CTii  wliicli  (low  ni>rth 
of  ^old.  The  |iririci- 
N.  Ill'  Itio  Juiu'iro. 
it  (nil,  »iiit;nr,  ecilVe  nnd 
alviuldr,  niitl  Marnn- 
i-i'  i'roiii  Kill  Gruixle. 
lie  l()  all  partD  uf  tho 
British  inanufuctures. 


{1:3. 

I'd  Uie  Vicernyajly  o€ 
iniiiioii  f)i'S|)ain.  Since 
,  it  lian  ttSKiimed  the 
South  Jimericn. 
id  K.  by  Uracil ;  S.  K. 
I ;  W.  i»y  the  Andes, 
d  N.  W.  by  IVrii. 
i-iMilral  |iarU  ui*  this 
!  territory,  are  in  the 
!  parts  owned  by  the 


"rovinces. 

C!ii(f  'fotvitit 

'ncuniau, 

'I'lieuinan 

allu, 

Saltu. 

"j".v, 

.liijuy. 

liiras, 

'1  u|Mca. 

otosi, 

PotoKi. 

lis  !je, 

Misque. 

harcaii, 

('harca*. 

loeiiabHinba,  Oruprsa. 
.a  Pd/.,  I.a  Pa/.. 

'araguay,  As»uui|iiion. 

innd  by  the  La   Vlala 
'lata  is  a   vcrv    broati 


r 


RUKNOS  AVRliS. 


m 


river  formttl  by  the  union  of  the  Uvnunny  and  the 
Payariii.  'I'lie  I'avnuct  risen  union™  lin-  iiiuuiituitis  of 
Hrazil,  near  Kio  Janeiro,  utid  runniir.;  soinliwcst  lu-jirlv 
2.000  miles, Join*  tlie  Urasjuay  a  lillle  ahovt>  ijie  ciij  oV 
IJiniios  Ayns.  The  Uruguiiif  rises  in  llie  Moiithern  fi.nt 
of  Unizil.  It!4  general  course  in  nuuilinesl,  and  lii 
leii^'ih,  I'^oo  niih'H. 

'Ihe  I'aranmnj  in  the  prineipal  branch  of  the  Parana. 
It  rises  near  !be  ci'iilre  of  Ura/.il.  and  running  noiith 
about  IflOO  miles  emplieH  inio  ibe  Parana  at  Con ieiites. 
The  Pilcowuijn  and  the  Vermejo  arc  the  two  largest 
wesicrn  branches  of  Ihe  Parasjuuy.  They  both  rise  in 
the  Andes  and  flowing  soutiieast,  about  1,000  miles 
each,  empty  into  Ihe  Paraguay  below  ihc  town  of  Ac- 
sumption.  The  Saliulo  is  the  largest  western  branch  of 
the  Parana.  It  rises  in  the  Andes,  and  flowing  south- 
east more  than  800  miles,  empties  into  the  Parana  at 
Santa  Fe. 

Numerous  bi  inches  of  ilie  Mtdeira  rise  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  this  country,  and  flow  ndrtli  inio  Bru/.il. 

Face  of  the.  country.  The  western  provinces  border- 
ing nn  the  Andes  are  mountainous;  the  lerrilory  east, 
of  the  Paraguay  and  Parana  is  a  Jlne,  waving,  well 
watered  country;  the  intermediate  dislritt  lying  between 
the  Paraguay  and  ihe  mountains,  and  extending  from 
norlh  to  sunlh  through  the  whole  length  of  ihe  counlrv, 
consists  of  extensive  plains. 

West  of  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres  is  a  vast  plain  of 
pauiprt  extending  south  into  Patagonia.  It  is  1500 
miles  long,  and  from  the  ocean  to  the  Amies  500  bread. 

Indians.  Independent  tribes  of  Jndians  occupy  the 
country  watered  by  the  Sakdo,  rermrjo,  rUcumut/o.  ami 
the  head  branehen  of  the  J\iaddra.  This  tract  consists 
of  vast  plains  extending  from  the  Paraguay  on  the  east 
to  Ihe  mountains  on  the  west. 

Product lotift.  Cattle  nnd  Ihe  precious  melals  are  the 
staple  productions.  The  vast  plains  and  panijias  are 
c.ivered  with  immense  hi  ,(ls  of  horses.,  mules  and  eallle ; 
and  ilie  provinces  along  ihe  Andes  abound  with  ;;old 
and  Mlver.  .Mining  and  ruisin.';  cattle  are  ihe  prineipul 
busiiici^s  of  the  inhabitan'...,  'o  the  neglect  of  agnculture, 


>7* 


BUENOS  AYRE9. 


altliuiigU  the  stiil  in  Cerlile  and  would  yield  wheat,  Indian 
cum.  lobavco,  6u'.  in  abundance. 

I'liputtttion  The  |i»|»ulaii'in  iit  eHtiniatcd  at  2,000,000, 
of  which  iiumher  700,000  art'  civilized  Indianx.  The 
intlejicndeul  Indian*  are  nut  included  :  Iheir  U'luiber  ia 
unknown. 

Lake  Lake  Titicaca  is  in  Ihe  northwest  corner  ot 
(he  counirj  beiween  iwo  ridgcH  of  the  Andes.  It  is  240 
miles  in  cireumierenee,  and  lias  several  islands,  one  of 
wliieh  was  the  residence  of  Mauco  Capac,  the  first  of 
the  incas.  and  Ihe  fnnnderof  the  Peruvian  nionarehy. 

Chief  Towns.  Huems  Jiyres '\*  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Lt.  Flat  a,  ISO  njilt>  from  the  ocean.  The  honsei 
are  buili  of  brick.  The  population  is  6'i,000,  one  half 
of  whon»  are  whites,  and  the  rest  Indians,  negroes,  &c. 
The  euj  is  celebrated  for  the  pleasantness  and  Halubrity 
of  its  climaie. 

Montvvideo  is  on  Ihe  east  bank  of  the  La  Plata.  80 
milei.  from  iU  mouth  Population  10,<)00.  Santa  Fe  it 
Btthe  confluence  of  the  Halado  with  the  Parana,  and 
lias  6,00)  inltabitanis.  CoiTimtes  is  at  the  confluence 
of  lite  Paraguay  wilh  the  Parana.  Msumption  is  on 
Ihe  east  Imnk  of  the  Paruguay,  a  little  above  Ihe  montli 
of  Ihe  Pileoma}o,  and  about  1,000  miles  from  the  sea. 
Large  vessels  ascend  from  the  ocean  as  far  as  this  place. 
Polosi.  famous  for  its  rich  silver  mines,  is  on  Ihe  An- 
des, near  the  hourees  of  the  Pilcomayo,  in  about  20°  S. 
Ittt.  ll  contains  roouo  inhabilanls.  besides  30,000 
tiaves  employed  in  the  mines.  Salta  is  nearly  in  the 
cenire  of  Ihe  eoiiiilr).  It  canie*  on  a  great  trade  in 
mule-s  with  Pern.  Twcj/mwn  is  160  miles  8.  of  Salta. 
M'.nduzn  is  at  the  loot  of  ihe  Andes,  near  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  country. 

Government  Buenos  Ayres  formerly  belonged  to 
Spam.  In  1816,  ii  declared  itself  independent,  and 
eslalilished  a  republican  government. 

Education.  Previous  lo  ihe  revolution,  education  and 
learning  were  discouraged;  bi>t  now  schools  are  eslal- 
lishetl.  and  I  ooks  imported  vr   .out  reslriclion. 

Character.  A  largo  pof..in  of  the  population  are 
Lerdsmeu,  who  lead  a  Military  life  od  the  great  plaiua^ 


RK9. 

luld  yield  wheat,  Indian 

fHtiiimtcd  at  2,000,000, 
vili/A'd  Indiann.  The 
ud«d  :  (heir  uuuiber  \t 

le  northwest  eorner  of 
if  the  Andes.  It  is  240 
several  islands,  one  of 
uoo  Capac,  the  first  of 
■  Peruvian  nioDarehy. 
is  on  the  west  bank  of 
he  ocean.  The  houset 
It  ion  is  6'i,000,  one  half 
t  Indians,  negroes,  &c. 
easantness  and  ftalubrity 

nk  of  the  La  Plata.  fiO 
ion  10,000.     Santa  Fc  is 

with  the  Parana,  and 
ies  is  at  the  confluence 
na.  Jissumption  is  on 
a  little  above  the  month 
,000  miles  from  the  sea. 
cean  as  far  as  this  place. 
ver  mines,  is  on  the  An- 
comayo,  in  about  20°  S. 
ihitants.  befides   30,000 

SaKa  is  nearly  in  the 
ie«   on   a  great  trade  in 

160  miles  S.  of  Salta. 
odes,  near  the  southweiit 

9  formerly  belonged  to 
itself  independent,  and 
iiment. 

revolution,  education  and 
I  now  schools  ore  eslal- 
.out  restriction. 
I   of  the  population  are 
life  OD  the  great  pluiua. 


CHILI. 


Iff 


being  constantly  employed  in  (ending  immense  herds  of 
cattlo.     rhey  are  the  most  expert  horsemen  in  the  world. 

Mmm  Gold  or  silver  mines  are  found  in  all  the 
provHiees  bordering  on  the  Andes.  The  richest  is  the 
silver  miocoFPotosi,  which  hits  been  wrou;;ht  nenrlv  3 
iciituries,  and  yields  several  millions  of  dollars  annually. 

Ihe  Indians  near  I'otosi  are  compelled  by  the  Span- 
iards 10  work  (he  mines,  which  usually  kills  them  in  th« 
course  of  to  or  12  mon(hs.  For  three  centuries  whole 
nations  have  been  perishing  in  this  way.  The  Indians 
III  these  provinces  are  habitually  melancholy  ;  they 
hand  down  from  father  to  sun  the  story  of  their  wrongs, 
and  constantly  watch  for  revenge. 

Commerce.  The  principal  exports  are  gold  and  siN 
ver,  hides,  beef  and  tullow.  The  imports  are  manufac- 
(iired  goodi^,  principally  from  Great  Britain.  The  city 
ol  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  seat  of  thi<i  commerce. 

Mules  in  immense  droves  are  collected  every  year  at 
Salta  from  the  southern  provinp<<8,  and  tiience'se'iit  over 
the  Andes  to  Peru,  a  distance  of  isoo  or  2,000  miles. 
Almost  all  labor  and  iransportation  i»  Peru  as  well  as 
Buenos  Ayres  are  performed  by  mules. 


CHILI. 


Sitmlion.  Chili  is  bounded  N.  by  the  desert  of  Ata- 
oama,  which  separates  it  from  Peru  :  K.  by  the  Andes, 
which  separate  ii  from  Bueoos  Ayres  ;  H.  Iiy  Pataijonia; 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  It  is  a  lon«  and  narrow 
country. 

Divisions.  The  southern  part  of  the  country,  below 
lat.  37»,  belongs  (o  independent  tribes  of  Indians.  The 
remainder  is  divided  into  22  districts. 

Face  of  the  Country.     The  lofty  Andes  run  for  more 

e"ni*i-  '*""''  "'"*'*  **'""?  ^''«  "'•'"'e  eastern  boundary 
of  Chill.  The  country  below  is  made  up  to  a  cnnsidcr- 
able  extent  of  detached  vallies,  separated   from   each 

other  by  high  ridges.    The  scenery  is  picturtsnue  and 
grand.  .-        i  i 


na 


cinu. 


River,.    Few  eountrie.  are  «o  well  walere.l  a«  CMli. 
ren  .»il,  b»l  «re  rich  in  imiiCT  »l  ■"Vt"' 


'"'Anno,,  ««d  B.n«,«.lv,.    Volf.n.e.  «..«r  .n.»..B 

5n'S?2;^n:f::::;^i:rr;s;:i^"'« 

popHlatlon  IH  46,000.  .     ,^  j^  ^^^,. 

ConoF/jfion  is  an  a  ''7"''*^"V/^;'  I  •  river  Biobio.  It 
,no.li»u/  harbor  near  iW  'j;"^';;;;  X;  V  Jltiou 
lias  been  twice  deslroytti  by  earuiquttiits.      .    i 

13.<'00, 


harbor  is  -he  gafest.  ami  most  «*P'»°',""»  "   '''f.  "  «*"" 
"ohm  of  America.     It  i»  very  strongly  fortihe.l.     Popu- 
lation 40,000.  1     !. « 
i>»,>«?fl<.V,„      The  popnlation  is  1, 200,000,  exclusive 

of  iudtpendent  Indians. 


2, 


i 


PATAGONIA. 


well  waleretl  at»  Chili; 
ii,HMnu*«  In  !*onic|mr«!» 
leld,  ciui  be  regulnrly 
i.iiin.      TIr"    iirincipal 

Routhern  pUrt  of  the 
wliettt,  »ii»p,  an«l  «■'  i 
llivatt'd,  ftiiJ  cuttle  iiro 
H»  have  a  tlry  u»«l  bur- 
f  (ill,  copper,  silver  ami 

liHtriets  it  never  rainn, 
«  urc  scarcelv  perccp- 
ut  a  cloud  and  the  tem- 
iiarts  or  this  region  are 
le  AihK'8  and  arc  very 

Volcanoes  occur  among 
erval,  along   the   wliole 

14  which  art*  in  a  state 
lakes  usually  occur  3  or 

f.  capital,  is  on  a  brnnch 
id  extensive  plain.  I'l'e 
til  (he  cities  of  Chili,  are 
if  the  earthquakes.     The 

Iviy,  which  affords  a  com- 
h  of  the  river  Biobio.  It 
arlh«iuak.-s.      I'opulatiou 

near  the  mouth  of  the 
St  of  Si.  Ja!?o.     11  is  the 

Population  f>.50« 
lies  S.  of  Concept  ion.     Its 
«apaoioiis  on  the  westeru 
strongly  fortified.     Popu- 

on  is  1,200,000,  exclusive 


,i 


^Iraiicanian  Indians.  I'he  Araucanian  Indians  oc- 
cupy fill'  country  between  the  llinbio  and  ihc  Tolteii. 
They  are  brave,  warlike,  fjenu'rous,  and  enthusiaHli* 
lovers  of  lilieriy.  The  Hpaiiiardx  have  tried  in  vain 
for  nearly  a  cenlnries  to  sulidui-  ibem. 

Quvernment.  Cliili  was  forniirly  subject  to  Spain. 
In  1318  il  declared  itself  independent. 

Desert.  The  desert  of  Jltacama  lies  between  Peru 
and  Chili.  It  is  a  dry,  ?«ud>  plain,  300  miles  lonj;, 
without  one  living  thing  upon  it  either  vegetable  or 
animal. 

Mands.  Chiloe  island  on  the  coast,  near  the  south- 
ern  boundary,  is  IH  •  miles  lonji;.  There  are  many  small 
islands  ncar'it.  The  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  is  more 
than  ^00  miles  west  of  Valparaiso. 

PATAGONIA. 

Sitmtion.  Patagonia  is  the  southern  part  of  Sr)uth 
America.  Il  is  bounded  N.  by  Chiii  and  Buenos  Ayres  } 
E.  by  the  Atlantic;  S.  by  the  straits  of  Magellan,  which 
geparnte  it  from  Terra  lei  Fuego  ;  and  W.  by  the 
Paeific. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  Andes  pass  through  the 
western  pari.  '!  heeaslern  part  is  level,  consisting  of 
immense  pampas  or  plains  which  stretch  north  into 
Buenos  AyrcH. 

Inhabitants.  The  country  is  inhabited  by  indepen- 
dent  tribes  of  Indians,  about  whom  very  little  is  known- 
Some  of  the  tribes  are  said  to  be  of  »  gigantic  size. 


EUROPE. 


EUROPE. 

puliation.  Europe  in  boiindeil  N.  by  llie  Frozen 
Oce»ii ;  E.  by  Ada  ;  8.  by  Ibe  Mediterranean  Sea,  which 
8e|iara(pit  it  Irom  Africa  ;  and  VV.  by  (be  Allanlic  Ocean. 
It  in  (be  Hinatlest  general  division  of  I  he  ,t;lobe. 

Ifivisions.    The  principal  countries  in  Europe  are, 


Norway, 
Sweden, 
Russia, 


in  the 
northeast. 


I'ortnijul,'! 
Spain,       (in  the 
Italy,        r  south, 
Turkey,  J 


Great  Britain, 

France, 

Netherlands, 

Denmark, 

Uermauy, 

Prussia, 

Austria, 

Switzerland, 


in  the 
'middle. 


Seas.  The  principal  sens  are,  (he  Mediterraneaoi 
JMiinnora,  Black,  Azuf,  North,  Baltic,  and  White. 

The  Mediterranean  sea  lies  betwet-n  Europe,  Asia, 
and  Africa.  It  is  the  largest  sea  in  the  world,  being 
2  000  miles  long  from  east  to  west.  The  Blark  sea  lies 
betwceit  Europe  uud  Asia.  It  is  northeast  of  the  31ed- 
iterrnneKn,  and  comniunicates  with  it  through  the  sea  of 
JUarmora.  'l!\i^  sea  of  Azof  i*  northeast  of  the  Black 
sea,  unil  eommunieatcs  with  ii  through  a  narrow  strait. 

The  JS'ortU  .'•ca  lies  between  Great  Britain  on  the  west, 
and  Deiimitrk  on  the  east.  The  Baltic  lies  between 
Sweden  on  the  wep(,  and  Russia  on  the  east.  Prussia 
and  Germany  are  on  the  south.  The  White  sea  it  in 
thenoriliern  part  of  Russia.  It  opens  into  the  Frozen 
Ocean 

t'lianneh.  The  English  channel  lies  between  Eng- 
land and  France.  St.  George's  channel  lies  between 
Englitndand  Ireland  The  Cattegat.  Iietween  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  and  the  Skuger  Rack,  between  Denmark 
and  Norway,  are  the  channels  through  which  (he  Baltic 
eoniniuiiientes  with  (be  German  Oecnn. 


N.    by   the  Frozen 
iterranean  Hea,  uiiich 
ly  (lie  Af!ai)(ic  Ocean, 
of  I  he  ,t;lob«>. 
riea  in  Europe  are, 

Britain, 
!e, 

trlanth, 
lark,  t  in  the 

any,  (  middle, 

ia, 
•a, 
erland, 

the  Mediterranean, 
■tie,  and  White. 
wetMi  Europe,  Aeiay 
in  the  world,  being 
The  Blark  sea  liea 
lortheasit  of  the  Mcd« 
I  it  through  the  sea  of 
theaHt  or  the  Black 
)U£;li  a  narrow  strait. 
i<  Britain  on  the  west, 

Baltic  lies   between 
n  the  east.     Prusttia 

The  White  sea  it  in 
)en8  into  the  Frozen 

'I  lies  between  Eng* 
:htinnel  lies  between 
at.  between  Denmark 
',  between  Denmark 
ngh  whieh  the  Baltic 
•enn. 


EITKOPK. 


^«t 


Stmiii.  The  ylvaits  o/  Gihrulhir,  b..(  woni  Hnain  •»,><! 
A  r,e«  rnnnoet  Iho  Me.ii.errn.u.un  «i.h  th"  A  ,.1  c 
li.e  ««,../«».//.,.  between  Knrope  ,„,.|  A,ia,  eonno  pi 
AltM  .,err.u.eu„  «i,h  the  ...  of'^armnra.  'Tb,  r«    • 

//r/.ys  „,.  6',,//s.     The  «,///*,-/•  feuire  \,  in  (he  ]\f,.,Ii 
«<'rru„ean,  luMvecn  Turkey  Hn.ll.alv.     The  C  oJi/  ' 
Ti! :''"■;•;  '%"',!  "V'"»«'"  ••"'"'^en  Fran  0  S 1  a  , ' 

»£;5^':^':he:£.K^=ri;,.^^^^ 

mrwaj.  lhe6flr/;rtf/„«H  mnuniaiii,  are  in  Auslrin. 
they  separate  Hungary  fron,   G»lipi«      Ti.l    />         •     ' 

the  eastern  and  eentnil    nn  u  «K>  It  drams 

|...o,heCa.pi.n:e?n  a'S  h  ""ooo  m!  "T''^" 
The  7^on  enlptips  f-uo  the  «ea  of  ^lo/S.r  n  •  "«• 
and  />n,W  i„l„  ,i,„  Black  Sea  *^'t1 '''t  ^"'''^^ 
southern  part  of  H„„,a.  '       ^ '">'  •''■°'"    "'« 

m  (iermanv,  and  run,  east  (h.-oi^^h  Ilui'Z'  and  T T 
key  into  the  Bl,iek  Sea.     It   is    ?60(  mS 'ion  "^  t,.: 

(»»<(,  ..,1  «,„,(,!„  ,i,e  Au.„,i.  d,f.'„T.?5':r™[„'; 


ff 


161 


KNOI.ANI). 


h!\!»iUMl  iOaiiiU  o( Si)itd<erf-«n  and  »Yo('«  iii-mbla  in  iLi: 
Frozen  Occnn. 

(Uimnte.  Kurupo  lie*  nlmoHt  wholly  williiii  llie 
iiortiiiMn  ttmperuto  xone,  unil   eupy*  a  line  liculllifiil 

climati'. 

Character.  F.ti rope  ii  the  abode  of  civiliznlioD,  re- 
llucmcnt,  WL'allh,  ncienco,  learnitij?,  ami  the  arU.  Thi* 
it  peculiarly  Iruo  of  drcat  Britain,  Franct^  and  U«r- 
niiUiyf 


BRITISH  EMPIRK. 

The  Urilish  Kinpire  ii  compoied  of  Great  Britain. 
Iri'liiinl,  and  tlio  .nfjacenl  inland*,  together  with  cxteu- 
-ivf  countricii  in  A»ia,  Africa,  and  Anirricn, 

Great  Britain  is  divided  into  Kngland,  Scotland,  and 
■V^'ftleg. 


ENGLAND  AND  WALES. 

Situation.  This  country  ia  hounded  N.  by  Scotland  ; 
i:.  hy  the  North  Sea ;  H.  by  the  Engliith  ehannel  and  the 
straits  of  Dover,  whieU  separate  it  from  France;  W.  bv 
St.  George's  channel,  which  separates  il  from  Ireland. 

Divisions.  England  is  divided  into  40  counties,  and 
Wale*  into  12. 


1 


n 


Comtka.  Pop-  in  1811. 

Norlhumberland,  172,1«1 

Cumberland,  jas.T** 

Six  northern  j  Durham,  177,033 

counties.    "S  Yorkshire,  orH, 3a« 

I  Westmoreland,  43,9a2 

^Lancashire,  828,3()« 

fCheshire,  227,081 

Fourb'trder- J  Shropshire,  1»*,398 

ingonWales.}  Herefordshire,  fl4,073 

(.MonmouMishir*!,  62,127 


Chitf  Tuvam. 

Newcastle. 

Carliele. 

Durham. 

York. 

Applehy. 

Lancaster. 

Chester. 

Shrewsbury. 

Hereford. 

Moumouth. 


). 


(I  lYoivi  Xiinhla  in  llit: 

Nt  wholly  williiii  tlie 
iijoyi  a  nia*  lirullhriil 

do  of  civili/alioD,  re- 
l^,  aiitl  I  he*  nrti.  ThiM 
uiii,  France  and  (J«r- 


IIHRK. 

laed  of  Great  Britain. 
I,  together  with  csteu- 
id  Amrricn. 
r^iiglandy  Mcolluud,  and 

WALES. 

iiinilcd  N.  by  Scotland  ; 
KngliMh  rliniincl  and  the 
it  from  France ;  W.  bv 
parates  it  i'roni  Ireland. 
;d  into  40  counties,  and 


ofi.  in  1811. 
172,161 

177,023 

43,922 

828,3()« 

227,081 

Idl'jSOS 

94,073 

62,157 


Chief  Tuwii. 

Newcastle. 
Carliele. 
Durham- 
York. 
Applehy. 
LancaHler. 
Chester. 
Shrewsbury. 
Hereford. 
Mouoiouth. 


'I'm  rive 
midliiiid, 


Kighl  casl- 

Ci'lt. 


1'hrec  south 
eastern. 


RXOLAND. 

iVotfiiighamihire,    IflJ.'JOO  Nothngltum. 
l>eibyi.liire,  lH3,ls7  Ihrhj. 

Staftiirdshire,  2«a,lflj  .Siuftord. 

I.cic«'(tieri<hire,        loo.no  Liictsler. 
Hullnud^hire,  10,j»o  Oki  liani. 

Northamp»onshire,Hi,«,ij  NorlliMoi|.loii, 
)  Warwickshire,       23H,7aa  Warwick. 
Wiirceslershire,      l(lo,3»B  Worcester. 
(Gloucestershire,     UHS^DU  (ilnieeslier. 
(hCurdshire,  IIU.IUI  Oxford. 

Huckiiinliumiihirc,  Il7,(i30  Aylesbury. 
[.Kt'dfurduhire,  70,213  Hedlurd. 

hincohiKhire,  a»r,HUl   Lincoln. 

llnnliiiifd.iiKihirc,     -IVjaOM  lliinlini^don. 

101, lou  CHiriliiiilije. 

2Ui,0Utt  Woiwich. 

2an,211   Ipswich. 

232,-17a  Chelmsford. 

111,034  Hertford. 

903,270  London. 


i 


Four  south- 
eru. 


Three  south 
wustero. 


.1 V 

Cnmliridireshire, 

Norfolk, 

SiiftoJk, 

l'i«scx, 

Hertfordshire, 

Middlesex, 
'Hurry, 

Kent, 
^. 'Sussex, 

Berkshire, 

M'illsliirc, 

Hamiishire, 
, Dorsetshire, 
"Somersetshire, 
re. 


823,891  (J  III  I  Curd. 


Sii,  North 
Wales. 


H\x,  South 
Wales, 


i 


373,003  Maidstone. 

1«0,0«.i  Lewes. 

Il.s,2r7  Heatling. 

103,628  Hiilixbury. 

243.080  Winchester. 

124,093   Dorchester. 

803,180  Taunton. 

.S83,308  Kxelei. 

210067  Laiinceston. 
40,818   Flint. 

S.?,lll  Denbigh. 

49,336  Carnarvon. 

87.043  Beaumaris. 

,       30,924  Bala. 

LMonlgomeryshire,  si, 931  Monlgomcrv. 
(Radnorshire,  20,900  FresteiL'ti,  ' 

Cardiganshire,  oo,200  Curdigiii.. 
.  1  enibrokeshire,  00,013  Pembroke. 
1  Caermarljienshire,  77,317  Caermarlhen. 

Brecknockshire,      37.7SS  Brecknock. 
l^Ularaorganshire,     83,067  Caerdiff. 


■   Devonshin 
,  Cornwall, 
Flintshire, 
Denbighshire, 
(/arnarvonshire. 

.  .'Vnglesen, 

I  Merionelhihire, 


I 

J 


I 


iH 


KNUI.ANU. 


'liio  I'ltUuttiiiit  tr»  i}ie  princi|ial  Xuwm,  arranged  in 
tlir  vrdKr  ufthiMr  |i<)|iuliiiiiiii, 


liUlllloili 

Mim-luitiT, 

l)illllllll^llulll, 
UriUol, 

t'l«lllliUtll, 

I'uiliiniiutliy 
.Vnrfulk, 


OtI, 11(10 


Ch'ir/T'iKiiU. 

NiiHingliam, 

Ne»('»iille, 
I.eii-eilcr, 
Hull. 
Vuik, 


Pop.  /«  1311. 
311,  MIA 


y/iivis.  'I'hi.'  fitur  |iriiiripnl  rlveri  are  tiie  Unmbitv 
Vi\  lliL«  iiorlluust,  llic  'iVmmi'K  in  llti'  »oiilhettil,  tlie  A'e- 
Vfr«  ill  lliu  «()ui!iMfitl,  and  the  MtiKfij  in  iho  norlitwfut. 
Tlit'  minenil  »;our«<' ol'llu' 'i'liumeit  i»  catl,  nf  lUe  tie»eru 
miilli,  and  ol'llic  Mersey  went. 

'i'lie  Otne  und  (lie  Trent  urc  llic  (wo  , ureal  liranehct 

ol"  (lio  Himher.     Tin-  Oiuf  drain*  llie  exieiiHivc  coiinljr 

til'  Yiirksliiic.      Il  hu*  muny  liibunirien.      'I'lie   Trent 

ri»ftn  ncor  llie  «i'nlrc  ol'Kn^Und.  and  tlowt    norlheait. 

The  other  rivcri  uri-  the  'iVf.i,  Tme,  nnd  Tureil,  wh'tth 

i<ni|ily  ii»  the  e.V4l  const  nortli  oi  the  llunibcr,  und  the 

the,  whicli  ei«ptie«  on  the  mi-hI  c»ii>tf,  near  llio  Merney. 

Cliiff  Tdivus.     Till-  l"i»nr  iiriMfipal  coinnierciul  louni* 

Htund   on    the  lour  priiiripul    ri>eni  ;  London,  on   iho 

ThaineM,  ill  the  Miulh'iii'ii  ;  IhistitU  «"   the  Severn,  in 

ihe  iiouthwe*!  ;  tAverpuol,  on  the  Meritey,  in  the  north- 

Mfiil  ;  und  Uiitl,  on  the  llumher,  in  the  noilheust. 

London,  the  cii|iit«l  of  the  kingdom,  is  on  the 
riiiiinen,  <t>  mile*  I'rorn  ita  mouth.  It  \*  the  most 
populous  citv  in  Europe;  und  in  regard  In  comnicree, 
Mtiilih,  inuiuit'uetnreg,  url«,  literulure,  und  charitable 
inilitnliomi,  in  the  lirst  eily  in  the  world.  Il  htm  nior« 
ihiui  a  inilkon  inhnliitan(>i,  and  mure  than  hull*  a  mil- 
liuu  tons  ol' shipping,  :J0  lioBoituli,  iOO  ulmshouses 
and  hetween  3  and  100  ehiMches.  The  hou.nes  are  ul- 
T!i..Ht  «hollv  ol'hrk'k.  The  printipa!  piildie  huildin^* 
urc  the  n 'ujciitie  cathtdrtil  of  *>t.  /^«i(/'*',  the  chict 
ofuiunii.l  orthccitv,  and  ircstminster  Mbeij,  a  {;riuid 
Huthic  cdifici',  the  suiu'luury  of  the  illustrious  dead. 


-•« 


*  w** 


EXOLwn. 


m 


towiui  arrang«ii  iu 


'TiimU. 

Pop. ;« 1311. 

U'lll, 

aj,M40 

ngliani, 

a»,'jj)a 

% 

Si,  Mia 

'»«lle, 

27.flHr 

(»lcr, 

■^;I,IM 

iJI.JtfU 

t 

l^^,v{lr 

veri  are  tlt*>  Iluiiiber 
hi>  RDiilheuit,  tite  Se- 
tiwy  ill  the  nurllHvr»t. 
«  i»c-ati,  »f  tbe  i^eteiu 

lie  (wo  threat  liranehc* 
u  (III-  CMfiiHive  county 
•utnrien.  The  Trent 
,  KniMlow'4  nnrllieakl. 
iV/ne, niid  Tureil^wh'tth 
i'  the  lluiiitior,  nml  llie 
;(»!iitf,  near  tlii«  MtTHey. 
i\m\  coiiuiicreiul  tounit 
vtTH  ;  London,  <in  ilio 
,tuly  on   till'  Severn,  in 

Merney,  in  tlie  nortli- 
,  iu  llic  Murllieusl. 

kingiloni,  is  on  llic 
)ulb.  It  \*  llie  most 
II  regnrd  In  conimiTce, 
riilure,  und  charitable 
le  world.  It  htm  nioru 
mure  than  hall'  a  inil- 
tul«,  lou  ullll^thou«el•, 
>s,  The  houxL's  me  ul- 
icipa!  (Miliiie    buildini^t 

t>t.  PauVi,    the    chief 
minster  Jibliey,   a.  grivnd 

the  illni>triuu»  dead. 


FJvfrpnnl  in  ihit  •«eon«l  «ity  in  eonimercr  and  *»fall!i. 
Iltfoffign  trnde  i«  prinri|>ally  with  the  ITiiilcd  SihJl* 
and  the  >Voit  Indict.  It  i«  ronnectrd  liy  ttuiul*  with 
the  |irinci|ial  maniiftcturing  town*  in  Ihr  intrriur.  i'lio 
growth  of  ihf  city  ha*  hri-MVery  rM|tid. 

liriitnl  \*  a  very  wealthv  city,  and  Ihfi  rivol  of 
liivcrpool  in  the  commerce  with  America  and  the  Wcit 
liidie*.  It  it  not  to  eitentiveiy  connected  with  tite 
grcnl  inanurnclnring  tnwnt. 

Hull  it  the  f.turih  liiy  in  (he  amount  orthippin^f. 
It  it  largely  concerned  in  the  whale  H^hei  v,  and  in  thci 
tradfto  the  Hallic,  and  it  ritentivrly  connected  with 
the  great  mununu'iuriiig  tount  in  the  interior,  by  nicaut 
of  the  Trent  and  Oute  und  the  caualt  coniniunienlinic 
Miththcm. 

rhe  fnlhiwing  are  (he  principal  (ownt  nn  the  rount. 
Falmouth  it  in  the  tuulliwctl.  near  iho  Liuid't  end. 
I'aekett  tail  regularly  from  thit  place  to  Mpain  and  the 
>\eHt  Indict  I  I'/ymnuth  it  a  little  eatt  of  Falmouth  | 
rortumoHth,  eatt  of  the  Me  of  M'ight,  it  the  principal 
iiavul  itation  of  tJreai  Dritain.  lit  harbor  it  (he  bett 
in  the  kingdom,  und  lurgc  enough  to  contain  the  whole 
Uritith  navy.  Ilartvich  on  (he  cat!  eoatt,  it  (he  port 
from  which  packett  tail  (o  Holland.  Varmouth,  far- 
ther north,  It  celebrated  for  (he  herring  lithery.  Uer. 
n-kk  tiiion-Tiveed  it  on  (he  Lordcrt  of  Knglandaad 
Scotland,  and  beiongt  (.>  neither. 

TheJiiltowing  arc  (he  principal  (ownt  in  the  north- 
rrn  coMtieH.  J^'ewcastte  it  on  (he  Tyne,  in  the  centre 
of  the  grand  coul  minct.  Vark  it  on  (he  Oute,  and  ia 
rank  it  (he  tecond  city  in  Knglaud.  Leeds,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Oute,  it  (he  moit  celebrated  (own  in  the  world 
for  (be  inanurac(ure  of  woollen  goodt.  Ske^leld,  altn 
on  a  branch  of  the  Ouisc,  it  famous  for  (he  manufae- 
lure  of  kniveaand  filet.  Manchealer  it  33  milca  eatt 
of  Liyernool.  It  is  (he  Diot(  populuui  manufacturiuK 
town  in  England,  and  is  etpecIaJly  famous  for  cottoa 
goodt. 

Coveuiry,  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  ribbont. 
It  in  the  centre  of  the  kingdom,  and  connected  bit 
.aualH  with  the  four  great  porti.    Birmngham,  a  lUlft 


lUlk 


KNOLANI) 


wist  of  Cnrfnity,  i«  «iie  nf  the  fir«(  mintiiriulurii^ 
fowii«  ill  Kurnpe  it  i«  pnrliculari)  Uninu*  Tor  iork*. 
liinKc*!  Iiiitliiiu,  giiiu  bihI  •M«riU.  Ilath,  H  iniUa  cnM 
•r  ltri«lol,  i«  rutintn*  fur  iU  liiit  liMlli*.  It  i«  (lio  iiiotl 
eUgaiil  eitv  in  Knglitiiil,  ami  one  of  llic  inuit  keitutii*ul 
in  tlio  wurltl. 

'I'll*  iirineipiil  Inwnt  in  ll'altt  «r»  Caevmnrthtn  in 
Soiitli  vV«|ft,  ami  Caruarvm  in  Nnrtli  >VbIp». 

Cannh.  I'lic  rlvir  Trent  i*  miviijaltlfl  lo  llie  ccntm 
tif  iIh*  kingilom,  Hiiil  it  i«  tlirr«  ennniTtcil  l>jf  ennuU  witli 
llip  Mffnf),  lli«>  HiiMin  nml  (lie  'I'linnn'o.  An  itilnnti 
\vn«cr  eominuiiifalinn  i«  tliu*  (t|tfniMl  lifiMcrn  llu?   I'.Mr 

I.diiiloii  i*  ronnrrli*)!  Milli 
re  !•   Iipnitlt't  A 


(real  port*  nf  Ihr  kini/ilom.      I.diiiloii  i* 
<iv»rpool,  and  Hritlol  willi  Hull.     'I'lic 


«anal  from  (he  Mevern  to  lln'  'I'liameii,  conni-cliiig  Hri». 
tnl  ilireclly  with  liiimlun  (  and  another  rroni  the  Mer< 
«ey  to  the  Hrvrrn.  fonnectinj^  Livfrpool  dirfdlf  with 
Ariitnl.  The  »ninll  caunU  nn>  loo  nunierou*  lo  be  men- 
lioned.  Ruveral  jeam  iiiiire  thtTo  were  more  than  i^oo, 
intertttling  the  island  in  every  diree tinn,  and  imparling 
life  and  nrliriljr  locomnierre  and  inanufaelnrt'n. 

Vopnlaimi.  The  populaiion  nT  (Jreat  Uritain  in  mil 
wai  ls},9A:2,t44  I  the  itenm  were  hi  folluwi  : 

Kngland,  4.8»»,«ftr 

WiHm,  S»9,4M. 

Scotland,  s^n.arr 

Army,  Navy,  Hcf.  nio.ooo 

(Jrcot  nritniii,     fl,810,M8         n,«H.500       lS,8fl»,144 

OovvrmMni.  The  gftvernmcnt  i«  a  liniiled  monarchy. 
The  nuprpme  power  ii  vetted  in  a  king  and  parliament. 
The  parlikinirnl  conti^tc  of  luo  liouiei,  I.ordi  luid  Com- 
RMnt.  The  former  are  hereditary  peers,  and  the  latter 
repretentalivei  chosen  hy  the  people. 

Ae/t^ion.  The  established  refigion  is  Kpiseopaey  | 
All  others  arc  tolerated.  Dissenters  from  the  establish- 
■d  church  are  Raman  Catholics,  Independents,  Unplisls, 
IVsbyterians,  Melhodisti,  Quokers,  Unitarians,  and 
dwedcflborgian*- 


I'finnlet. 
4,944,143 

.Tir,»no 

9ro,'»8r 

Total. 
U,4tt0,40O 

flO~,.380 
l,»J04,8tt* 

aA),coo 

I  in*  mntiiiritcliirni^ 
rljf  fitrnnun  f»r  liicl**. 
Halli,  ii  milt*  i'n»t 
Kill*.  It  U  llie  ino»i 
ut  llic  must  beKUiilul 

I  art   Carrmnrthtn  in 
^fl^rlll  \VhIp». 

.vilf«l)lA  to    lIlP    CClHl* 

tinccU'tl  tijf  ennnU  witli 
'ritnmi'v.  An  itilnnd 
nvA  lit-iMi'fii  \\\i'  I'Mir 
imIoii  i«  roiinrrli><l  uilli 
'I'licre  i«  limitlft  a 
mnm,  cnnncrliiig  Hri«- 
ni»llicr  from  (In?  Mir- 
livt-rpnol  •lin-dlj  willi 
f)o  iiunierou*  lo  be  men- 
•e  were  more  llinii  ^oo, 
ircctinn,  nn«l  im|iftrliiig 
I  inanufnchiri**. 
r(ir«at  UriUiiiin  IHIl 
Ml  folium  : 


014,143 

air,»«o 


Total. 

U,4U4),»0O 
flor,3SO 

l,8()4,8ft4 
«ft,SOO 


iu.am     13,992,141 

t  in  a  lintilfd  monarrliy. 
a  king  anil  parliAmfnl. 
louoeii,  I.onlii  luitl  Com- 
ry  peers,  and  (lie  taller 
jplc. 

>ligion  IK  Kpitenpaey  ; 
lent  from  llie  eotablith- 
Independentt,  DnpliHls, 
ken,    Unitarians,  and 


rb 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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7 


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PhotogiBphic 

Sciences 
CoipoRition 


73  WfST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER  N  Y    14580 

,  716     872-4503 


) 


'"''^io 


w/J.^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  catiadien  de  mic  roreproductions  historiques 


,   '^O 


EN'OL.Wn. 


IC7 


A'avy.  In  181  i  (lie  DritUli  nnvy  conniitcd  of  more 
iliRii  1,000  vi'KiieU  of  vvur,  niuiiiiud  by  240,000  Beainen. 
Of  flic  ve»H('l«,  2fl*  Moie  sliip*  of  the  line.  Tlio  navy 
of  (ireat  Diitnin  t»  her  grout  bulwark  nnd  defence,  li 
is  fur-superior  to  that  of  any  other  nation  on  the  globe. 

Climate.  The  climate  iti  moiiit,  and  liable  to  fre- 
(jiient  and  sudden  cliaiigeti,  but  the  cxlremeg  of  heat  and 
lold  arc  leHii  than  in  other  countries  in  the  aaine 
latitudi;. 

FHceoflhPCDunlrij.  Kngland  in  beautifully  diverii. 
lied  with  hillii  and  vales,  covered  with  a  rich  verdure. 
Wulen  in  innuntainodii. 

Soil  and  rroJuciions.  The  soil  is  the  richest  in  the 
Houtheni  and  iiiidlauil  counties,  nnd  is  under  excellent 
cultivation.  The  principal  productions  are  wheat, bar- 
Icy,  oats  rye,  &c. 

Mineral  Haters.  The  most  celebrated  min<>ral  wa- 
ters are  those  of  Bath,  Bristol,  Tunbridge,  Buxton, 
Scarborough,  £psom  nnd  Harrowgate. 

mminea.  The  tin  mines  in  Cornwall,  in  the  south- 
west  extremity  of  the  kingdom,  are  8uppo«ed  to  be  the 
richest  in  the  world.  The  conl  mines  of  the  northern 
counties  are  a  source  of  much  wealth  and  power  to 
Great  Britain.  They  have  for  ceiiluries  furnished  the 
cast  and  south  of  England  with  fuel;  and  the  transpor- 
tation  employs  several  hundred  vessels  and  many  thon. 
saud  seamen.  Mines  of  roek  salt  arc  found  near  Liver- 
pool which  produce  more  than  60,000  Inns  annually. 
Manufactures.  Thfi  manufactures  of  England  are 
very  extensive.  They  are  supposed  to  employ  more 
than  1,500.000  persons,  and  their  annual  value  is  esti- 
mated at  £68,000.000.  The  principal  articles  are  wool- 
len and  cotton  goods;  articles  of  iron,  tin,  lead,  and 
elegant  earthen  ware. 

Commerce.  The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  extends 
to  every  portion  of  the  globe.  The  exports  amounted 
in  1816  to  more  than  £30,000,000.  They  consisted 
principally  of  manufactured  goods.  The  number  of 
merchant  vessels  in  1803  was  18,000,  measuring  more 
than  2,000,000  tons,  and  manned  by  137,000  seamen. 

Debt  and  Revenue.  ]n  1814  the  national  debt  amount- 
<fd  to   more  than  £roo,O0O,O00,  and  the  annual  interest 


% 


183 


ENGLAND. 


wn*  more  Hian  £ao,oo(),ooo.  The  annual  revenue  for 
tlielaot  10  or  ii  jeari  li<i?  been  on  an  average  about 
£00,000,000,  and  tlie  expenditure  hat  usually  exceeded 
that  sum. 

Paupers.  The  taxes  Tor  the  mpportoftne  poor  m 
England  amounted  in  18 la  to  neailv  £8,000,000, 
and  the  number  of  persons  who  received  relief,  iu  and 
out  of  work -houses,  was  more  than  1,000,000,  about  one 
ninth  of  the  whole  population. 

Ocrjpation*.  In  1811,  the  number  of  families  in 
Knglund  and  Wales  was  2,143,147,  of  which  770,199 
were  eugiiged  in  agriculture,  aud  059,632  in  trade  and 
manufactures. 

Universities.  The  Universities  at  Cambridge  and 
Oxford  are  among  Hie  most  celebrated  in  Europe. 
Cambridge  university  consists  of  16  colleges  and  halls, 
and  has  more  <han  2,00U  f»(udenls.  It  is  most  distin- 
js-uislu'd  for  mnthemalipnl  learning.  Oxford  has  2fl  col- 
leges and  halls,  and  is  most  distinguished  for  cla8si||t 
learning.  They  are  both  very  exleusive  esiablishmoPR 
ond  ric!ily  endowed.  Oxford  is  on  (he  Thames,  BO 
miles  west  of  London.  Cambridge  is  flo  miles  N.  of 
London. 

Education.  Great  attention  is  paid  (0  education  by 
the  higher  and  middle  classes;  but,  tilMlic  establish- 
ment of  Sunday  and  Lcncasterian  schools,  tie  education 
of  the  lower  classes  was  much  neglected. 

Charitable  Institutions.  The  British  and  Foreign 
r  '2  Society  was  established  in  1804,  and  in  1818  had 
dis..ibuted  more  than  2,000,000  Bibles  and  Testaments, 
in  more  than  ao  different  languages.  There  are  several 
Missionary  societies,  employed  in  introducing  civiliza* 
tion  and  Christianity  among  the  ignorant  heathen,  in 
almost  every  part  of  the  world. 

Islands.  The  isle  of  fVight  is  opposite  Portsmouth 
on  the  southern  eoast.  The  small  ides  of  Jilderne^, 
Ouernsetj,  and  Jersey  are  near  the  coast  of  France, 
southwest  ef  the  isle  of  Wight.  The  isles  of  Scilly  arc 
30  miles  west  of  the  Iian<r«  end.  Jlnglesm  is  on  the 
Welch  coast.  The  isle  of  Man  is  in  (he  Irish  sea,  about 
equally  distant  from  England,  Ireland,  Scotland  and 
Wales. 


Hie  annual  revenue  for 
>en  on  an  average  about 
iro  hat  uiually  exceeded 

■npport  of  the  poor  in 
lo  iieailv  £9,000,000, 
received  relief,  iu  and 
lau  1,000,000,  about  one 

number  of  familiei  in 
,147,  of  which  770,199 
id  959,632  in  trade  and 

ities  at  Cambridge  and 
celebrated  in  Europe, 
if  16  colleges  and  halU, 
inls.  It  i»  most  distin- 
ing.  Oxford  bat*  30  col- 
tinguished  for  class^^ 
fxteuxive  esiablishm^lpt 
is  on  the  Thames,  80 
'Uge  is  60  miles  N.   of 

I  is  paid  (0  education  by 
1;  but,  till  the  extablish- 
ian  gchoftU,  the  cducation^ 
neglected. 

he  British  and  Furei|f;n 
in  1004,  and  in  1818  had 
>  Bibles  and  Testaments, 
ages.  There  are  several 
[1  in  introducing  civili/a- 
Ihe  ignorant  heathen,  in 

t  is  opposite  Portsmouth 
small  icics  of  Jilderney, 
»r  the  coast  of  France, 
;.  The  isles  of  Scilly  are 
fnd.  JttJglesra  is  on  the 
n  is  in  the  Irish  sea,  about 
d,  Ireland,  Seotland  and 


SCOTLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


1U9 


Situation.    Scotland  is  bnunded  W.  and  N.  by  thu 
Atlantic;  K.  b>  the  North  .Sea  ;  and  8.  by  Knixland. 
Divisioni.     i^eullaud  is  divided  iutu  HJ  (outiiies. 


Southern  Countie*, 

Jiinlithgow, 

Editiburj^h, 

Haddington, 

Berwick, 

Roxburgh, 

Helkirk, 

PeehleM, 

Dumfries, 

Kirkcudbright, 

Wigtown, 

Ayr, 

Lanaik, 

Keufcew, 


MiddU  Countict, 
Nairn, 
Kl>?in, 
Ban  if, 
Aberdeen, 
Kincardine, 
Forfar, 
I'urth, 
Fife, 
Kinross, 
Cinckmannan, 
Stirling, 
Diinibarton, 
Bute, 
Argyle. 


Northvrn  Counties. 
Orkney  and 
Mheila'iid, 
Caithness, 
.^^Blherlitnd, 

UOKS. 

Crt.u  irty, 
loveruest. 


Jtivers.  The  principal  rivers  on  the  eastern  coasf, 
beginning  iu  the  south,  are  the  Tweed,  which  separates 
Scotland  from  England,  the  Fortli,  the  Tay,  the  Dee, 
the  Spey,  and  the  JVess.  The  ojly  river  of  consequence 
au  (he  west  coast  is  the  Clyde. 

Friths.  At  the  mouths  of  the  principal  rivers  are 
broad  friths  or  estuaries,  connecting  them  with  the  sea. 
The  principal  ou  the  eastern  coast  are  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  the  Frith  of  'l\iy,  and  Murray  Frith.  On  the 
western  coast  are  the  t\ith  of  Clyde,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Clyde,  and  Sulway  Frith  which  separates  Scotland 
from  England. 

Chief  Towns.  Edinburgh,  the  capital  and  literary 
metropolis  of  Scotland,  is  about  2  miles  from  the  Frilli 
of  Forth.  It  is  on  all  sides  surrounded  by  lofty  trills 
except  towards  the  north.  It  is  composed  of  two  parts, 
the  Old  town  and  the  New  town.    The  Louses  In  the 


lift 


SCOTLAND. 


Old  town  are  very  loHy,  and  in  tome  inatancei  It 
stories  high.  The  new  tuwn  is  built  eiitirvly  of  stone 
with  great  elegance  and  taste.  Leith  is  the  seaport  nt 
Kdinburgb.  It  is  on  the  Frilh  of  Forth,  2  miles  north 
of  (he  city.  Population  of  Kdiuburgh,  ineluding  Leith, 
103,087. 

Glasgow,  on  the  Clyde,  is  the  first  eity  in  Saotland  in 
regard  to  pn|uilation.  commerce,  and  manufactures.  It 
is  admirably  situated  for  n  nianufttcturing  and  com- 
mercial  town.  It  is  on  the  borders  of  one  of  the 
richest  coal  districts  in  Oreat  Britain,  and  has  the 
Atlantic  open  to  it  on  one  side,  through  the  Clyde,  and 
the  North  Sea  on  the  other,  through  a  canal  cnnneciine 
the  Clyde  with  the  Forth.  Glasgow  is  disiiuguiiheu 
fur  its  literary  institutions.     Population,  110,480. 

St.  .Andrews  is  on  the  cousi,  between  the  Frilh  of 
Forth  and  the  Frith  of  Tay.  Perth,  on  the  Tny,  hns  ex- 
tensire  linen  manufactures.  Dundee  is  a  manufae* 
turing  town  on  the  Frith  of  Tay.  Aberdeen,  the  largest 
town  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  is  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Dec.  Pahlet/,  celebrated  for  its  manufactures,  is  8  milea 
,"W.  of  Glasgow,  on  a  branch  of  the  Clyde.  Oreenock  is 
a  flourishing  commercial  town  on  the  Clyde,  west  of 
Glasgow.  Stirling,  on  the  Forth,  23  mileo  N.  E-  of 
(•lasgow,  was  often  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Scot- 
land. 

The  following  are  the  chief  towns  arranged  iu  the 
order  of  their  population. 

Tovin*.  Pop.     Tovin:  Pep. 

(Hasgow,  110,460  PuiKley,  19,tt37 

Edinburgh,  102,987  Greenock,  10,043 

Dundee,  2»,61B  Perth,  1«,»48 

Aberdeen,  21,089  Dunfermline,  11,649 

Lakes,  The  north  of  Scotland  abounds  with  small 
lakes.  They  are  too  numerous  to  be  mentioned.  Loch 
Lomond  is  the  largest  in  Scotland,  and  most  celebrated 
for  its  romantic  scenery.  It  is  a  little  north  of  the 
Clyde  and  empties  into  it. 

There  is  a  chain  of  long,  narrow  ^akes  running  from 
Murray  Frith  iu  a  southwest  direction  to  the  Allantie. 


ro. 

ill  lome   inilancei  14 

built  eiiliri'ly  of  stone 

Leith  ii  the  aeaporl  of 

of  Forth,  2  milci  north 

iburgh,  including  Leitb, 

first  city  in  Saotland  in 
,  Hud  manufactures.  It 
inufncturing  and  corn- 
borders  of  one  of  the 
I  Britain,  and  has  the 
through  the  Clyde,  and 
Kigh  a  canal  conneciinc 
aw^ow  is  disiiDguiiheu 
pulation,  110,480. 
,  between  the  Frilh  of 
^rth,  on  the  Tny,  hns  ex> 
Dundee  ii  a  manufae* 
Merdeen,  the  largest 
I  near  the  mouth  of  the 
manufactures,  is  8  inilea 
he  Clyde.  Oreenock  is 
on  the  Clyde,  west  of 
trih,  23  inileo  N.  K  of 
le  of  the  kings  of  Scot- 
towns  arranged  iu  the 


mt. 

Pep. 

Kley, 

10,937 

eiioek, 

10,043 

th, 

lff,»48 

nfcrmline, 

11,649 

nd  abounds  with  small 
lo  be  mentioned.  Loch 
nd,  and  most  celebrated 
s  a  little  north  of  the 

■ow  ?akes  ronning  from 
rection  to  the  Atlantie. 


\ 


1 


5JC0TLAND.  itM 

They  are  Loch  «V««s,  Loch  Oich,  Loch  Lochy,  and  Lock 
Lime.  A  canal  a  miles  long,  counecting  Loch  Oich 
and  Loch  Looliy,  would  open  a  water  communication 
between  the  Atlunlic  Ocean  and  the  North  Sea. 

Caml.  There  is  a  canal  from  the  Forth  to  the  CItde, 
connecting  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  the  North  Sea.  U 
M  on  a  much  larger  scale  than  common  canals.  It  ad- 
mits vessels  drawing  7  feet  of  water. 

Jloitntains.  Tho  Grampian  hills  commence  at  Loeh 
Lomond,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  aud  run  north- 
east, completely  across  the  country,  to  Aberdeen  on  the 
North  Sea.  Thev  are  the  natural  boundary  between 
the  HighlanJii  and  Lowlands  of  Scotland. 

The  country  north  of  the  Grampian  hills  is  intersected 
by  numerous  mountains  in  various  directions.  Bun 
JVevis  is  4,.S30  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  the 
highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain.  It  is  near  Look 
Lochy. 

Pace  of  the  country.  The  country  north  of  the  Gram- 
pian hills,  uxeept  a  small  district  on  the  eastern  coast, 
consists  ot  barren  hills  and  mountains,  interspersed  with 
numerous  laices.  The  southern  or  Lowland  count  es 
have  in  many  parts  a  fertile  soil. 

Produotiona.  Scotland  feeds  vast  herds  of  cattle,  and 
the  hills  are  covered  with  sheep.  Grass,  oats  and 
turnips  are  the  prineipul  agricultural  productions. 
Iron,  coal,  aid  lead  are  ihe  principal  minerals. 

Religion.  The  established  religion  is  Presbyterian. 
Ihe  establishment  is  divided  into  19  Synods,  which  are 
•ubdivided  into  78  Presbyteries.  They  are  all  under 
the  government  of  the  General  Assembly.  The  num- 
ber of  ministers  connected  with  the  establishment  in 
1803  was  936. 

Fopulation.      The  population  in  18 1 1  wits  1,804,80+. 

Universities.  There  are  universities,  at  St.  Andrews, 
Abei-deeo,  Kdinburgh,  aud  Glasgow,  i'he  Universitf, 
oj  hdinhurgh  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  Europe. 
Jt  had  111  1H14,  27  professors  and  more  than  2.000  sln- 
'ri"  IU  '*  P'""''«''''»''')'  celebniled  as  a  medical  school. 
1  lie  library  contains  flo,000  volumes.  Gla.ij^ow  Uni- 
versify  had  in  1814,  16  professors  and  more  than  1400 
students. 


r 


192 


lUKI.AM) 


Kdneation.  Hpollaml  is  celchrttletl  for  lU  exfplleul 
•yntcin  of  iMliiPftliiiii.  llieri-  i«  no  country  in  Kuropi- 
where  ilin  lower  cli»<i>ioii  •ru  »»  univerially  tauj{lil  to 
ri'uti  mill  writ)', 

Miuufnrluyex.       Tlie    prinripal    munufrtcliiren    aro 


potion  iHi'l  linen  fjooiU.  ('ttrron,in  Hlirlinmhiri'.  i*  the 
iiinitt  cell  hrntitl  pluce  in  Kurope  for  llie  uittnufacluro 
of  rnnnon. 


Inlanih.  The  prineipal  i«l»\n(l»  ore  tli«>  Hehriile*,  nr 
>Ve»lirn  inland*,  alone;  the  wpntern  rouM  !  the  Orkw>j 
inlmulH  oil  the  north  cna»t,  and  the  Shetland  iMlaudK, 
noriheant  of  tlie  Oi  knoji. 

IRKLAM). 

SUuafion,  Ireland  in  bounded  on  (he  K.  by  (lie  Trinh 
Mca  ami  Hi.  Ororge't  channel,  which  acpiirutc  it  from 
Kiiitliind  ;  on  all  other  side*  by  the  Allaniic. 

IHvisinns.  Ireland  it  dividi'd  into  |.  nrovinees,  viz. 
UUler  in  the  norlheait;  (JollnllU^h^  in  llie  northwest  ; 
Leintter  in  the  iioutheant,and  Miinnter  in  the  ttoulhwcst. 
Thene  provinees  ar^  iiub<livided  into  33  count ie*. 

Rivers.  The  Shannon  i#  tin?  principal  river.  It 
rines  near  the  north  coa«t,  and  runnini;  houI Invest  emp- 
ties on  ihe  wcHt  oast.  It  is  navi^uble  almost  to  its 
source.  The  Harrow  rises  west  of  Unblin,  and  running 
south  empties  into  Waterford  harbor.  The  Lifty  emp- 
ties into  Dublin  bay.  The  Boijnp  emptic*  north  of  the 
Lirty.  The  Uanna  empties  on  tlie  north  coast.  It  is 
the  outlet  of  Lough  Neagb. 

Chief  Townn.  Dublin,  the  capital,  is  the  second  city 
in  the  United  Kingdom.  It  is  on  the  Liiry,  nt  its  moulh. 
It  has  n  univer^^ity  and  190,ono  inhiibiiiints.  Cork:  in 
the  southwest,  is  the  second  city  in  Ireland.  It  has  a 
noble  harbor  and  «0,000  inhabitants.  Aimmr/r,  on  the 
Hhannon,  is  the  third  city  in  importance,  nn<l  contains 
00,000  inhabitant*. 

Ualwiiy  is  on  Oiilway  bay  on  the  west  const  ;  Sl>f!;» 
is  on  .'jliso  bay  in  the  northwest;  Lnndonderrtj  is  in 
tht   north,   Itelfast   in    the    northeast,    ft'p.vfurd    and 


1 


so 

diralrtl  For  lU  (•xfplleiit 
4  no  foiintry  in  Kuropi- 
>   iiniverially   lau^lil  to 

ipnl  mHiturAeliireH  nro 
)n,in  Hlirlin^«hirc,  i^  the 
pe  for  the  iiidnurncture 

tiih  are  (li'?  Ilcbriilf*,  or 
Hti'rn  foit'tl !  iIh'  Orknuj 
1(1  the  Shvtliitid  iitlaiidi', 


Si). 

?(l  on  tlio  K.  by  I  In*  Trinh 
which  Rcpiiratc  it  fruni 
y  III)'  Allnniic. 
led  iiilo  1  provincpR,  vix. 
iiui^ht  in  llip  iiuiihweikl  ; 
MiiiiKtpr  in  the  southwest, 
(i  inin  33  cniiiilieii. 
the  principnl  river.  It 
I  ruiinini;  H'lulhwpflt  einp- 
navii^itble  aliiin<*t  to  its 
>iil  oi'  Dublin,  and  running 
harhor.  Tlic  Lilly  enip- 
oiftiP  emptic'4  iitrrth  of  the 
)n  the  north  coast.     It  is 

capital,  in  the  aecond  city 
ou  (he  liitfy,  nt  itR  moulh. 
mo  inliitbil lints.  Cork;  in 
ity  in  Irrlund.  It  ha**  a 
^itanli*.  Limvrif/f,  on  thR 
imporlnuce,  nn<l  contains 

in  the  west  const  ;  Sl'p;» 
vest  ;  Londopderrij  is  in 
northeast,    iyp.vfurd    and 


l-AI'I.\M). 


llM 


U-al,'rl'„ril  in  the  southiMmt.  All  these  towns  are  on  or 
u.!ur  ihi-  Pd  lil.  drmniih  [*  m,  i„iorior  town  in  the 
uiirlheu«t,  iukI  K'dkwnnij  in  the  soulheH>it. 

Unii-erHtti/.  The  l/nivfVMitif «(  Dublin  had  in(8(» 
la  proti>s<ors  and  uoo  students.  The  library  cuutains 
40,001)  volumes. 

Education.  The  educalion  of  (he  lower  classes  hat 
been  much  nenleet.d  in  Ireland,  but  eH;„u  are  now 
inakin^  to  eiinliliHh  schools  in  ull  parts  of  (he  island. 

JM'iiion.  VUe  established  reli^ion  is  that  of  the 
ehureh  ol  hu^laud,  but  more  than  three  nuarters  of  the 
inhabitants  are  Roman  (:«(holics,  and  of  the  remainder 
tt  lari?e  portion  lue  Presbyicrians.  The  i'rcsbytcriunt 
are  in  (he  norih  of  Ireland.  ' 

t'opulatiiiH      Tho  poituliKion  is  4,300,000. 

Uiaradn.  The  Irisli  are  iobus(,  Bc(ive,  heahhy  and 
brave.  Ihey  make  hue  soldins.  Their  food  consists 
principa  Iv  of  potatoes  and  milk,  and  their  houses  are 
M  retched  hovels  of  mud. 

Fact  of  the  country,  &c.     The  country  is  principally 
evel  and  fertile.     6,ie  of  the  most  striking  featuJcs  is 
the  numerous  bogs  which  disUjjure  the  country 

Productions.  Potatoes,  oats,  and  grass  are  the  iirin- 
cipal  productions.  Ireland  is  a  fine  grazing  country, 
and  supports  numerous  herds  of  cattle. 

Mmiifacturesand  Commerce.  Linen  is  the  principnl 
inanulaeture.  I  he  principal  eiports  are  linin,  beef, 
bides,  tallow,  and  butter. 

Curiositif.    The  Giant's  Causewa,,  Jg  „„  ,i,c  north 

hS  rj!  "'  ."*"  V'"*'""*'*''*?-  '»  •^"""isfof  many 
hundred  thousand  columns  of  hard  black  rock,  risinj 
perpendicularly  from  iJOO  to  loo  feet  above  the  water. 

LAPLAND. 

Situation.     Lapland  is  in  the  northwest  of  Europe : 
extending  from  the  Culf  of  Bothnia  ou  the  south,  to  the 
trozen  o«ean  on  ihe  north,  and  from  the  White  Sea 
on  the  east,  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west. 
17 


*! 


* 


IM 


NORWAY. 


l 


Divhiiiri$.  Thi"  eontorn  |»»rt  i«  oallnl  HiMtinn  I.ip- 
IniiiJ,  tlie  r.titldir,  Htvfiliili  I.Niiiiiiid  t  »'••>  (lit*  weitirn, 
Norwfj^iiin    I,ii|»I«imI.     The   whole  country    beluiiif*  (v 


rionatf.  liiiitUiiJ  i«  prinripully  within  Ihe  friKi*! 
nun;  and  the  wiiiler*  are  iiitrntrly  cold.  Hnow  oover« 
Ihe  ground  the  ^renter  ;»art  of  the  year,  i'ho  auni- 
men  are  thort,  but  the  heat  fur  a  few  wetk»  U  «ieei. 
..ve.  . 

t'acti  of  th«  country.  The  country  »  made  up  of 
drenry  niouulaini,  iiin-rtpericJ  with  nnmerou*  Ukei 
and  pond*.  In  the  uorthern  parts  there  are  nu  trrei 
except  the  birch. 

Vopulathm.  The  country  U  thinly  inhabited.  Tlie 
population  ii  eitimated  at  only  (SO,NUO. 

Mimali.  The  rein  deer  i«  the  pride  of  Lnpland. 
Thii  animal  drawi  the  HKd^ei  of  the  linplandf r  ^oo 
milea  a  day.  lie  feedn  in  nuinmcr  on  leaveii,  and  in  win- 
ter on  mo«i.  tlii  fleih  and  milk  are  uiied  for  food,  hi« 
•kin  fur  clothing,  and  hi*  linew*  and  inleitinci  for 
.  thread  and  corda^e.  Heali,  whalei  and  other  fiih 
aboiind  on  Ihe  eoast. 

Character.  The  I.aplandem  are  generally  only  four 
feet  high,  with  liirge  hei»d»,  thick  linn,  and  u  nwiirtli) 
complfiion.  They  are  but  lillK!  mlvaaced  in  eivili/d- 
(ion.  Thev  profeM  Christianity,  but  unite  with  it  many 
of  tJieir  old  I'agun  •i';'.eritiliou'». 

NORWAY. 

Situation.  Norway  is  bounded  E.  by  Sweden,  an<l 
on  all  other  lidei  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  North 

Sea. 
Uiviiions.    Norway  it  divided  into  four  provmcea. 

.)/■  Tovitu- 

8,840 

18,0U0 

U,UOO 

4.78- 


Province*. 

Drontbeim, 
Bergen, 
Christiania, 
Christiausand. 


SituuSion.  Chitf  Tuwnt.     Pop. 

in  the  north,   Drontbeim, 
in  the  went,     Bergen, 
in  the  eail,     Chri»tiania, 
in  the  south,  Chrisliuuvand, 


ff 


i«  nnlli'il  HitKtinn  lAf- 
ilitiid  t  ntiil  lilt*  weiti-rn, 
lioiti  country   bi*luiitf«  (v 

|iKlly  within  Ihe  frlKid 
rly  coM.  Hnow  covert 
if  the  yrar.  'I'lio  auni- 
r  a  r«w  we«k»  it  «iei(i< 

country  ii  mii<l«  up  of 
I  with  niimerouii  Ukei 
larti  there  lire  nu  tree* 

thinly  inhabited.     The 

(SO,HUO. 

I  the  pride  of  Lnpltind. 
I  of  the  linplandfr  20U 
ler  on  teuveii,  and  in  win- 
ilk  are  u«ed  for  food,  hi« 
lew*  and  inlenlinei  for 
whalei   and  other  fiih 

I  are  generally  only  four 
ck  linn,  and  u  Hwurlliy 
iL;  udvKHced  in  riviliK4- 
y,  but  unite  with  it  many 
n. 

i\. 

ided  E.  by  Sweden,  and 
iic  Ocean  and  the  North 

ed  into  four  provinces. 

'*(■{/■  Town.    Pop.  of  Town*. 

Drontheim,  8)840 

IJerfjen,  18,000 

Chrinliania,  U.ooo 

Chri»liuH»and,  4.rs"' 


8WKDEN. 


i*t 


Onff  nwnt.  n^ric*n,  the  enpilnl,  fiai  an  MCflleof 
harbor,  and  cnniidifrubif  PHiiinirri;!-.  Ihoiiihfitn,  north 
of  lirrifen,  derive*  ii.  ini|iiirlanp«  from  iti  virinily  to 
the  i-opiier  mine*.  Chri>,tiania,  in  (he  aoulh,  ii  nt  ihfl 
hrad  <if  a  buy  which  run*  up  between  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way. Chritliiimand  i»  on  the  coaii  luuthweil  of 
Chrmliania. 

(iov^rnmfnt.  Norwny  belong*  In  Sweden,  but  hui  ita 
own  l«;Ki»laiure  niid  n  tepnrale  adminiilraliun. 

Itelifftun.     The  relii^ion  i»  Kulhrran. 

Fucf  of  t/i^  country.  The  eounlry  i*  moiinfainouf. 
A  range,  ealifd  the  Unfrnjldil  or  JS'ortVfian  range, 
cominenee*  near  the  Naze,  we»l  of  t'hri«iiun«anil.  un<l 
run*  nonheuKi  into  Lnpland.  It*  Ifngili  i*  more  than 
1,000  milev  "lid  »oiiw  of  the  HiHtmiil*  are  inorj  than 
/,U00  feet  high.  Mo»t  of  Norway  i*  covered  with 
foredl*  of  iiiiif  Hnd  fir. 

,Min>rals.  Iron,  »ilver  and  cobalt  are  found  in  large 
i|nantitie»  nenrthe  aoulhern  ooiiM,  at  »everal  placet  be- 
tween Chri.titiniaand  (;hristian»und.  There  are  rich 
copjttT  mine*  near  Drontheim. 

tummnce.  The  prineipnl  exports  are  timber,  lum- 
ber,  hsh,  copper,  and  nilver.  The  importa  are  corn  and 
nmniitarturiMl  good*. 

^  mirlpool.  'ihfMdstrom  h  a  remarkable  whirlpool 
in  ilie  »in,  near  the  touthern  extremity  of  the  Lolloden 
»lttn.l*.  I  he  roar  of  the  water*  cun  be  beard  many 
league*  ofT.  and  ihip*,  trees  and  whales  at  the  distance 
or  .1  ,n,le.,  are  sometime*  irresistibly  drawn  in,  anj 
uaslicd  to  pieces  against  the  bottom. 


SWEDEN. 


SUmtiov.  Sweden  is  bounded  N.  by  Norway «  E  bv 
Russia  and  the  Baltic)  S.  by  the  Ballici  and  w!  bj 
Norway.  ' 

nivisions.  Sweden  is  divided  into  four  distrieli, 
which  are  subdivided  tiMo  provinces. 


i 


i 


m 


hWbUEN. 


KlmUhm. 
ill  )!)«  nuritii 


tiilltttH, 

l.a|i!a»)!, 

J"''i""''{    ill  t|,t.  ••li.l.llc, 

Ciutlil»nJ|    in  llir  luutli, 


•0,000 

94^,000 


t'iiittinit,  iMi  llii*  cii«t  of  Ihf  Uiilfof  noiliiiin,  furmrrly 

fcrl.Mm»'4l  (it  Hm-ilfii,  liiil   «n*  «m(IimI  rn  llii««iii  in  tHOH. 

Pniiiilitlion.     'I'll*  |io|iiil«li..i(  i<  i.;istn.;j«,  nrurly  tli« 

whiih-  i.rwIiH'h  IK  HI  iJif  iwo  •KKilMrii  »li«irirM.      I  lie 

llorUnrii  nnii  nl'lli"  ciuiilry  i«  vtry  tliinly  iiiliHliiii-il. 

/^Arx.  'I'ho  llirif  iMinfipil  Irkfn  m*  lli-wxtT, 
r^./^  r,  iitiil  .1/./.  r.  I.ukf  »V((«(T  i*  in  Uip  •ouiliwc*!, 
Kiiil  »iii|tlii»  into  \Uv*en  iil  (iii(iiiilMir»<iMt  llif  ««••«  i'«iu«l. 
It  i«  hi)  iiitli'H  Ion;  nii'l  f^"'  Itnu.il.  I.iiki-  IIV.'f(  r,  I'utllur 
fc-inili,  eiu|.lii"«  iiil"  tlif  Huliir.  I,iiki<  .V.7if  coniBJuni' 
»-uli'«  Willi  III**  Hullium  Mitirkli'ilm 

Hii'fiH.  'I'lio  itriucipul  river*  »re  the  Gutha,  Matala, 
/>itA/,  anil  7orw«'<;.  ...  . 

Thf  Oiitha  in  «Iip  outlfl  of  f.nko  Wenncr,  cnnnMiing 
it  with  tho  (Jfttti'KUI.  Till'  Mnlnln  i»  lli*-  outltl  of  Lnke 
Wf tliT  Poiincctiii«  it  »itli  llii*  lUllifi.     The  IMd  enip- 

tie*  n I  ftti  mil.'»  N    <.«'  •'|>»hI      'riu-  Torneij  empti.ij 

into  (he  nortlii-rn  enlri'mit)  of  the  (iolfor  Bolhni«,  and 
ii  the  lioiniiliiry  l.tlMveii  ftvu-den  unil  Uuniiii. 

Chi,/  ToitiiH.  Stock lihlw,\\if  eiipilrtl,  In  on  «'ven 
Mnttit  n.rkv  itluniU,  in  the  ifmit  whieh  eouiiept*  l.uko 
Miler  uilh  the  IJaltie.  The  Hiluati..n  i*  roinunlie. 
l'..piiliiiion,  70,fljr.  iiotlfuhurn,  the  neeoml  town  hi 
■•  piilitlion  nnil  conimerei.  i*  on  the  nest  eoiiit  iit  the 
lo.'ulhorihe  (Jolha.  Population,  2I.S1H.  J\Ti>iJkiupivx 
i4  a  mnnul'ietiirii^  town  on  the  Moiiilu,  a.'  inile*  Iroiii 
.14  nioiilh  ill  ihe  IJiiltic.  Cnrlsnuiiiu  the  princiiml  »la- 
lion  r.ir  the  rtMi(li«li  navy,  i*  on  tt  Mniiil  iilami  in  the 
Haiti)-,  in  the  noulhea»t  exlreniily  oClhe  kin^^^om. 

(i,l1>'  i«  near  the  nioiilh  of  Ihe  Diihl.  Toriifn  in  «t 
ihe  h.n.lof  thetiiilfora-.tliMiii,  at  the  mtiiHh  .i»  the 
Torni'a.  I'li-^aL  formerly  tlie  enitilal  orHweilm,  i«  ID 
milcn  N.  "f  r'tnekholm.     I'Mnn  ii  in  the  inton-.r.  \»e*l 


•u.oou 

1,»3t,4A3 

nlfof  Hollinin,  funnrrly 
I  (lf)l  III  Miiiiin  III  IHON. 
1  i4  i.litn.iJU,  iifurl)  ilie 
•oiMlii'rii  «li«lrifU.  'I'll* 
vtrv  Ihinlv  inliHliilnl. 
».il 'liki-*' me  lli'iiwr, 
(HIT  i«  ill  llip  •oiiiliwi'»l» 

flllMir»<lMt  lllf  ««'«l   CMttKl. 

il.     I.iik.'  ir,,'f(r.  ruiMur 
I.iikf  .ViVic  ciiiiwuuiii' 
iilin 
••  are  (h«  Gotha,  Jthtata, 

,nkt>  Wenncr,  cnnnffUng 
)t(iln  imli*-  oullii  ofl.Hku 
Hithic  Tlie  /Ai/i'  rnip* 
il  Tlio  ■roriH'41  eniplii'* 
the  (iiili'Dr  Hollinia,  and 
i-n  uiitl  ItiiH^iu. 
lie  citiiiliil,  in  on  »i'ven 
ivit  Mliinli  foiiiU'Plii  l.uko 
V  Hiliinliitn  U  roiiiuiilic. 
tri;,  llie  ki'PimhI  l»wn  in 
oil  lllf  nest  <•"«'*•  "t  <lic 
(»n,2l,slH.  XmJkiopiiijf 
III-  Moliilu,  2.'  inili'i»  iVoui 
^ifuiiii,  tlif  |»riiiciiml  %\A- 
oil  u  -ttniill  itiaiul  in  Hie 
iiily  til' (III*  kinK*Iom. 

Ihc  Diilil.  Toriifii  'f*  nt 
liii,  nt  lllf  mttiiMi  nf  tlie 
*  cnitilul  ol'  Swcilcn,  i«  10 
Inn  It  ill  U"'  iulerior.  \ro*l 


i 


in;N,>i\uk 


1*7 


..»•  4i.-Hi'.     l.uni   i«  in   iji.  ».,ui|,imi  i-klivtMly  of  ibt 
kiiitfiinm.  ' 

f«Hrt/.  ,\  (innl  frnm  f,«k..  \frf..r  i.i  J,,,kB  WVnner 
vonl.l  roi.„..,.|  ni,„klM.|,M  u.ili  (l.iiri.l.iM  <.  nn.l  l|i« 
lt.ilii«  »ii II  lU  N,„,|,Mr«.  Till.  «r«ml\»n»l  t»u. 
ciimmeiicifil  ttviral  )«-iir<i  «iiifr. 

KiltiaiUoii.     'ni..r..  ,ir,.  itv..  ntiivi  r»iilr«.     Tht  I>m/ 

i;i»iver*ily    liii«  '.I    |irulV.,..r.,    I'm   .i„.|..,.u,  ni.ll   k 

ilirnry  »)•  Iu.Dik.  volum.,.     'ri,,  llMiu.r.My  m    Lun.t 

o!'..,.*.     I"""'^*'*""'     »«o    •ni.l.MiU,  AM.I    a  •|,|,r«ry    of 

I.*!    '"?•,    *'""""""    '"■'"'"I*    "n-    nnivLMdly 

e«l4l»h«rn.l,  nii.l  |lio  inliubilnnli  gtMiirally  oah  rvail  an.l 

Uoveiu„unt.  The  «.)vcrnincnl  it  a  liniilrd  i  ,„n. 
arcny. 

hflii^ion.    The  rrlitfion  U  l.uiliviiin. 

t ace  of  the  nmitri,.  Tli«  ('«ri.  of  ili«  roiintry  It 
inou«t«iiioui,r»,,e,.|„||y  i„  ,iie  iioriliern  ili.lrhu.  The 
monnlHin.  iirc  rovrrr,!  nidi  i.nincn.o  lurrtt.  of  (lis 
\orwny  itine  anil  (he  (ir. 

JlhternlH.     Nj.«r  Fnl.ltin  i«  a  i^rertl  cojiner  min..  wlileli 

celcliruti'tl  (e:f  }u.r  inm  niincK. 

Cumwrr.c      rjie  ron.nuTce  „f  Mwrnlon   ret),  chicny 


DKNMAHK. 

Situntiou.    Denmark  it  a  neniniHlfl,  bounded  N.  and 
E.  by  tlje  enlranc.  of  the  Butiic.     ()„  ,|,c  8.  it  ex u„J. 


s 


♦ 


iO« 


Provinces. 
Jiitlaiiil, 
Hle^«ick, 
lloUU'in, 
Laiit'tilnirg, 
Xeiilniwl, 


nENMAOK. 

Populatitrit 
400,000 

auo.ooa 

350,000 

3J,000 

.5.13,000 

175,000 


Chirf  Tuvms. 
Anchors.  Wiborg. 
8lcs  vifk. 
Altinin. 
liituoiibiirg. 

('OI'KNHAOKJJ. 

Oilfiisoc. 


1,003,000 


/s/ntii/s.  Xealanil  AuA  Fanen  nrc  (lie  largest  islanth, 
and  i!H*re  are  niHiiv  «nmll  islands  «djuctnt. 

Chii'f  Totcnu.  'Copenha<^en  stands  on  tlie  eiist  sliore  of 
tlie  islitiii!  i)f  Zealand.  Il  has  a  Hjimious,  convenient,  and 
well  forlified  liarbor  and  extensive  commerce.  It  is  the 
best  built   city    in  the  north  of  Europe.      I'opulatioQ 

105,000.  .  r   ,.       u 

Moua 'i»  on  ihe  Elbe  wiilt'm  qiinshot  of  llamburg. 
it  his  coasideriiblc  commerce  and  ;;o,000  iiilialitanls. 
Kiel  stands  ai  the  bottom  of  a  narrovTjay  of  ihe  lidltic, 
47  miles  N.  of  Hamburg.  It  ha.,  a  good  harbor  and 
8,000  inhabitants.  Elsinore,  20  miles  N.  of  Copenha- 
cen,  in  the  narrowed  part  of  the  strait  helveon  Zea- 
land and  the  Swedish  shore,  is  the  place  where  all  for- 
eign ships  that  trade  to  the  Baltic  pay  toll. 

Canal.  There  is  a  canal  on  a  large  scile  connecting 
the  Baltic  wilh  the  North  Sea.  U  is  in  the  narrowe'^t 
part  of  the  pcninscla,  extending  from  the  bay  of  Kiel  to 
the  river  Eyder,  which  empties  into  the  North  Sea.  It 
is  to  feet  deep,  and  admits  vessels  of  120  ton?. 

Vviversi:'-es.  The  University  at  Copenhagen  has 
about  600  students,  one  of  the  best  botanical  gardens  in 
Europe,  and  a  library  of  60,000  volumes.  The  Uni- 
versity at  Kiei  has  24  professors  and  200  students. 

Educntion  Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  education 
of  children  in  Denmark.  There  are  eommon  schools  in 
every  parish,  and  numerous  Latin  schools  in  ev  ry  pro- 
vinc6» 

Religion.    The  religion  of  Denmark  is  f        Aherao. 

Governnient.  The  go.ernment  is  an  (tb  at"  nioi- 
ftrehy. 


JL-  _. 


UK. 


Chhf  TuV'Kn. 
Aaihors,  Wiborp. 
SIcs  vifk. 
Altokin. 
liitticiibitrg. 

CorKNUAOkK. 

Oili-nsre. 


'«  arc  (lie  Inrgi^t  isIuDtlH, 
ntls  ntljuci'iit. 

stands  on  tlic  enst  shore  of 

I  H|MHMous,  convenient,  an«l 

isi*e  commerce.     It  is  the 

of  Europe.      I'opiilatioa 

lin  •;tinshot   of  llnmburg. 
e  ttnd   ;'>0,000  iiiiittlitanls. 
1  narrovvljay  of  the  Ijiillic, 
It  hh.,  a  good  hurbor    and 
,  20  mile^  N.  of  Copenha- 
'  the  strait  between  Zea- 
ls the  place  where  all  for- 
laltic  pay  loll, 
n  a  large  scile  connecting 
;ft.     It  is  in  the  iiarrowe'^t 
ng  fi'om  the  bay  of  Kiel  to 
es  into  the  North  Sea.     It 
esseig  of  120  ton?, 
rsily    at    Copenhu^en  has 
e  best  botanical  gardens  in 
,000  volumes.     The   Uni- 
sors  and  200  students, 
nn  is  paid  to  the  education 
kere  are  eomnioD  schools  in 
Latin  schools  in  evry  pro- 


'  Denmark  is  t' 
lOieDt  is  an  tb 


jtlieraa. 
at''  nioj- 


RUSSIA. 


199 


Face  of  the  Counlrtf,  Slc.  Denmark  is  principally  a 
level  c«unlrj,p.nd  in  the  nor(h  covered  with  forests.  The 
soil  is  feriile  and  well  cultivated,  particularly  in  the 
south,  and  om  the  island  of  Funen.  Wheat  is  the 
staple  [iroduclion. 

Cummerce.  Denmark  has  a  large  extent  of  seacoasf, 
and  is  well  situated  for  commerce.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  grain  and  cattle. 

Iceland,  a  large  island  htlonging  to  Denmark,  lies 
far  In  the  norihwesf,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  Int.  68  N. 
tt  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  its  volcanoes  and  its  sponiing 
springs  of  hot  water.  Mount  Itekla  is  the  principal 
volcano.  It  is  6,000  feet  high,  and  someliknes  throws 
out  stones  and  lava  Jo  the  distance  of  x50  miles.  The 
eountrjr  for  20  miles  round  was  laid  waste  by  one  erup- 
tion. The  siioutjng  springs  throw  up  large  columns  of 
boiling  water,  often  to  the  height  of  100  feet. 

The  inhabitants  are  about  »0,ooo  in  number.  They 
Jive  in  a  cold  <!limate,  nnd  on  a  barren  soil,  yet  are 
strongly  attached  to  their  country.  They  import  their 
torn  and  part  of  their  wood  from  Denmark,  and  give 
in  exchani;e  fish,  oil,  and  eider  down. 

The  Ferroeor  Faroe  islands,  about  halfway  between 
Iceland  and  Norway,  belong  also  to  Denmark'.  Popu- 
lation,  0,209. 


RUSSIA. 

Extent.  Tije  Russian  empire  is  the  most  extensive 
on  the  globe.  It  embraces  one  half  of  Europe  and  more 
than  one  third  of  Asia,  besides  a  portion  uf  America. 

RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE. 

Sliuation.  Russia  in  Surope  extends  from  the  Fro- 
zen Oceon  on  the  north  to  the  Black  Sea  on  the  south, 
and  from  Asia  on  the  east,  to  Sweden,  the  Baltic,  Pru«. 
sia,  Austria,  aud  Turkey  ou  the  west. 


'JUO 


RUSSIA. 


Sean.  Tliere  nrc  four  sens  bortloring  mi  Husntu  ;  ilie 
llhiieScaun  «lie  north,  the  Uitllic  on  (lie  Mt»l,  the 
IJluck  .Sea  mid  the  sea  of  .^ro/on  the  south. 

Gulfs.  There  are  five  large  baj*  or  gul^.  The 
(iiilfof  Bothnia,  the  dulf  of  Finland  and  tlie  ihilf  of 
min  are  armn  of  llie  Ualtic.  The  bay  of  O/jc^fl,  and 
llie  bay  of  JJrvhunsd  are  ilie  '.rnis  of  the  While  Sea. 
Lakh.  'I'here  are  many  hikes  in  the  northuest 
nrouiid  the  (iiilf  of  Finhtnd.'  The  prineipal  are  A«Ac 
Ladoga,  east  of  (ht  liulf.  and  conneeled  with  it  by  the 
river  Neva ;  and  Lake  Onega,  east  of  Lake  Ladoga,  and 
conneeted  with  it  liy  the  river  S\ir. 

Itivers.  The  i'olga,  the  great  river  of  Knrope,  emp- 
ties into  tlie  Caspian'Sea  in  Asia  by  many  mouths.  It 
rises  between  I'elersburgh  and  Moscow.  Its  general 
course  is  first  east  and  then  soHth.  It  is  m«re  than 
3,000  miles  long,  and  is  uavigable  to  the  town  of  Tver, 
nearly  to  its  source. 

The  IJon  rises  a  little  south  of  Moscow,  near  the 
centre  of  European  Uussia,  and  flo»ving  south  800  miles 
empties  into  the  sea  of  Azof.  The  Dnieper  rises  west  of 
Moscow,  and  flows  south  1200  miles  into  the  Black  Sea. 
The  IJuiestcr  empties  into  the  Black  Sea  west  of  the 
Dnieper,  li  rises  in  the  Carpathian  roouutains  and 
flows  southeast  000  miles. 

The  Jhiiua  rises  near  the  sources  of  the  Volga  and^ 
tlie  Dnieper,  and  flowing  west  emnties  into  the  Gulf 
of  Itiga.  The  JV^erva  connects  Lake  Ladoga  with  the 
Gulfx  of  Finland.  The  Svir  connects  Lake  Onega  with 
Lake  Ladoga.  The  Onega  empties  into  the  W'lile 
Sea  at  tlie  t!iwn  of  Unega.  The  northern  Dwina  empties 
into  the  White  Sea  at  Archangel,  after  a  course  of 
0on  miles. 

Chief  Cities.  St.  Feteraburgh,  the  capital  of  the 
Russian  empire,  is  on  the  Neva,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  (3ulf  of  Finland.  It  was  founded  in  1703  by  Peter 
the  Great,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  magnifircnt  cities 
in  the  world.  Population,  283,000.  Cronsladt,  the  port 
of  St.  Petersburgh,  is  20  miles  distant,  on  an  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Finland.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  is 
the  principal  station  for  the  Russian  navy.  Population, 
40,000. 


bordering  n"  liuss\&  ;  ilif 
Bitllic  nil  (lie  «t'»l,  the 
'on  the  Moulli. 
rge  ba\!»  or  sulf".  Tlic 
h'iiihwd  and  I  lie  (^z///  «/ 
The  b»y  of  Oi'cga,  and 
e  '.rnis  oVjIio  White  Sea. 

h«ki'8  in  tlie  northwest 

The   principal  are  Luke 

coiincricd  with   it  by  (he 

caot  of  i,ake  Ladoga,  and 

■  S\ir. 

eat  river  of  Knrnpe,  cmp- 
iHia  by  many  months.  It 
d  Moscow,      lis  general 

ROHth.     It  is  m«re  than 
jable  to  the  town  of  Tver, 

th  of  Moscow,  near  the 
id  flowing  south  800  miles 
The  Dnieper  rises  west  of 
)  miles  into  the  HIac-k  Hea. 
the  Bljick  Sea  west  of  the 
nrpathian  roouutains  and 

sources  of  the  Volga  and 
St  empties  into  the  Gnlf 
Its  Lake  Ladoga  with  tiio 
conuecis  Lake  Onega  with 
I  empties  into  the  W'lile 
he  northern  Dwina  empties 
langel,  aiter  a   course  of 


burgh,  the  capital  of  the 
eva,  near  its  entrance  into 
IB  founded  in  1703  by  Peter 
the  most  magnifiecnt  cities 
39,000.  CronsUidt,  (he  port 
fs  distant,  on  an  island  in 
I  an  excellent  harbor  and  is 
liussiaa  navy.    Population) 


lUJSSIA. 


:J0: 


j/osivjw,  the  ancient  capital,  is  on  (he  M(i,>kvu  near 
the  centre  of  Kuropeun  HiiiiHia.  It  was  biirnl  in  1S12. 
when  IJonapaiij  inviuled  Uiis.>ia.  I'livjoii*  id  itt  ilf,' 
strnction  it  eontaiiu'd  aiO.OOO  iiihiibiluiils.  It  has  oince 
been  rebuilt. 

The  piineipal  ttenport^  are,  ^Irchmv^d  n\\  (lio  While 
.Sea,  6Vf>/j,s/fv/M»nd  7/*>aon  Ihe  Bailie,  and  (iihfsn  vn 
tlie  Black  Sea.  ^IstvoUiuii  on  the  ('as|iian,  at  the  moiiiii 
of  the  Volga,  is  in  Asiiiiie  Uimnin.  Tin-  priiuiiial  Iommh 
in  ihe  west  are  It'arsnu;  on  (he  Vistula,  and  n'itna. 
norllieaHl  of  Warsaw. 

Ftice  of  the  cuiiittr!/.  European  Russia  eonsists  chief, 
ly  of  immense  plaiii!*,  covend  in  many  parts  with  fur- 
ests.  The  principal  ninuntaius  are  Hie  Ural  inountuiiis 
in  the  nniilicasl  wimli  scparule  it  from  Asia. 

Canal.  There  i<*  u  eaiial  iiiii.iiiiL'  the  river  .\eva  wiili 
the  headwaleisof  the  Volga.  This  eunal  opens  an 
inland  water  cumniiiiiiealion  between  the  Baltic  and  the 
Caspian.  It  i*  supposed  il-,at  4  000  vessels  pans  on 
this  rout  annually  between  St.  Petersburg  and  Astrak- 
han. 

Population.  The  population  of  the  whole  Russian 
empire  is  about  4S,()00,o.io,  and  is  r«|»i'lly  increasing. 
Of  this  number  as.0()0,0(i0  are  in  Kiiropt-an  Russia. 
The  southern  and  wislern  provinces  eoiitaiti  the  gnat 
massof  the  pojiuluiion  ;  the  northern  and  tusleni  are 
very  thinly  inhabited. 

The  population  of  Uiissia  is  made  up  of  many  difler- 
enl  tribes  and  nations,  speaking  dillerent  languages, 
and  having  dillerent  customs,  and  religions.  Some  are 
barbarians,  some  are  civilized,  and  some  half  civ- 
ilized. 

Education.  There  arc  universities  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Warsaw,  Abo  and  several  other  places.  Kducalion 
has  heielofore  been  almost  entirely  neglected.  An 
increasing  Htlention  is  now  paid  to  it. 

lidigion.  The  cstatlished  religion  is  (hat  of  the 
Greek  church,  but  all  others  are  tolerattd,  Mahome- 
tans,  CalholicK,  Jews.  Lutherans  and  Pagans  arc 
numerous,     Bible  Societies   are  now  exteiisivdy  estab- 


J. 


goo  PRUSSIA. 

Ii»heil.     Tlicy  have  piihlUhe«;  llie  Bible  in  2S  different 

Iall^uHgeH,  and  are  dLtribuliiig  it  in  every  part  of  the 

empire.  ,  .,  ,.       , 

Government.     Tlie  governmeRt  it  a  connlitutional 

nioniirchV' 

Cinnmerre.  IluMia  liim  an  extensive  eonime rce  car- 
ried (in  through  the  Baltic,  Black,  Caspian  and  White 

Hean.  ....     1 .  I      I 

Islnmts.  JS'uva  Zembla  in  a  large  uninhabited  inland 
«r  oolltclionol'iHlandH,  in  the  Frozen  Oeeun,  northiHa 
of  Archangel.  The  inlnnds  of  JIand  and  Oesel  in  the 
Bailie  belong  to  Uussia.  The  Crimea  iii  the  Black 
ttea  it  a  peiiiiuula. 


PUUSSIA. 


m.1 


Situation.  The  PruMinn  dominions  coniist  of  lw» 
territorien,  entirely  distinct  and  separate  from  each 
other,  oue  lying  in  the  eaiif,  the  other  in  the  «e»t  of 
(jermunv. 

The  eastern  division  i%  much  the  largest,  comprehend- 
ing five  Hixths  of  the  whole,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  the 
Baltic. ;  E.  by  Kuisia  )  S.  by  the  Austrian  Dominiods 
and  Suxony  *,  VV.  by  several  small  German  States. 

The  western  division  lies  on  both  sides  the  river 
Rhine,  and  i«  hnunderl  \V.  by  the  Netherlands,  and  on 
all  other  sides  by  small  German  Slates. 

Divi^'ions,  The  eastern  division  is  divided  into  f 
provinces. 


Provinces. 

Eaut  Prussia, 

West  PrusHia, 

P,.s.n. 

Piipierania, 

Britndenburjr, 

Haxtmy, 

Silesia, 


Chief  toviiu. 

Konigsbcrg, 

l>ttnlzie, 

Posen, 

Statin, 

Berlin, 

]\Iagdeburg, 

Brchlau, 


Fop.  tf  tOKtlS^ 

5M10 
60,007 
15,992 
18,463 
166,000 
32,013 
63,000 


J 


i\  the  Bible  in  25  diffiTPiit 
ig  it  in  every  part  of  the 

nmeRt  i>  a  conolitutional 

n  extermivc  eonime rce  car- 
Bluck,  Caspian  and  While 

a  large  uninliabiteil  island 
L'  Frozen  Oeeun,  norlhittsl 
»1*  Jlaml  Hiul  Oesel  in  the 
he   Crimea  in  the  Black 


SIA. 

dominioni  consist  of  lw« 

and   Rcparale  from   each 

,  the  other  in  the  itett  of 

ph  the  largest,  pomprehend- 
and  in  bounded  N.  by  the 
)y  the   Austrian  Dnininiods 

small  German  States. 
4   on  both  sides  the   river 
y  the  Netherlands,  and  on 
man  States. 

division  is  divided  into  7 


PRUSSIA. 


SOJ 


tovini. 

;sbcrg, 

zie, 

h 

i»» 

n, 

leburg, 

au, 


Fop.  tf  tovtm, 

5(5,410 
60,007 
15,992 
18,463 
166,000 
32,013 
63,000 


The  western  division  is  called  the  Grand  Dutchy  of 
the  Lower  Uhinc,  and  the  pr.-ucipal  (onus  are  Alunnter, 
C3ulo^ue  Hiid  DuNseidorf. 

Rivers.  The  four  principal  rivers  art  the  Vistula, 
the  Oder,  the  Kibe,  and  the  Uliine. 

The  Vistula  rises  in  the  south  of  Prussia  and  emptied 
into  the  Baltic  at  Ditntzic.  The  pnneipal  purl  of  its 
course  is  in  the  Russian  dominions.  The  Oder  is  al- 
most wholly  in  Prussia.  It  rises  near  the  sources  of 
the  Vistula,  and  running  northwest  .')80  miles,  empties 
into  the  Bailie.  The  Elbe  rises  in  the  south  of  Prussia, 
and  running  northwest  500  miles,  empties  into  the  North 
Sea.     About  half  its  course  is  in  Prussia. 

The  Ilhine  runs  thront;h  the  middle  of  the  Grand 
Dulcliy  of  Lower  Rhine  dividing  it  into  two  parts.  The 
small  rivers  are,  (he  Havel,  u  branch  of  the  Elbe  ;  the 
Spree,  a  branch  of  the  Huvel  ;  the  tVarta,  a  branch  of 
the  Oder  ;  the  Jtfemel  and  the  Pre^el. 

Chief  Towns.  Iterlin,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Spree. 
It  is  a  beautiful  city  and  has  eommunication  by  canals 
with  the  Kibe  and  the  Oder.  ICutiigsbepg  is  on  the  Pre* 
gel.     I^is  well  situated  for  commerce. 

Dantxic,  on  the  Vistula,  near  its  mouth,  is  an  opn. 
lent  commercial  city.  Thorn  is  on  the  Vistula,  south 
of  Danlzic.  Fosen  is  on  the  Warta,  south  of  Dantzic, 
and  w  est  of  Warsaw 

Breslau,  Frankfort,  and  Stettin  are  on  the  Oder. 
Bresluu  has  an  extensive  commerce.  It  is  eonnected 
with  Hamburg,  by  a  canal  which  joins  the  Oder  with 
the  Elbe,  Magdeburg  i»  on  tlw  Elbe,  It  is  strongly 
fortified,  and  is  well  situated  for  commerce.  Halle, 
famous  for  its  university,  is  south  of  JVlagdeburg. 

Coblentx.  Cologne,  Aod  Dusseldorf  are  on  the  Rhine, 
in  the  western  division  of  Prussia.  Cologne  has  42,000 
inhabitants  and  considerable  commerce.  Jix  la  Cha- 
pelle,  once  th«  favorite  residence  of  Charlemagne,  and  fa- 
mous  for  several  treaties  made  there,  is  west  of  Cologne. 
Universities.  The  mos*  famous  universities  are  those 
of  Halle,  Kouigsberg.  and  Berlin. 

Population.  The  populnticn  of  tie  Prussian  domin- 
isus  is  estimated  at  10,&00,0<)0. 


tJ 


J- 


.'Ol 


ArSTHIA. 


XnHX'«'5'''  'f ''8  t'trman  luiiguuse  it  the  oiout  iirc- 
vnli'iit.  ....  ,    . 

//i'/»"ioH.  rhpi'filHl)li'Hlu'<I  ri'li«i"n  la  Liiilieraii,  Itui 
al!  HoiMH  ure  tu'.'raled,  uud  ou»;  third  of  the  population 
uru  It  inmri  i'litholicH. 

Uuvenmeut.    The  government   h  an  absolute  mon- 

•ri'hy.  ,    . 

Face  of  the  country,  &c.  The  Sudetie  moiinluiiia  run 
alon^  lliediMilhern  liouudiiry  mptiralios  Silesia  from  the 
Ausiriun  dnmiiiions.  The  n»l  of  Fru»sia  is  a  level 
country,  uiid  huH  tsenenilly  a  good  aoil,  producing  grasi, 
t>iiiiti.'flux,  hcnip,  &c. 

l.^land.  The  island  of  Jtii^en  in  the  Baltic  belongs  to 
I'ruktia. 


W* 


ml 


AUSTRIA. 

Situation.  Tlie  Austrian  dominions  are  bounded  N- 
by  rS.iiony,  Prussia  and  Uussia ;  E.  by  Russia  and 
Turkey  ;  S.  by  Turkey,  and  the  Gulf  of  Veniee  ;  S.  \V. 
by  the  IlaSlan  Stales;  W.  by  Swilzerland  and  Bavaria. 

JJivinions.    The  empire  is  divided  into  13  provinces. 


Austrian 
domin- 
ions in 
Uerma- 
By. 

AuRtrinn 
Italy. 
Poland. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
*. 

5. 
f'. 


ProK'incet. 
Archdutchy 
of  Austria, 
Sliria, 
Tyrol, 
Bohemia, 
Moravia, 
Laybach, 
Trieste, 

Venice, 
Milan, 

10.  Galicia, 

11.  Hungary, 

12.  Transylvania,l, 600.000 

13.  Dalinaiia,  295,068 
Four  mililarv  districts,  940,589 


\l: 


Population, 
1,001,215 

79P,05G 
717,512 
3.'i03,222 
1,680,935 
637,3:51 
531,060 

1,950,096 
2,161,853 

3,755,454 
8,200,000 


Chi^  Towns. 
Vienna. 

Uratz. 

Inspruek. 

Prague. 

Brunn. 

Laybaeli. 

Trieste. 

Venice. 

Milan. 

Lemberg. 

Buda. 

Hcrmansladt 

Zara. 


28,176.137 


IIA. 

uii^iiugo  it  the  muitt  \nK- 

religion  in  Liillieran,  but 
lit;  third  of  the  populatiun 

nciit   ht  an  abtolule  mon* 

rhe  Sudetie  mniinluini  run 
U'lmraliii!;  8ilr«ia  friiin  the 
v»l  of  FruHsiA  is  a  level 
i^ooil  «<)il,  iirudiiciiig  grass, 

<-en  in  the  Baltic  belongs  to 


RIA. 

(luDiinions  are  bounded  N. 
iMsia ;  K.  by  Iluitsia  and 
the  «ulf  of  Venice;  S.  \V. 
r  Hwilzerlnnd  and  Bavnria. 
i  divided  into  13  provinces. 

"ipuJation.        Chiq/"  Towns. 

1,001,215    Vienna. 


79P,05G 
717,542 
3.'iOy,222 
1,680,935 
637,3;J1 
631,066 

1,950,096 
2,161,853 
3,755,454 
8,200,000 

1,1,600.000 
295,009 

ts,  940,589 

28,176.tJ7 


Gratz. 

Inspruek. 

Prague. 

Brunn. 

Laybach. 

Trieste. 

Venice. 

Milan. 

Lemberg. 

Buda. 

Hcnnansladt. 

Zara. 


AirSTUlV 


20b 


Un-ern.  1  ho  WnHi/ftt;  is  fhc  principal  river  of  AiistrlR 
It  ri«p*  in  the  soullnvrst  corner  of  (l,.roi.inv,  n...ir  tho 
borders  of  France  and  iSwii/erland,  end  rnnninjc  from 
wesi  to  enni  ihroiiu'h  the  heart  of  fhe  Annfriun  do,i,ii,. 
i.m*,  pa,»e*  into  Turkey,  and  rmpiifH  into  the  Block 
«<Mi.  I  he  Drove  and  Save  are  l.ranchis of  tl„,  Danube, 
lliey  rue  in  the  mountains  north  of  the  (inlf  of  Venice 
and  flow  east.  The  Have  empties  at  Belgrade  It 
form^  part  of  the  boundary  between  llunn„ry  '  and 
inrkey.  The  Feme  is  the  principul  eastern  branch  of 
the  Danube.     Its  course  is  wholly  in  Hungary 

The  river  Po,  and  the  Tesino  one  of  its  branchcf 
which  rises  in  the  Alps,  are  the  boundary  of  Auitriii  on 
tlie  side  oj  Italy.  The  Po  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
Venice  rU^Mige  empties  into  the  same  Gulf  a  little 
nnrtii  nl  the  Po. 

i'kief  Ihwns.  Vienna,  the  capital  of  the  Austrian 
dominions,  is  on  the  Danube.     It  is  one  of  the   larcest 

lw"J!'i  "'"'.'   /'"".^'"'"S    '^2».^^8    inhabitants. 

Imbrue   he  capital  of   Bohemia  is  the  next  largest  city. 

SnoVnn^"/  •'''"'**'!„""?'' "'■•'•'^'  ''*'"'''•  »-."J  contai,.. 
800,000  inhabiunt..     liuila,  the  capititl  of  HunKarv.  i> 

""  )00      p't'   '??   •""'"  ?*•  «-.^''''»"«-       Popnlatio,; 
-...uuo.    fest,  on  the  same  river,  directiv  r  ppo^ile  Buda 

lias  40,000  inhabitants.     I'resburs  is  o'.  the  Danube  35 
uiilcs  east  of  Vienna. 

7.8ni6«',r,the  capital  of  Galicia, has  50,0()0  inhabitants. 
nrunn,  the  capital  of  Moravia,  is  «„  a  |,runch  of  the 
Danube.  Population,  25.000.  Gratz,  the  cnpiial  of 
Mini,  IS  on  a  branch  of  the  Drave,  70  miles  8.  of 
Vienna.  Ilerrmmtait,  the  capital  of  Transylvania,  is 
near  the  soolheasleru  extremity  of  the  Austrian  domin- 
ions.    Irieste.  is  a  seaport  on  the  (J.ilf  of  Venice. 

I  be  prio«.pal  towns  in  Austrian  Italy  are  Milan, 
\enice,  Verona,  Mantua,  and  Padua.  Milan  is 
a  walled  city,  and  has  230  churches,  40  monasteries.  00 
nunneries,  and  128.000  inhabitants.  Venice  is  built  on 
73  islands  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  It  makes 
a  srand  oppearance  at  a  distance,  seemin:;  to  float  ou 
the  sea.  Population  116,000.  Verona  is  wi^st  of  Venice, 
on  the  Adige.  Population  60,000.  Mantua,  the  birth 
13 


SOo 


ADHTUIA. 


jilnfc  of  Virgil,  u  on  tin  outlet  of  a  lake  which  cm|> 
lie*  iiili»  till-  Pn.     #Whu,  the  birlh  j»lacc  of  Mvy,  it 
bi'Uvi'eri  Mantua  ami  Venice. 

Uiiivi-rnitii'ii.  'The  priuelpal  iitiivcMitie*  are  ihoie  of 
Vipimn,  I'rugue,  Hett,  Li'inbiirg  and  I'ailua. 

Rdighn.  The  Roman  Catholic  in  the  eitablinhnl 
ritii^ion,  and  all  otheri  are  loleralrcl.  About  three 
fuurllit  of  the  inhnbitantM  an;  lioman  Oalholie*  ;  but 
in    Hungary  and  'rratmylvania  the    mHJcirily    of  the 

Kipululiou  arc    ekher  frutettantu   or  adhurcult  of  tho 
reek  church 

ODvernmmt.  The  government  U  an  hereditary  mon- 
archy. The  empire  ii  made  up  of  man>  dilVerent  coun- 
triei,  which  are  jijoverned  by  different  law*.  In  lome 
prnvincei  the  emperor  hua  much  wore  power  than  io 
othera. 

Langungf.  The  lan^uaKen  are  various.  The  prln- 
nipal  arc  the  OcraiHn,  Hdavouiu,  Hungarian  and 
Italian. 

Population.  The  number  of  inhabitants  i«  more  than 
3'},(»00,000.  They  are  made  up  of  muny  difterent  na- 
tions, Hulavoniana,  (iermant,  liungnriunN,  llaliaMt,  &e. 
I'heir  characters  area*  heterogonunun a*  their  language 
and  their  government. 

Mmntnins.  The  Mps  icnarale  Austrian  Italy  from 
the  rent  of  the  empire.  'I'lie  Carpathian  mo«Minin« 
•cparate  Huni^ary  rroni  Oalicia.  BoluMnia  w  almoHt 
turrounded  by  moiintainR  ?  the  Erz,^i'.ljprff  moiiiilain^ 
■eparale  it  from  Saxony  on  the  N.  W.  and  Iho  Smli'tic 
chain  divides  it  from  Silesia,  in  the  Prussian  domin- 
ions, on  the  N.  K. 

Mhierah.  The  mountains  of  Austria  are  rich  in 
valuable  minerals,  iron  mines  abound  in  the  mountain- 
ous tj*;, Ion  near  the  gulf  of  Venice.  Quicksilver  and 
lead  are  obtained  there  also  in  large  quantities  ;  but 
the  principal  mines  are  in  the  provinces  of  Hungary 
and  Transyivanirt,  bordering  on  the  Carpathian  moun- 
tains. Here  are  numerous  gold  and  silver  mines  ;  an<l 
enpper,  coal,  and  salt  are  found  in  various  places.  The 
celebrated  salt  mines  of  Wielitskn  are  in  Oalicia,  H 
miltts  S.  of   Cracow.       In  working  these   mines,  pits 


of  A  lake  which  cin|)- 
irth  |iii(C.e  of  Mvy,  i« 

iKiivmitie*  are  thoie  of 
anil  I'ailua. 

nlie  in  (he  eitabliiihril 
ticruteil.  About  three 
Uomuii  Oalholie*  ;  but 
i  (he  uiHJiirily  uf  (lie 
nt*   or  adhureiilt  »f  tho 

fit  '.*  an  hereditary  mon- 

of  mail)  clilVerent  coun- 

nVrrnt    law*.     In  lome 

li   uiuro  power  than  ia 

ire  variouH.  The  prin- 
iToiiiu,     Hungarian   and 

inhabitants  i«  mure  than 
|i  uf  muiiy  ilitt'erenl  na< 
lungnriuiiN,  lialiaMt,  &e. 
jnununa*  (heir  language 

ate  Au4trian  Italy  from 
Carpathian  mniiMt>tin« 
\.  HolK'inia  w  ulinoHt 
'.  Erx^e.ljprff  m<iUMt«in« 
\.  W.  nml  Ihf  Suili'tir 
n  (he    Pru««inn   iluniin- 

!tf  Ainlrift  are  rich  in 
abound  in  the  mountain- 
nice.      Qniekiiilver  and 

in  large  quantilien  ;  but 
I  provincei*  of  Hungary 

the  Carpathian  moun- 
I  and  lilver  mines  ;    and 

in  various  places.  The 
(ska  are  in  Oalicia,  H 
rkini;  these   mines,  pits 


UKRMANY. 


t07 


have  been  sunk  (n  a  great  depth,  and  galleries  and 
subterraueous  chanibrnt  of  inii  entu  ti?.e  have  bren 
fornii-d.  The  principal  mine  in  more  than  a  mile  long, 
l,nuo  feet  broad,  and  743  feet  deep.  It  has  been  worked 
above  ouo  y*-ars  and  is  apnarenltv  inexhaustible. 

Soil  and  I'roJnctiuns.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
parti><j|arly  in  Hungary  and  Austrian  Italy,  producing 
corn  and  uiuii. 


OEUMANY. 

JS'anie.  Germany  is  (he  country  united  under  (he 
Germanic  (/'onfederation.  It  embraces  (he  greater  part 
of  the  Prussian  Dominions,  abuu(  one  ihird  of  (he 
Austrian  dominions,  Holslein,  belonging  lo  Denmark  ) 
Luxemburg,  now  a  provinee  of  the  Netherlnnds  {  the 
kingdom  of  Hanover,  of  which  his  Brilannic  majesty 
lakes  (he  (itlcof  kiiijji  80  iiidcp.ndeni  slates,  governed 
by  native  German  princes,  and  4  free  cities. 

Situation.  Germany  is  bounded  N.  by  the  North 
Sea,  Denmark  and  the  Baltic  ;  K.  by  the  eastern  parts 
of  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  dominions;  8.  bv  Italy 
and  Switzerland;  and  W.  by  France  and  the  kingdom 
of  the  Netherlands.  '^ 

Diviiims.  Germ«ny  is  divided  into  independent 
states.  They  may  be  olasicd  in  two  divisions,  (lie 
greater  and  smaller. 


Greater  State*. 
Austrian  dominions  > 
in  Germany,        J 
Prussian  dominions  > 
in  Germany,       ^ 
Kingdom  of  Bavaria, 
Kingdom  of  Wirtembcrg, 
Kingdom  of  Hanover, 
Kingdom  of  Haxony, 
Grand  Dutchy  of  Uadeo, 

Greater  8iate»f 


Population. 
0,303,367 

7,023,439 

3,500,000 
1,300,463 
1,308,31)1 
1,232,000 
1,001,603 


Chief  ToMsni, 

Vienna. 

Berlin. 

Munieh. 

Btuttgard. 

Hanover. 

Dresden. 

Maubeim. 


108 


ORRMANY. 


Small  j/i/i«. 
lirnMii  Uiitrlir  or  HfHff, 

lluUlfiit  Niiil  Laurnliiirif, 

HRiiMimick, 

Mfi'kli-iiliiirgHphwcrin. 

MefkhnbuiK-Mliilil/., 

NttlkHU, 

HHii'-Wfimur, 

HHke>(ioilia, 

8uif<i!iil)uri(, 

MHxe-Meiniiigpn, 

Hitxi>-ilil(iliuri^linii«fn, 

IliiUlfiii  Oldt'iiliurg, 

\llllKll-l)('t*HU, 

Aiihitit-llMrnbLTgi 
Aiihall^'ollii'n, 
hwariKburK-HondrrhaiKm, 
Swarly.liiiriij  ItiitluUiaili, 
lichfny.ollviii-Hechiniifen, 
nnhen/iilleru*Higu)uriugcii 
liichteiiRtein, 
Wahlerk, 

K«-u««()rei(x,  * 

UeuMii-hubeiiHlciii, 
SchuUfiiburg-Lilipej 
Lippe-Dvtnioltl, 
lleitke-Huiiiburg, 

Free  Cilifn, 

Liiheck, 

Frttnckfort  on  the  ^fayti, 

lirenien, 

Hamburg 


Smaller  Staten  and 
free  cities, 


] 


Pnfiulitlinn, 

AHN.OOO 
AlA.Olin 
tfrt-l.tMH 

SMI.AOH 
H.'.dllO 

81.HU0 
Ad,<i(.1 

44,0A0 
14.100 

aH.000 

a,54A 

47.900 
Mi,H90 

04,rai 

72,500 
iO,U64 

43,927 

ra,4oo 
4t).aoo 

12tt,73tt 
4,216,009 


Mrntx. 

Kiel. 

l.uxrinbiii'^. 

HrtiimHiek. 

Hcliw-riii. 

Hirt'lil/.. 

NnKHiiii. 

Weimar. 

(ioilia. 

('obiiri(. 

Meiiiingen. 

Ililtlburi^liaiiiPn. 

Oltlciiburg. 

DfMNNU. 

Uentberg. 

C'tithcn. 

Hontlerhaanea. 

Kiiiioliitttilt. 

Ili'cbiiigeii. 

HiKmariiig<>n4 

liiclitenktviu. 

Wahleek. 

Oreilz. 

liobiMi«tein. 

Hcliaiienburg, 

DL'tmnUi. 

llumburg. 

Lubee. 
Frniickfnrt. 
Bromen. 
Hamburg. 


(.HUMAN  V. 


9» 


Mriilx. 

Kiel. 

l.uiirinl)ii>'i|. 

Hrtii)»»itk* 

Hcliw-riii. 

Hin'lil/.. 

>Veiin»ri 

(iotllH. 

M«itiinK«*n. 

llil<llMiri;liAUirn, 

OMfiiburg. 

DeitMHU. 

Ueritbergi 

Cdlhcii. 

Hiin<lerhHniie«. 

Kii<liil«ttt<tt. 

Ili-cliiiigfii. 

hiKmariiigcn. 

liiclitenktiiiu. 

Wnltleek. 

Oreitz. 

liobeixtein. 

Hcliaiienburg. 

Detmold. 

lluinburg. 

49,827  Lubee. 

73,400  FrftiK'kfort. 

4«.300  Bri'men. 

iatt,r3tt  Hamburg. 


Siliialldnoflhf  greater  »tntf I.  The  I'ru«iinn  ilomin* 
lotia  MFH  in  |Im<  \,  K.  (  the  Audrian  tlomiiiiiuii  nrr  in  llm 
H.  !■:.  t  llikvnria,  Wirlrnibrrir,  anil  tin«ti-n,  in  tin*  M.  W.  i 
nmi  liunovrr  in  (lie  N.  W.  Mamnjr  in  bt-hM-cn  tho 
I'rnikian  nnil  Autlriaii  doininioni,  in  (lif  «n»l  i  anti  llic 
wetlcrn  tlivitinn  of  I'ruiiiu  it  luulli  nf  iliinuver,  in  llir 

HfMt. 

Silunll'in  <if  the  smaller  ntaten.  The  Hmitilcr  ilnlo* 
are  prinnpally  •>>  (he  north,  between  (he  twn  «li«i»iiin» 
nrtho  l*ru««iaii  duinininni. 

(inverntn.nt.  The  Uerman  •talcM  are  in<le|trn(lenl. 
|irin(*iuali'iee,  but  united  under  a  Conffdcratiiin  I'nr 
niuluul  defonoe  and  |irotfrlion.  Tho  F«'di>rativi>  Diet 
cnnititia  uf  t7  |il('ui|iiitentiarirH,  and  (he  (it'nrral  A«< 
Hcmbly  nt  A»  m^mberii.  The  aeaiiona  are  held  at 
Franrkl'urt  on  thi*  iMaine. 

Population.     'I'hr  pniiulatinn  ii  30,033,78 1. 

JleJiffion.  The  l*rolc«(nnt  religion  nrovena  ir  (he 
north  of  (lermanvi  and  (ho  Catholic  in  the  tnuth.  The 
iiunibfr  of  C'a(holicii  i«  1,1,0 ^7,OiiO{  (ho  remainder  ol'tha 
po|Hila(iitn  are  principally  i'roteHlanI*. 

Literature,  The  Uermani  have  urrivi^d  to  a  hiuh 
decree  t.f  eminence  in  literature  and  (he  NPiencPH.  In 
many  branehci  they  lurpiui  all  ntlier  nation*.  Thcru 
are  about  ^0  univtrriitien,  containing  in  all  U,ooo  ntn- 
dentil.  About  a,oou  new  bonk*  arc  iiubliiihfd  every 
year.  There  arc  lur^e  librurieH  in  all  (he  principal 
tuwu!!,  many  of  which  are  open  (o  (he  public. 

Language.  Th(  Uerman  lani^unge  prevniU  in  all  ihu 
•tate*.     It  in  opnkeH  in  (he  i(ren(eiit  purity  in  Haxony. 

liivera.  The  Oder  in  wholly  in  (jerniiiiiy.  It  eniptie* 
into  the  Haltic.  The  Elbe  t'nen  in  ilie  ea«t,  and  run* 
north  went  into  the  North  Men.  The  ITeiier  em|ilie*  u 
little  fouth  nf  the  F]lbe.  It  riite*  in  the  centre  of  (Ger- 
many. The  Uliine  then  in  Mwilzerlaiid.  For  lome  din- 
tiince  it  leparatPH  France  from  (lennacyt  after  which 
it  pasiieM  throuijli  the  we<*trrii  diviwion  of  the  Prufwian 
dominion*  into  the  kingdom  nf  the  Netherlandu,  and 
emptier  into  the  North  Sea.  The  Jlnine  is  a  brnneh  of 
the  Khiue.  It  riMe*  on  the  coniiiiei  of  Bohemia,  and 
flowing  weat,  emptieii  at  Menlz. 
18« 


m 


^\X^l^^ 


Tlie  Vauiilm  r»»««in  lUtli-n, ticir  lli.'  ...uitnuil  Mrnpf 
of  (k'luiany,  kimI  fl«iwiiiK  <'i»»i  iltroiiali  ^V  iiU  inUfi^.  lU 
varia,  ill*  AuMriiin  Juwhiumi*,  uml  l'iifl»«y,«mpllM  inn« 
till*  ilUrk  He*       riie  |iriii(i|ii»l  braiieliit  urili*  lltinub* 
mt*  ill*  l»fr  ami  il«f  Inn. 

Frr>'  Vitit*.  Ilnmhurff  i«  ft  forliluMl  rity  on  «lif  v  1m". 
•0  inilf*  from  !«•  muuili.  It  u  ilu-  »lr«t  nly  in  Urrnmwjr 
Ml  iioinl  of  co'nn«<*ree,  anil  liui  bp»n  ri-i-koiii'd  »li«  «lii<«l 
ill  Kuro|ii'.  l.iJn-  u  Horilirunt  of  llanilmrg,  ni-ar  Ihi- 
iiiottlh  nl'n  •luttll  rivfr  wIih-Ii  i-mjilii*  Into  \U<-  Hallic. 
Hicmrnuon  llio  Wi-iifr.iOUllnvMl  ollUiiiliiirn.  FrnHrfc- 
/i<rn»u  llm  .Vein*- i»  llir  »i'»l  of  I  If  Fnltrtiiivi'  |li»f. 
rhi*  luft'CMort  of  CliaiUniaiiMP  fiiriii»rly  ruttthA  in 
Fian#kft.rl,  arid  llie  tuijicror*  of  (Jeniiuny  wero  uiually 
ciowiiril  ilirrr. 

Ftir^  nfth¥  tountrif.  Tho  norltiiTn  purt  of  fJcruinny 
••iuj»i»l»  iliiill>  iil«'nl«' *nii'ly  |iluin4(  ilif  houiIhu.:  jiart 
)•  nttuvlaiiiou*.    'I'lii!  »uil  i*  gviieruliy  iVriil«. 

BAXONV. 


Situation.  8n»ony  i*  in  «h<'  rn«t  of  (iorinany,  lietwff n 
tlio  I'i'iKitian  anil  •\iutiiiiii  Ptiiiiininin.  'The  Kibe  run* 
llii-oii^li  llii'  kingtlnin  fruni  H.  K.  to  N.  W. 

(•l'i<>fTotrnH.  Ihnulun,  llie  capital,  \%  on  the  Kibe. 
ll  iiom'ofii.e  hrtiitU<»n»'»»  lowiiii  in  Kuropc.  It  con- 
tuinn  II  mn«nilieinl  pnUce,  rtirnithetl  with  a  library  of 
l.io.OMO  voliimeo.  It  liaa  ruriom  maiiufaclnre*,  ami 
4U,000  inhabitant*. 

Lfii'Hir,  wim  of  Dreidtiii,  i»  «  utrVbralid  mart  of 
i;,rinHn  lilenilure.  At  the  Jair,  \  h  b  are  hcl  h  .c 
ll..ee  iiin»'»  a  year,  imin.^n*-  -n  ?>UrJ!  •  n"  book*  are  •old 
and  bartered.  The  University  at  Lcipnie  ia  one  of  tlia 
m..-,t  f«inuuk  in  Europe.     Population  32,()0(). 

Uttrature.  Sa»ony  it  celebrated  for  it*  irhnoU,  and 
il«  litiTalure.  The  Herman  language  ii  npuken  here  in 
it!  greatest  putilv,  and  many  of  the  most  celebrated 
writers  in  that  langoage  received  their  education  in 
Saxoiiy. 


lfA\«»VKl! 


«h 


>M  till-  .iiitlliW»'»(  Mrfltf 
ruiiuli  \\  hii-intii  fif,  1)4- 
ml  litrl»«)i,rm|»li»«  inlw 
liraiiehit  utiU*  lUnuhe 

itrlilifd  riljr  on  ill*  '-' 
\iv  »ir«t  fily  inllrrnirtiiy 
vrri  rci'koiird  (liu  lliiid 
uf  lUniliurg,  iKar  (he 
in|iiic*  inlii  ill)*  lUliir. 
■(uiilmitlMirif.  Fratii-k- 
if  llif  Fnlirtiiive  |li»f. 
le  riiniKfrly  rKtiilcil  in 
f  (i«!riiiitn>  Mero  uiuntljr 

rllirrn  purl  of  ClpnnftH) 
luiiK  I  ilir  iiniitli**).:  |inrt 
iitfrull)  iVrlil«. 


1141  of  (Jerinanjf,  l»elwfi«n 
iininii«.  'lite  Kibe  run* 
:.  to  N.  W. 

cii|Ml«l,  U  on  (he  Kllie. 
vn»  ill  K 11  rope.  It  con- 
lithril  with  a  lihrary  of 
riuut   muiiuravtnrci,  iinii 

i«  A  cr'ebralcd  mart  of 
r«  \>h<ih  are  licl  h  .e 
!.n!i«ri)  i'f  hook*  Ar«  tolil 
I  at  LcipKio  i»  unc  of  tlia 
ilation  32,i)0(). 
rated  fur  it*  irhoola,  and 
inguagc  ii  «puken  here  in 
of  the  inoiil  celeliratcd 
eived  (heir  education  in 


Orf^rnuuHt.     Thtgovern«..n(  U  ««„,r.|,v.  „,.,,.  i 

/r,«/«W4„„<       Thr  Und  i,  «%r||   r„|liva|„|,   »,,!  „„, 
<l«i.-.'.  .11  kMMU  of  ^r«,„  .,,.1  v.gH.,t,le..      tU    K,i' ! 

-HMum  »alu.,.|.  ,„i„..,  of  ,i,,,,,  „     ,/.j  ;';';j 


IIANOVKU. 

ti' u  1;^;:.;;..-:?  r'^^r^^i:^^^    '- 

nj.a»...«i,.*  (.v//„.,.«  i. .,..  .„.  i.,i„..,  0  •.    ./i'";; 

ll«....vn.       N  u...ve..i.y  J,  o,,,  „r  U...   ,' ,;  .  |, ,;, 

»"  the  world      K  ha,  t^^  ,,n,i; ,..  „  M,,.,      .r  ,'o     ,o 

am'^rumvnt.    The-  kin,  of  Oreaf  UrJ.ain  •»  kin»  ..I 
Ilanovor.      Ihe  governmei.t  i.  cauduCed  Lv  a  c«L!.c 

//f/<>ion.    The  religion  i«   l.tnluTnu.      About  «■>• 
leiilh  of  (be  inbahitaHt*  are  t«il,«lip,.  "^ -""'  ""* 

BAVARIA. 

«"" .....I  ^v.  I nihVk.U^rof 'vi  :„.tr' T,  •'"• 

long*  to  nnvHrin.  "'"cii  oe- 


c>,«  WIRTKMBEUO 

.ilk  anil  00.000  iiii.al.i.an(«.    Jius;^bur?;  38  ii>ile»  N. 
w    .rx  .nich    has  i8,ooo  in!ial.i«ani«.     Jtatisbmh  «n 
1  llmA  K.-r  Munich,  ha.  3.,000  inhabitant.. 
(ioZTmiU     The  government  \n  absolute  monarchy. 
iSSr  The  prevailing  religion  in  Romaa  Cn  ho- 
He      Onlv  one  fifth  of  the-inhahitant*  are  P^'e-'t^'t  ; 
EduatioZ    Education  uan  formerly  much  neglec  e. 
in  Srria     The  ehild.eu  are  no.  general  y  -  rue  e. 
in  the  common  branches  of  education.     There  aie  niree 
imiversilieR,  and  about  twenty  academies. 

TnToftiecuuntr,,.      On  the  south  Bavaria  is  scpar- 
ateXcm   heTyro/in  Austria  by   rusged  mountains 
and  on  the  northeast  there  is  another  range  betweeen 

Rnvaria  and  Bohemia.  ,  . 

Srs     The  Danube,  Inn,  her,  and  Mame,  are  the 

principal  rivers. 

WIRTEMBERG. 

8\tmtion.    Wirtemhorg  lies  between  Bavaria  oa  the 
"Siv.";'  "ftX'r^tancb  of  the  Rhine,  is  the 

jSe^lnTSS  inhabitants.   'Tubiugen  is  on  the 
Kar,Vo.nil''«S- ''^Stuttgart.    It  has  a  university, 
and  e.roo  inhabilimt«. 
Eeligion.    The  religion  is  Lutheran. 

BADEN. 

'sitmHon.    B.ulen  is  in  the  ^"'^"^".""rknJ^u 

ii  K  i«  Wiripiiibera  on  the  h. ;  !?«ii/.eiinii"  uu 

r  S. ;  Ind  tie  llSe ,  wl^ieh  separates  it  from  France, 

""c!;'.r5t»,s.     Miuheim,  the  largest  town,  is  siluated 
at  the  conflueuce  of  the  iNeckar  with  the  Rhine.    It  has 


G 

f.s6wr2"j  3*  miles  N. 
ii«anl!4-  Jtatisbnn,  "ti 
IB  2:i,ooo  inliabitttiit?. 
is  absclule  nioimrchy. 
;ion  iH  Romaa  Cntho- 
inU  are  ProlestantH. 
merly  much  neglected 
w  irenerally  iustructed 
ion.  There  hie  three 
idemies. 

iiilh  Bavaria  is  icpar- 
jy  rugged  mo'.intaing, 
other  range  betweeen 

er,  and  Maine,  are  the 


RG. 

Btween  Bavaria  oa  the 

li  of  the  Rhine,  is  the 
into  Baden. 

e  capital,  is  near  the 
,  It  has  a  large  public 
nt  palace,  various  man- 
j.  Tubiugen  is  on  the 
t.    It  has  a  university, 

itheran. 


nuthwest  corner  of  Ger- 
he  K. ;  Switzerland  ou 
eparattigitfrom  France, 

largest  town,  is  situated 
•  with  the  Rhine.    It  has 


POLAND. 


213 


18.000  inhnliilanls.      Carlsmhr,  the  residence  of  llio 
grand  duke,  has  1.1,000  inhubiianls. 

Ueligion.  A  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Lulher- 
ans. 

POLAND. 

Situatio7i.  Poland  was  formerly  a  powerful  kingdom 
of  Europe.  Ij inj^  between  Russia,  I'liissia,  and  Aunlria. 
It  i'omprebeniled  the  province  of  Gnlieia,  now  belonging 
to  Austria;  the  province  of  Posen.  now  belonging  to 
Prussia;  and  nearly  all  that  part  of  Russia  which  lies 
between  the  Dwina  on  the  north,  the  Diiieper  on  the 
east,  and  the  Dniester  on  the  south. 

History.  In  1773,  Poland  was  distracted  bv  internal 
dissensions,  k'his  furnished  Russia,  Pni8sia,Vnd  Aus- 
Iria,  with  a  pretence  for  interftrence.  Tluy  accordingly 
took  possession  of  a  large  portion  of  the  country,  and 
divided  it  between  them.  In  1793  they  interfered  a 
second  lime,  and  dismembered  a  second  portion  ;  and  in 
1789  they  divided  the  remainder,  and  annihilated  the 
kingdom. 

The  greater  part  of  Poland  is  now  under  the  domin- 
i»n  of  the  emperor  of  Russia,  who  takes  the  title  of 
king  of  Poland. 

Chipf  Towns.  fVarsaw,  the  capital,  and  ICilna,  be- 
long  to  Russia ;  Lemberg,  to  Austria  ;  and  Foseii  to 
Prussia.  Cracow,  ou  the  Vistula,  is  a  free  city.  It  has 
2S,000  inhabitants. 

Umversities.  There  are  universitieg  at  Cracow, 
AVilna,  Posen,  and  Warsaw. 

Religion.  Most  of  the  Poles  are  Roman  Catholics. 
Jews  are  very  numerous.  There  are  probably  more 
Jews  in  Poland  than  in  any  other  country. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Situation.  Switzerland  ia  bounded  by  Germany  on 
the  N.  and  E.  ;  by  Italy  on  ttie  S.  and  by  France  on  the 

JDivisions.    Switzerland  is  divided  into  22  cantons. 


4L. 


S14 


SWITZERLAND. 


Cantoiit- 

1.  BAle, 

2.  Holeure, 

3.  Argnw, 

4.  Zurich, 
6.  Hcliuflliauaen, 

6.  Tliurgow, 

7.  Appenxell, 

8.  St.  Gall, 


Cantom. 
17.  Neuthatcfll, 
to.  VttuJ, 
10.  (Icncva, 

20.  Vallttii, 

21.  Tessirio, 

22.  Uriioui. 


Cnnloiit- 
9.  (llarus, 

10.  Hchwfilz, 

11.  Zu8, 

12.  Uri, 

13.  UnJerwalJen, 

14.  Lucerne, 

15.  Berue, 
jia.  Friburg, 

Lakes.  Swilzerland  ha«  mnny  heantiful  lake». 
The  principal  are  the  Lake  of  Constance  in  the 
northeLt,  al.d  the  Lake  of  Gcneca  in  the  .oulhwtst. 
Both  theU  lake,  are  celebrated  for  their  p.ctur«que 
•eenery.  Lake  Lucerne  i»  in  the  centre  of  hwitzerlHuJ. 
The  lakes  of  Zus  and  Zurich  are  imall  lake,  norlheait 
of  Lake  Lucerne.  JV«uc/.fltenake  i.  in  ihe  we.t  near 
the  border,  of  France.  The  four  la.t  "«»"{*;'  'l^" 
emptv  through  amail  rivers  into  the  Aar,  a  branch  of 

""^JlWfl'in*.  The  Jllp^  run  along  the  «hole  .outbern 
boundary  separating  HwitzerUi.d  from  Italy.  ine 
principal  summit,  are  ,Mont  ^'««^  "'« '"« '"Sr"i' 
tain  in  Kurope,  and  Mont  Romj  each  more  than  1 5,000 
feet  high.    Mount  St.  Qothard  is  in  the  centre  of  the 

^  ^Uivers.  The  Rhine  rises  in  mount  Ht.  Gothard,  anJ 
flow.  N.  E.  to  Lake  Constance.  After  leaving  that 
lake  it  first  run*  west,  scparatmi;  Switzerland  from 
Germauy,  and  then  north,  sepHratiiig  France  from  Uer- 
many  ;  aid  .!..-..  N.  W.  through  the  -"tern  division  of 
the  Prnssian  dominions  and  the  kingdom  of  the  Wether- 
lands  to  the  North  Sea.  ^     _    ,      .       • 

T  he  Rhone  rises  near  Mount  St.  Oolliard  and  runs 
west  to  the  lake  of  Geneva.     After  leaving  that  lake,  i 
runs  southwest  to  Lyons  in  France,  and  then  south  to 
the  Mediterranean.     The  Mr  and  the  Renss  rise  near 
Mount  St.  Goihard  and  flowing  north  unite,  and  empty 

into  the  Rhine.  ,,  ,,      .,     ,  j    „  .t,^ 

Chipf  Towns.     Geneva  is  beautifully  situated  on  the 

southern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  at  the  egrese 


h 


D. 


leu, 


Cantom. 
17.  Neuthalrt, 
to.  Vttud, 
10.  Oenc^va, 

20.  Vallaii, 

21.  Tessino, 

22.  UrUoui. 


nny  beautiful  lakei. 
,f  Constance  in  the 
tea  in  the  Houlhwest, 
lor  their  pictur»»que 
•entre  of  Switzerlaml. 

smnll  lake*  northea»t 
kc  18  in  the  west  near 
mr   last  named  lukea 

the  Aar,  a  branch  of 

ng  the  whole  tootbcra 
a  from  Italy.  '^he 
iKC,  the  higltest  inoun- 
each  more  than  15,000 
i  in  the  centre  of  the 

ount  Ht.  Gothard,  anJ 
?.  After  leaving  that 
ng  Switzerland  from 
tiiig  France  from  Ger- 
Ihe  western  division  of 
kingdom  of  the  Nether- 

St.  Oolliard  and  rurts 
er  leaving  that  lake,  it 
,nce,  and  then  south  to 
nd  the  lieuss  rise  near 
north  unite,  and  empty 

utifully  situated  on  the 
)f  Geneva,  at  the  egrese 


SWITZERLAND. 


ttft 


of  the  Rhone.  The  surrounding  country  is  re markahly 
pictUH'ique.  The  lukes,  the  hills,  (lie  dlNfaut  AIjir 
eovtred  with  eternal  snow,  and  Mont  HIanc  rearing  itit 
lofty  head  to  ihe  cloudu,  give  «  wonderful  beuiiiy  and 
flulilimily  to  the  prospect,  (ieneva  in  celebrated  as  Iho 
residence  of  Calvin,  and  the  asylum  of  the  rerormed 
religion.     Population  26,000. 

Bale,  or  Basil,  is  in  the  northwest,  on  the  Riiine. 
Population  10,000.  Ihrne  is  on  the  Aur,  south  of  Hale. 
Poptilalion  13,000.  Schafffinusen  is  «!aMt  of  BiUe,  ni-ur  a 
celebrated  i-afaract  in  tlie  Rtii.;?.  Lucerne,  Ziis^,  Zu- 
rich, and  Constiince  ure  on  lakes  of  the  same  uaincs,  nt 
their  reHp-eiiv*  oiitltts. 

Education.  There  is  a  Univertify  at  fionevn,  which 
has  22  profesKors,  1.000  stiideutM,  and  a  library  of 
BOjOOO  vdlumes.  Tht-re  is  also  a  Univi«r!,ily  ai  BiVie, 
and  college-)  at  Zuricii,  Uenie,  I.ucpr.,  •,  and  Sclmtl'Jbau- 
sen.     Common  sehonU  are  univrrs.iiij   L'stublishud. 

Government.  Each  caiiiou  i«  'in  iridcpcndent  repHb- 
lie;  but  for  the  common  sncuriiy  tlie  rations  are  united 
in  a  confi'deracv,  governed  by  a  gi-npru!  dit-t. 

Religion.  'I'he  inhabitaii'ls  me  eitbei  tJalvinists  nr 
Coolies.     The  former  are  most  numtrout. 

Populntinn.     The  population  is  about  'J,'WO,000. 
Face  of  the  conntnj.     Swilzei  land,  esppcially  in  the 
south,  is  made  up  of  higb  moiinliiiiis  iiiid  deep  vallies 
interspersed  with  beautiinl  jukes.     It  abounds  with  wild 
and  picturesque  sceneiy. 

Chararter.  The  Swiss  are  a  people  of  simple  nifin- 
ners,  iuduntrinus.  brave,  fond  of  liberty,  and  slroni-ly 
afiacbcd  to  their  country.  The  absent  soldier  wt'H|,s 
when  he  thinks  on  the  lakes  and  the  vallies,  the  brooks 
and  (he  mountains,  among  which  he  passed  the  happiest 
season  of  his  life.  ' ' 

JS'ntvrnl  Curiosities.  The  summits  and  ridges  of  the 
Alps  are  covered  with  glaciers,  or  fields  of  ice,  of  vast 
extent  and  inaguiBcence.  They  often  reach  down  the 
sides  of  the  mountains,  even  to  the  borders  of  the  culii- 
vated  vallies.  These  immense  masses  resting  in  an 
ini'Iiiicd  position,  sometimes  slide  down  the  declivity, 
and  in  a  moment  overwhelm  the  villages  below. 


tie 


NRTIIERLANUH. 


The  mountain*  Ihemselveii  arfi  Bomctime*  iindcrminptl 
by  torronti,  iin<l  prepin'iiated  into  llie  viillifn.  In  IHOft 
a  part  of  llu'  RiMenlicri;  mountiiin  f«  ll,nntl  Ituried  kovi'iuI 
popnlous  villancH  of  the  canton  of  sichweilz,   willi  all 

their  inliahitnnln. 

Vroiluclions.  Switzerland  produce*  corn,  wiue,  cat- 
tip,  5cc. 

NETHERLANDS. 


Situation.  Tbe  kini,'dom  of  the  Nftherlands  in  honnil- 
ed  \.  and  W.  by  ibe  North  Sea;  E.  by  Oerniau),  and 
Sj.  bv  France. 

jJivisioM.     This  country  is  divided  into  l-l  prov  au-es. 


Provincfi. 

1  Oronin{»cn, 

3  Frieitland, 
.1  Overyjtsel, 

4  Uuelilerland, 
6  Utrecht, 

6  II  tllimd, 

7  Zealand, 


Chiif  Town. 
tirooin^en. 

Li-warden. 

Dcvciiter. 

Nimei^uen. 

Ulrecht. 

Anntcrdani. 
Middleburg. 


Provincei. 
8  Hntbant, 
1)  Flanders, 
10  Haiiiitiit, 
tl  Namur, 
13  Lii'^'e, 
t3  Lunburg, 
H  Luxemburg 


Chirf  To  WW. 
nriiH>te!ii. 
(iiient. 

Nrtoinr. 
Liege.    ^ 

LiinhnrfiC' 
Luxemburg. 


The  seven  provinces  mentioned  in  the  first  eoluma 
are  in  th<>  north,  and  conMiniie  the  country  formerly 
called  Hulland.  or  I  he  Seven  United  Provinrps. 

Bail.  The  Zuydpr  Zee  is  a  great  bay  ol  the  North 
Sea,  Bctliug  up  from  the  north  into  the  northern  prov- 
inces. .        ^  II- 

llivers.  The  Rhine  conies  from  Germany,  and  di- 
vider into  several  branches.  On^*  branch  proceeds  north, 
andempiies  info  the  Zuyder  Zee:  the  rest  flw  west 
into  the  North  Sea  The  Meune  rises  in  the  east  ol 
Fran.'^,  and  running  north  into  tbe  Netherlands  puns 
the  Rhine  near  its  mouili.  The  M>se.Ue  rises  also  in 
the  east  of  Fiaii'f.  and  running  norib"asl  tbrougb  tbe 
Netherlands  miIi-  l»iri><>»ny,  empties  into  the  Rhine  at 
Cobieutz.     The  Scheldt  rises  in  the  northeast  of  France, 


J 


lNUS. 

•e  ■omctime*  iindprminptl 

lo  ihe  vullifii.     In   IHOrt 

in  f«  ll,Butl  Itiirieil  nevfiul 

of  sichweilz,   willi  all 

ruiluce»  corn,  wine,  oa(- 


\NDS. 

llie  Netherlands  is  honntl- 
u ;  K.  by  Ueriniui} ,  and 

divided  into  1-t  [iruvliiecs. 


Prcvincet. 
Hritbiint, 
Fl<iii(ler8, 
Haiimiit, 
i\amur, 

Liiiiburj;, 
'  Luxemburg 


Chirf  Tovini- 
DriiMHelii. 
(iiient. 

Moil!). 

NrtMiiir. 
Liese.    ^ 
Liinburfi^. 
Luxemburg. 


ined  in  the  first  eoluma 
lie   tite  country  formerly 
United  Provinces, 
a  great  bay  of  the  North 
into  the  northern   prov- 

from  Germany,  and  di- 
iii*  bratiph  proeeeds  north. 
Zee;  the  rost  fl')W  west 
"use  rises  in  the  east  of 
to  the  Netherlands  joins 
he  Jfi)se.lle  rises  also  in 
ig  norihi'iist  through  the 
mpties  into  the  Rhine  at 
iu  the  Dortheast  of  France, 


NKTHKULANDS. 


*'17 


and  runmng  N  into  the  Netherlands,  empties  intn  the 
North  Mia  near  the  mouths  of  the  Rhine. 

nr«  .If.  "-^  *'',''  '""«  "'-y'  .'^'''^  provinces  on  f  he  soaeoust 
are  every  xvhere  flat  and  sumfy  ;  nml  so  low,  that  (he 
...habitant*  have  been  obliged  to  build  dikes  ir  moun  U 
a  ouga  great  part  of  it  to  prevent  inunda.ioi.s  from!  lie 

viiiees  I,  that  of  a  large  marsh  that  has  been  drained 
Mueh  oJ  the  surface  is  bclo»v  the  level  „f  the  nel 

1  he  interior  provinces  in   ||,e   south   nre    a;rreeublv 
d.vmihed  «ah  hills  and  vallie.,  fertile  atid  HnHly  cul^ 

nw5?M'*"  T^f^''"  canals  in  the  flat  country  are  innw 
n  erable.     They  are  almost  as   frequent  as    rouds    in 

:Se:;rXtes!"'''^^^"'"^''^'"''^''''-'--H 


C/iief  Towns,    .imstenhm,  the  largest,  richest,  niid 

ot  «oo^      Ihe  houses  ure  of  briek  or  stone,  an(  are 

ngsis  he  stadthouse,  which  is  esteemed  one  of  the 
Jiues  structures  in  the  ^vorld  5  it  is  built  on  1  |,(  00 
wooden  pile,.  Amsterdam  was  once  the  seemid  eily  iu 
Ijuropc  in  noinl  of  commerce,  but  since  the  French  ?ev 
olutiou,  anii  the  events  which  grew  out  of  it,  it  has  mui 
declined.     Population,  193,000.  »» mu(,ii 

fhf  Tf '  *  1'  r  i"'."'  "J'y  '"  '''"  '''"?'''""'  a"J  ""e  of 
.Scheldt.     It  IS  celebrated  for  its  manufacturen,  parlicn- 

-Antwerp,  on  tluj  Scheldt,  north  of  Brussels,  about  250 
vears  ago  was  the  most  commercial  ciry  in  the  world 

Ihe  commerce  is  still  considerable,  and  the  manufaci 

tures  extensive.     Population,  6I.OO0!  «  ""^""'ac- 

The  llague  is  in  (he  i.orlh,  abo„t  half  a  league  from 

be  coast.  It  was  formerly  ,he  rcMdeoce  of  i^e  VtX 
holder,  and  the  seat  of  government  for  the  Seven  Un  ted 
I  rovioce.;  and  is  now  one  of  the  residences  of  the  kin" 
ol  x\e  herlands  and  his  court.  It  is  one  of  the  ,nos^ 
beautUui  towns  in  Europe.     Population,  42,000 


^,„  NiyiKKULANDS. 

IMterdnm,  a  few  milen  .ou.l.  of  H.e  IhS""; '"»  >;  "^ 

linen  au.l  »ilk.     Population,  6;.,0U0. 
/^  w(/<'rt  U  near  the  eoH«t,  a  few  miles  norm  oi    m^ 

un  the  «anie  river,  2»  niilei  ».  w.  oi  uicgc, 
^•'■SSi:n.ion5l7Portif.ed  town  «„  the  ^ea-eoa... 

J  erda  t own  in  Europe,  in  the  14lh  «l'|";y;,/'V«pTi: 
;  e  ce  and  manufacture,  are  .til  »«"«"  ''  ^'''j'  p^'J 
lalion  MM)0.  Toiirmy  i»  near  llie  bor. leri  «f  */«»«• 
'Sni;?^  i.  u-r  t;.e',outhea«t  extremity  "f  the  k.ng- 

have  bee"  very  celebrate.!.     There  are  un.ver.it.e,  aUo 
It  Utrecht,  Ghent,  and  varioui  other  pluceH. 

Golvr  m.«f .     I'lie  government  in  a  limUe.1  hcre.J.  ary 

'I'hPMven  northern  provinces  were  formerly  inaenenaeiii 
r'epK  "Id  un'der  a  general  g.^ernn^n.,  adminis- 
tered by  a  Stadlholder  and  SlatesOeneral. 

ILJation  The  population  i»  ahout  8,000,000, 
TlK  u  .  y'i.tl.e.noSt'^^ickly  settled  of  any  .n  E«- 
rouc.  The?e  are  more  than  200  on  every  s'l"";""'*' 
The  eoiintry  is  crowded  with  cities,  towns  and  villages. 
T?,:  dSant.  of  the  «even  northern  prov.noe^ar^e 
called  Dutch,  those  of  the  southern  provinces  aie  1<  lem- 

"'^rkullure.  Manufacture!,  and  Commerce.      In    all 

th^e  Ibis  country  was  once  the  most  famous  id  Kurnpe. 

„  r-  ic  It  ".X    t  is  now  rivalled  by  England  and  Lom^ 

bard}Tn.''»J  'ranches  of  it.  manufactures  have  been 


fc.         ^ 


f  lli»«niii?"<'J»n»'»  »=""• 
mmercitti  t*i<).  '^  "»» 
Erasmtii.     I'opululion, 

west  of  Anfworp,  liHt 
rii^ive  innnufiicliire*  ol' 

ouo. 

rew  miles  north  of  the. 

university   and   2n,00M 

I  S.  of  Amsterdam. 

JO  inl'abilunts.    JV'ajn«r, 

r.  of  Liege,  is  one  of  the 

town  on  the  sea-coast. 
,  was  the  greatest  com- 
l+lh  century.  It*  com- 
ill  eoiisiileialile.  Popii- 
•  the  borders  of  France. 
It  extremity  of  the  king- 
ast  of  Brussels, 
es  at  Lanvain  and  Leyden 
lere  are  universities  also 

other  places, 
■nt  is  a  limited  hereditary 
uxerohurg  is  part  of  Gcr- 
fetherlands,  as  Duke  of 
Germauic  Confederation, 
tere  formerly  independent 
ral  g(»vernment,  adminis- 
ifttesGeneral. 
inn   is   ahout    8,000,000, 
ly  settled  of  any  in  Eu- 

00  on  every  square  mile, 
eilies,  towns  and  villages. 

1  northern  provinces  are 
them  provinces  are  Flem- 

and  Commerce.  In  all 
le  moHt  famous  in  Europe, 
ed  by  England  and  Lorn- 
i  manufactures  have  been 


FHANCE. 


WIf) 


(rftiHrtrrod  In  Eiii^lund  ;  and  in  ciiiiinierce  i(  is  Fnr  mr- 
pai-ii'd  t)y  l';!i^!t\iiil.  iind  the  rni<i  d  Htuks  of  America. 
^  /li-ti^iiiin.     'I  ln'  Dulch  are  generally  talvinnlsj  the 
Fl'iiiiiii;^  I  re  (>'itlli<ilics. 

Chaiartu'.  Tlie  Diilcli  are  noted  fur  neulnesN,  fru- 
i^aliiy.  imliisiry,  perseverance,  and  a  emil,  plile^mniio 
I  tnju'rauK  nt  In  proof  of  (heir  induslry  we  n^ed  only 
niealinn,  lliul  (heir  eouniry  luts  Iieen  redi-etned  frcmi  ibe 
neean  by  great  labor  and  exnenne,  nnil  filled  uilb  lieiui- 
(ifnl  and  populous  pities.  The  Ihiteh  are  much  addicted 
to  smokini;  tobaeco  ;  and  skating  is  a  f.nourile  amnne- 
nient.  In  winter  the  canals  are  covered  with  men  and 
*vni»ien,  wlm  pai^s  nil  skates  with  great  rapidity  from 
i>n<>  village  to  anolber. 

FHANCE. 

Situation.  Prance  is  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by  the 
i;ngli»h  channel ;  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  Netherlands;  oo 
the  E.  by  Germany,  Hwitzerland  and  Italy;  on  the  S. 
E  by  the  Mediterranean;  on  ihe  S.  VV.  by  S;»ain;  and 
on  the  \y.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  the  Atlantic  oeeau. 

Divisions.  Before  the  revolution  France  was  divided 
into  provinces.  In  the  northeast  were  French  Flanders, 
Artois,  Picardy,  Isle  of  France,  Champagne,  Lorrain, 
Ahace,  Burgundy,  akd  Franche  Comple ;  in  the  north- 
west, Normandy,  Brittany,  Maine,  Anjou,  'I'ouraine, 
Orleanois,  Berry,  Nivernois.  Poitnu,  Marche,  Liniosin, 
Saintonge,  Angoumois,  and  Bourbonnois ;  in  the  muth- 
west  were  Ouyenne,  Gascony,  Housillon,  Languedoc, 
Lyonnois,  and  Auvergne;  in  the  southeast,  Provence, 
Avignon  and  Venuissin,  Dauphiny  and  Corsica. 

France  is  at  present  divided  into  86  department*, 
»vhich  take  their  names  prineipally  from  the  rivers  on 
which  they  are  situated. 

Rivers.  The  Rhine  is  the  boundary  between  France 
and  Germany.  The  other  principal  rivers  are  the 
Rhone,  the  Garonne,  the  Loire,  and  the  Seine.  The 
fthone  rises  in  Switzerland,  and  running  through  the 
Lake  of  Geneva,  proceeds  S.  W.  to  Lyons,  whence,  after 


^ 


m» 


VRANCK. 


ri-fi»iviMr<  (III.  Rnovf  frnrr.  tli..  norlli.  it  riin<  S.  («  ||„. 
iMiMlKiTrahcaii.  'I  he  finronp^  ri.e,  in  il.,.  ,„„!|,.  jn  »f„. 
I  ♦n-'MM...  und  rulltli^^  .\.  >V  j.n.i*  the  Ihrilwjnf  hIiohi 
1.'  h.iirs  hilnvv  K..r<l(mui.  <uiil  vn\\\^u-%  into  ili,-  |,„y  „f 
lli-'pny.  Mie /.o.'iv  ri«tM.  ill  ih,.  «„,„|,  oC  FiHnci',  ami 
mill,  iiorlli  10  lilt,  (•.•i.iri'orthf  kinj;(l.,in.  luid  il.ni  «,.», 
U.  Ilif  0.-..H.,  'IM...  .SV,»a'  riM-*  ill  the  iKMllifum  or 
riniicc,  mill  liii>«*  iinriFnvciif  to  llip  noPMn. 

Tltc  lllioiic  nii.l  it«  Itrmiph..,  iliuiii  llu- .^o,,//,,.,/)!/  „! 
Frnii.c:  ili.' (iuroniif,  ihf  nuilhwest  t  tlio  r.oire,  iho 
vnih-i',  luiil  lliu  mrthui'M  t  (lie  M..iiu',  the  uuHhaist. 

Mmnfaiiis  Tl,,.  J>,,rtncfs  t.('|.nriite  Frimcc  from 
S^piiiii :  ilie  .^//,s  «(.|,nrttli'  il  from  Itnlv.  nml  the  M»iint 
Jiii-n  cliiuM,  from  Swii/orln,;.!.  Tl.p  'rns:r>'>,  moiioliiinii 
iim  near  the  eaufprii  honii.larv,  pnriillcl  uith  the  Hhiiie. 
IhoCeinnifs  moiiiitaiiit  ore  Mcm  of  the  nhom-,  atid 
Jinrnllcl  \\iih  it. 

Ciliosnml  Tuwm.  rari>t,  (he  ^nyp%t  am]  mont  umIpm- 
Uul  I'liv  III  iMirojif,  i*  on  the  Heine,  in  ihc  niiiltt  of  an 
.xUiiitivi.  and  il»-li^hifiil  plain.  It  conlnin*  an  immi-mie 
niimlKT  of  lnn^ni»l^■l'nt  piiblie  mnnninent*  ami  work*  of 
an,  nncicnt  uml  mndfrti.  The  ro\nl  palncoH  are  the 
l/oiivie,  (he  Thuillerie*,  and  (hc'l.iixcmboiirff.  'I'he 
hoiiM*  HIT  (;.MU'rally  from  i  (n  7  Morlm  hj^h,  huilt  of 
frrcKloiie  taken  from  qiiarriei  underneath  the  rity, 
«  hii-h  have  lieen  no  extennively  exeavoti  d,  that  a  ulii^hl 
••arthqiiak*»  micrlit  easily  hury  Ike  oily.  Paris  i»  the 
fcat  of  Moveral  noble  imiiilnlioiiH  for  the  promotion  .-f 
•eienee  and  the  elegant  arli.  The  nopulutiun  is  more 
than  roo.noo. 

LtjwD.  al  the  eonflueiiee  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Saone, 
i*  next  to  Taris  in  population,  and  superior  to  it  in  eom- 
ineroo  and  manufnrturcs.  It  is  particularly  celehrated 
for  ilH  mannfactures  of  rich  silks,  and  gold  aiifl  silver 
stulT'^      Topulation  lot.noo. 

Marseillps  and  Bourdeaux  ore  (he  principal  seaports. 
»Vtfiwj//f.«i  is  on  the  Medit*  rraneon,  and  is  the  centre  of 
(he  French  commoicp  on  (hot  sea.  Population  9(5.000. 
BminUaux  is*  in  the  southwest  of  Krance.on  IheGaronne, 
and  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  Fast  and 
M'cst  Indies;  and   lite  uortli  of  Europe.    Population 


K. 


HIAN(  K. 


831 


'irlli.  it  run*  S.  (o  ||„. 
ri«PH  in  ihf  *i!ii!l),  in  jf.c 
»in»  I  lie  Ihriluftne  nhniii 
»ni|ilii'ii  into  tin.  \u\y  of 
'  Mnidi  of  Fninci',  aiitl 
irij;(liiin.  nrnl   ihni  wenl 

l*    ill     (llP     IIUIllKIDit     ol* 

IIP  noPMn. 

•Iiuiii  1\h>  siwfhfUht  nt 
hwest  t  tlio  Loire,  the 
'«'iiU',  the  vnrthrust. 
M'Munile  Friiiice  from 
n  jtnlv,  nn«l  the  Mnnit 
Tl.o  ro.«;!v.5  mnimtiiinii 
nriillrl  uilh  the  Hliino. 
ic»t  of  the  niionc,  atid 

tfHTPsf  am]  moHt  <i|»!ph- 
nf,  in  llic  niiiltt  -)f  nn 
It  conlninit  no  imnie(i«p 
inninpnt*  ami  work*  of 

roynl  pulacoH  arc  the 
he  l.iixcinbourG;.     'J'h»« 

f«torIf«  hinh,  built  of 

iindcrneoth  the  pity, 
XPavBtdl,  thnt  n  ulii^hl 
Ike  oily.     Paris  id  the 

for  the  promotion  of 
he  populutiun  is  mure 

Rhone  anil  the  Saone, 
d  superior  to  it  in  pom- 
l>arlicularly  cplchraliMl 
,  and  gold  anfl  silver 

(he  prineipal  seaports, 
an,  and  is  the  centre  of 
»•  Population  un.ooo. 
Krunpp.on  the  Garonne. 
le  with  ilie  Kust  and 
r  Europe.     Population 


,»j,no().  niiit,  on  the  wpfierii  roast,  aod  Toidmi  on  llip 
.Mfiliterraueui),  aru  (he  piiuuipul  stations  for  the  Freiiclt 
navy. 

'I  he  other  towns  nn  the  poast  are,V'/J'';)<'//<'r,  near  the 
ninnlli  of  the  lilionc,  Pelctiralt'd  lor  the  oiihilirity  of  it« 
air;  limjtiunt, un  llio  Hay  of  lliscay,  near  the  nnulhuc*! 
torner  of  ihe  kingdom  \  Itnvre  ile.  '(Ivncf,  at  the  inoulli 
of  the  ^Jeine  ;  Cnlairt,  on  the  slruiln  of  Dover;  and  Ihiih 
hlrk:,  near  (he  lioiiiidary  of  the  Ni-llierlnnd*,  pil'-bruled 
for  the  itlreniflh  of  it*  forlifieaiioMt. 

The  oilier  pcklirated  tov\n^  in  the  intr  rior  urn  'J'lU- 
totise,  on  I  lie  (iuiunne,  at  the  hif{hr»l  n<kvi:i;ulde  point  : 
^Vntttfs,  on  the  Loire,  one  of  the  lar<.;int  Iradiiis;  citicn 
ill  Franee ;  Ituwn,  on  the  .Seme,  n  liir^o  ronimereial 
and  inanufiichirinif  town,  and  the  fifth  in  the  kiiiKdiim 
in  popniaiiun  ;  fiTSitillfn,  nciir  Puriit,  reiniirkal)l>-  fur  iIn 
Nplemlid  piiliiee  anil  ^ntdcn't.  LUlc^  i\  strongly  fnrlilied 
ciiy,  and  Jmif/t.«,  on  the  >oinnie,  arc  north  of  Paris, 
near  the  boundary  of  the  Nftlierlmidi. 

C'aunls.  The  most  celebrated  eaual  is  (he  eitnnl  of 
Lam^iiedoc,  -.vliich  conneefM  the  Mediterranean  with  the 
Day  of  Uiieay.  It  begins  on  the  coaxt  of  the  Mediler- 
raneun  and  meets  the  (jaioiinc  near  Toulouse.  It  is 
I8(»  miles  lonn,  and  «  feet  deep.  'I'here  is  a  ennal  from 
the  I<oire.  near  Orleans,  to  a  brunch  of  tne  Heine,  eon- 
neetini;  Paris  with  the  ue^tern  provinceit;  and  anuthet 
fconi  the  ()i*e,  a  branch  of  the   Seine,  to  the  Homuie. 

I'lieelini;  Paris  with  the  northern  provinces. 

I'liimlatioH,     The  population'of  France  is  20,327,000. 

^'elili'on.      The  established  religion  is  the  Hornan 

.1.  die.  but  others  are  tolerated,  and  more  than  one 
:enih  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants. 

Lanf:;uns!c  The  French  language  is  more  generally 
spoken  in  Kurope  than  any  other,  and  a  knowledge  of  it 
is  now  almost  neees»>ary  in  a  polite  edueution. 

Kdticatinn.  Koyal  colleges  and  aeademie<«  are  estab- 
lished in  the  principal  towns:  but  the  great  mass  of  the 
people  are  uneducated.  Literiirv  assoeintion*  ure  nu> 
nierous;  the  prineip.tl  of  these  is  the  N'alioual  Invtitutc 
ai  Paris,  the  most  celebrated  scientific  society  in  the 
world. 

4»« 


Ill 


m 


*» 


FRANCE. 


rtimtHf.     Tlic  q[«vf  riiim'nt  i<  h  liniiii'tt  nionHrc Ii) , 
liii!j!lis«i>f  Urtal  ilritiiiii.     lUe  lvKi*luiivi>  piiwrr 


thvrrnmtHf. 

U  vi-nUil  ill  H  king,  «  lutiue  of  |ii!vri,  aud   n   iioliie  of 
uelcicnii'*. 

Ilisiuty.  Since  iru^  Frniicc  lin*  bien  th«  lliiairo  of 
uondiTlul  rrvnIiitioiH.  'ih.-  g-iviTiiim-nl  lia«l  pri\  iuu»ly 
been  Hii  nbnohiic  inorittrcly  iiiidfr  iliP  Hiiurlioim.  Hut  in 
«r«i  ilir  |t(>u|ilc  ihrt-w  on  (lie  govcrnminl ;  u  Nutloniil 
CoiiveiitioM  »••  furiiud,  \tlio  vainleniHcil  Kouii*  XVI. 
the  n-igniiig  monnrch,  (n  br  h«>lit-ii<lccl.  'I'be  bloody 
•eiileiui'  wan  iieciKrd.  Cmitendiin<  nnrlii'i  then  iilriii(. 
jifd  for  Ibi*  niccndency.  Tbe  mom  liorriblc  ilau«(blur 
iMuui'd.  Ki'volulion  iiirrieded  rotolution,  and  maMaere 
i«ure«i'dt'd  nm«»iicro,  till  ihe  govirnmeiit  leUled  in  a 
military  de«potiNm  under  Napoleon  Honaparle. 

l/iidfr  HonHpnric  (lie  Prei.di  beeamc  a  nation  of 
ioldieri,  nnd  extcntled  iheir  roni|uc«ti  ovi-r  nearly  Ihe 
whole  oJKurope.  In  18U  HonupHrte  ua*  marrhing  at 
Ihe  head  of  000,000  men  Hgiiini«t  Humia.  Hut  here  ha 
wtt«  checked  in  hi*  career.  After  taking  Moicow,  hia 
iirniy  perilled  by  lliooitaiidii  with  cold  and  liunger,  and 
eommenring  their  retreat,  were  haraiied  and  deitruycd 
by  the  Kuitiani. 

A  new  army  wa«  railed  by  Honaparle  to  reeaver  hii 
power;  but  in  vain: — themoit  powerful  nalioni  in  Eu- 
rope united  airainit  him;  and  altera  leriei  of  dinailrous 
battlei,  he  at  lait  lurrenderrd  himielf  to  the  Kngliih, 
and  wai  lent  a  priioncr  to  Ihe  iHland  of  8t.  Helena. 
The  Bourbiiiii  are  now 'again  on  the  throne  of  Frunce. 

Character.  The  French  are  j^ay,  lively,  iiiipeluoui, 
fund  of  glory,  and  buoyant  ngninit  adveriity  ;  they  are 
polite  nnd  amiable  in  their  manneri,  nlwa'ya  ready  to 
ttidige,  and  attentive  to  tbe  Hanti  of  olhera.  They  ar« 
wanting  in  Mtability. 

Face  vf  the  country.     In  the  louthettst  Ihe  country  ii 

)untttinoui.     In  the  rcHt  of  the  kingdom  Iheiurface  in 


mount 


undulating,  preienting  every  where  new  and  iutereiling 
landiicapei  to  the  traveller. 

ClUnate.  France  hai  a  fine  climate,  favourable  to 
health,  and  to  the  growth  of  the  richest  fruiti.  The 
goath  of  France  is  tbe  resort  of  invalids  from  other 
e.ouutrie«. 


r 


al»Al^. 


iiU 


It  UnliniiiiMt  nionArrli), 

1  lie  ln<i»lulivf  |MiMvr 

|u-cri,  auU   A   iiiiuie  of 

liN*  bi-i-n  thg  llii-airo  of 
'<Tiimt-iil  lia«l  prf\i(iu*ly 
r  ili(>  lldurliutiii.  Hiu  in 
ovi-riiiiienl ;  u  Xuiionul 
nnilemnt-il  l.oui*  XVI. 
chiHiled.  'I'lie  bloody 
iliiitf  narlii'i  llieii  iiiriii<- 
111(1*1  liorrililc  ilnitt^liivr 
I'Tolution,  and  maMKere 
;ovfrninpiit  iculrd  ia  a 
'•III  Huiiaparlp. 
Ii  Iteeaiiic  a  nalion  of 
i|ii(>«ta  oviT  nearly  (he 
iipHrIf  wan  mnrrliing  at 
itiiiNia.  But  here  ha 
IT  (nking  Mnicow,  hit 
1  cold  and  liiingep,  and 
liarniird  and  deitruycd 

innparto  fn  rpcaver  hit 
[lowerful  nalinnp  in  Ku- 
lor  a  *rrie«  ni'  dinaiilrouf 
imifir  to  the  Kngliib, 
iHland  of  Ht.  Helena, 
the  throne  of  Frunce. 
;.-iy,  lively,  iiiipeluoui, 
iRt  advemity  ;  lh<'T  are 
nor«,  alwayK  ready  (o 
s  of  olheri.     They  are 

iiitht-bsi  the  country  is 
kingdom  iheHurface  ia 
ere  new  and  iuierentiiig 

elimale,  favourable  to 
p.  richeat  fruits.  The 
f  invalidH  from  otber 


.•*«!/  and  Produetwnx.  A  ureal  portion  of  the  vounlry 
U«  a  very  lertil«  ,.,i|,  y^i  ||„.re  arc  lllr^e  liaits  untU 
fur  culiivHiion.  Iheprnuipd  |.rodi.eti...u  nre  mai/e. 
Tinea  und  ulivea. 

Jhniijacfures      Fraiiee  has  lung  been  rel.-l.iHted  foi 
her  inuniifHCfurea,  parlieulurly    silka,    xsmAUu    irooda. 
brandy,  rlarel,  and  othpi  winei;  and  iheav  ariielea  onn 
Blilule  her  prinei^ial  enporla. 

Unndn      Cunieu  i»  a  lari^c  inland  in  the  Mtdilerra- 

!•!"*.'.'■  '''"■"''*"** '*^'"  •'"*'*''«"<' «•'  >*nrdinia,  and  ihe 
t.ull  ot  Uen.in.  It  i.  the  liinh  pl-ice  of  Napoleon  Bona, 
pane.  1  he  //y»-re.i  i.lnnda  are  on  the  eon«t  near  Tou- 
Ion,  I  ho  iile  of  01,'ron,  Jhllisle,  and  the  i«!e  of  (/««„ 
'<ant  arc  on  the  west  coaat. 

spAiiy. 

Siluntion.  Spain  ia  hounded  N.  by  the  Brtv  of  Bis. 
eay  and  trance  >  K.  by  the  Mediierrnnejin  ;  M  by  the 
.Medilerraiieun,  theatralt  of  (Jjbrallar.a.id  the  Allantic 
Ocean;  U.  by  l'or(u{<al  and  Ihe  Atlantic, 

Ifivisionn.  Spam  la  divided  into  t4  provinces  which 
are  sub.livided  into  auialier  distriols. 


Provincet, 

Clalieia, 

Aaiuria, 

Biacuy, 

Navarre, 

Aragon, 

('aialonia, 

Leon, 


Capitalt, 

Conipoatella. 

Oviedo. 

Bilboa. 

I'nnipelona. 

Saragoaaa. 

Biirceloua. 

LeoD. 


Pruvlncti. 
Old  Caatih', 
New  Caatilc, 
Eatremadura, 
Andalusia, 
Granada, 
Murcia, 
Valencia, 


Chiif  Toti'Hf . 

Burgoa. 

Madrid. 

Bttdnjos. 

Seville. 

Granada. 

Rliircia. 

Valencia. 


Vnppi,.  The  most  noted  eapes  are  Cape  Ortceal  and 
tape  timst,rre  in  Ihe  northwest,  and  dape  TrafaUar 
in  the  southwest.  *     ^rujaigar 

JSIomtaim  The  Tyrenees  separate  Spain  from 
F  ranee.  All  «hc  other  rangea  in  Sp,,!,,  ppri,,^  from  the 
Pyrenees  m  Ihe  following  manner.  'Ihe  Cantabtan 
•ham  runs  west,  parallel  with  the  northern  coasC,  «ud 


I 


i 


Icrmiiulf*  ftt  C»p«  rinl«««rrt.  TIik  liVrru  .V-.tuin 
■iiriiiK*  from  iht  ♦«•«  ♦••hI  of  ih*  (.'•nlMiriBM  cliaiii,  mtil 
riin«  M.  F..  <«  llin  Mrtlihrrnnfiiii.  Tl*"  mo/iri^fliii»  '>/ 
Crt./iV.-,  lh«  metinlainn  »/  Toledo,  iiml  iti*-  Sifrrn  Monttii, 
til  ■iiiinK  riiHii  llio  Hi.rrii  M.iliim,  nml  run  H.  VV.  into 
FurliitfHl,  parallel  «ilh  r»fU  oJli.r  i  ih.'  <iulilf  moiin. 
Uitu  ill  ll»«  Horlh,  llif  Toh-.lo  in  ili«'  mnltlU-,  ami  tlie 
Moriim  in  ihe  «oii(li.  Tlir  .S/rrrfl w^'iiWrt  ii  aiumlirrn 
l.raiicli  of  llif  Hierra  Morcna,  ami  Itniiinal**  near  lit* 
tiniil  of  Uihralliir.  .     ..      ,  i 

///iyr«.  I'ht  (^rt-al  rivrr*  arr  nn*  «'"•'<,  Jhc  (umilitl' 
«ii(Ji'ir,  llu>  aumliann,  (lie  7Vr;r««,  anil  ihc  W«fr<».  'I'ha 
Wi  i«  in  tliP  norllifail  |  il  il'am*  the  roimiry  lictwri'n 
llie  rvrt-nrr*  nnti  llie  Hlirra  ,\l<ilina,  uml  i*  Hi*  only 
ffrenl 'river  wliidi  fmiilii-n  inio  lli."  Muliltrraiiran.  Tlie 
(iuatlatiiidvif  in  in  I'l.-  •onili.  Ii  <lr«H.»  ih.-  roni.lrv  he- 
Iwi'fii  llif  Sli-rra  Nivmlt*  miil  Sicr.fi  Morfrin.  Tlio 
ISumUnnn  ilrAiii*  llif  ••'•iiniry  In-lwi'.n  llie  Micrra  Morrna, 
hii.l  lli^  niMuntiiin«  of  I'oli'do}  «•»••  '!'"■!"»  'Irw""*  tlio 
trnef  tielv»«en  iIh-  iniinnlitin*  of  Tnl^il"  ami  llio«i>  of 
rM.lil«  ;  ami  llu-  Dtifro  tin-  true!  bilMi-eu  ilu-  miiiinlaimi 
orCunlilf  anil  llif  rNnliilninn,  or  ^rt•^l^  ik.iiIi.mi  «li«in. 
•nil-  (iuuilituiH,  lie  Tnun*,  ami  liic  Dutro  ull  run  H.  W. 
anil  i-inply  into  I'nrinnnl. 

CHifH.  .V(i'/n</,«lM-  eHpilal,i»  in  llii*  renlrc  ofSpain, 
on  rt  liranrli  ol'  llif  Tano«.  Il  lni«  lillle  trmk'.aiiil 
i»iii«itiT«  rliitllv  liy  (III?  prixpuri'  'if  •!•••  i'ourt.  Tlie 
rojiil  piilurf  oi"  Mu.lriil  i^  om-  of  llie  mo«l  timijnilifi  lit 
ill  K.iirope.     PopuUlion  Irtrt.nt  o. 

C(i(/i*  i*  in  Hh'  Ki.nl liMtol.  Iii\lf  »vny  Intwccn  Tupo 
Traful^nr.  uml  ilif  month  of  ilu-  (intt<lal«|uivir.  Ii  !■»  the 
flrcl  poninnre-iKlril)  III  Hpniii,  iiihI  tlif  centro  of  ihe 
trmlf  Willi  AmificK  nml   llif  \Vi»t  liidieH.     IVpnlnliou 

7i).(ioo.  .      .  ,       . 

Unnelum  i*  on  tli«"  Midi't-rrum'tin.  in  Ine  norlliea«f. 
I(  !«  tli«'  i<fcoinl  I'ominerciiil  .iiy  of  Hpuin,  lunl  liu»  »»- 
<«;ii^iv»' miuinlHcinrti*.     l'opnlali«>n  tll.oiio. 

TliH  oihfi-  iow"H  on  the  Jlnlitcnamaii  oust  are 
VatfUfia,  wliicli  Ihih  rxM'nMivi'  niik  inHnitfiirlurp*,  ami 
li),l,(.<'0  itiliutiiiHiilH;  jUUaiite.  oonlli  of  Valencia:  Car- 
thu!:i'tin>  wl.i"'li  !'»'•  ''•''  •'•"<'  ••"''""■  '"  i^puiu ;  and  JJal- 
ai^i?,  leUIirund  ior  its  wine*  und  fiuitn. 


■.  THk  Hirrrit  Mitnia 
t  CunUliriBn  rliain,  mitl 
••n.  'I'Im*  moiiri^niiii*  «>/ 
I,  Knit  itir  SUrra  .Vor«-«", 
inn,  mill  run  H.  VV,  intii 
|i«*r  I  *()••  CuAtilc  nioiin- 
in  (Ih>  ini)l*llvi  «n*l  llm 
rrnA'ivada  U  h  aiiullit-rii 
anti  itrminitU-*  nrni'  ilia 

■f  iht*  Eliro,  ihf  ditutliil' 
i*,  antI  I  III'  Diirrit.  The 
am*  tlif  ciMiiiiry  lirtwrcn 
liilinH.  tui<l  i«  lltt!  only 
llic  M»ilit<-rranr«n.  The 
ll  ifiMiii*  ill**  roiiiilry  tie* 
il  SitT.fi  Murfiin.  The 
iwiMMi  till*  Hit-rra  .Morrna, 
I  tie  'I'niSu*  •Iriiiim  llin 
nf  'riilfilo  ami  llinif  uf 
iirl  liilwfrn  ilii<  moiinlaimi 
,  (ir  i^ri'itt  iinUlifMi  t  linin. 
J  the  Diitro  ull  run  H.  >V. 

I,  i«  in  llHM't-ntri'  of  Sjiaiii, 

ll    Inn  liitlu   tritili',  ttiiil 

'uri'   iif  lln*    eourl.     Tlie 

uf  (lie  muni  iiuiKnilici  lit 

10. 

Iii\lf  »vHy  liclwci'n  riipe 
lu>  (iuii(lal(|uivir.  Ii  it  the 
,  hihI  lilt*  cenlri'  nY  the 
W'«»t  liidieii.     I't>|>ulnliuii 

rrnni'iin.  in  (he  nor(hea«t. 
iiy  of  H|iain,  iukI  Iiu»  ".\- 
aii<>n  III.UDO. 
tMnlitcrramaii  cntist  are 
e  Hilk  tnHni)fucluri>)i,  antl 
I,  fioulh  of  V.tlinfin  ;  Car- 
iiirhor  in  M|iuiu  ;  uutl  JiJat- 
lud  fiuit«. 


S3& 

riii»  liiMii«  mi  (hf  H»rthtrn  fnint  arp,  Cnrunm,  on  ih« 
tiay  of  ('oiiinna  inllifnotiliMi^t  (  /Vrc,)/.  tin  the  mmt 
liny,  nni*  of  ilii-  |iHnci|iiil  •Uiion*  of  iIip  ^|luni•h  na»y  | 
mul  Hilhim,thf  |»nnci|ial  coninifrnial  lOMn  in  lli*  mirlb 
if  Mjiuin. 

Ill*  |irinpi|iMl  luwnt  <n  lfi»  ifilrrior  arf,  S»ntl*,  on 
llii>Uun<UI.{uivir,  onrt'lhc  llril  intvn  in  Hpnin  in  roin- 
mpr»i  anrl  pnpnlAlion.  ami  •lillfohiuininif  hO.ood  iohali. 
tiaulu  Uviimiln.  t-ntl  of  Mi-vill.*,  in  ihi-  miiUt  i.f  a  IVr- 
lilr  itnil  llrli^||lful  rnuulry  j  S(irauo»sn,  i.u  (lie  liliro, 
mi-morttblH  f«r  Ihf  .irgp  hy  |hp  Krmch  In  linu  Uutla. 
i>i»  it  on  lhi>  liuNiliann,  on  ihr  fnmliiTi  nf  P«»r»ui<nl.  It 
|«  •  ilronff  foriri'o.  hoiI  wih  iHkfn  li>  utoim  Uy  iho 
llriiUh,  umler  Lor.l  We||iii!tt„ti.  in  tnij.     Tolvthn*  on 

'','" ''1"5"«'/-  "•■  ^»  »••«••'•.     Salumanca  U   loo  niili'«  N. 
W.  of  Mailriil. 

Vnivfrnthn,  The  univer*ily  of  Halamnn.'!  kaa  m 
profeMort,  ami  formerly  had  la.ooo  ktuil«>ntii  ihitl  ..f 
.Sarai^oMa  haa  3,(HiO  atudenK.  Th.-re  arc  many  olhir 
univeriilifi,  bn(  Ihcre  it  »o  much  hi^olr*  in  tUv  ninnutfe. 
nient  of  Ihem  Ihai  Ihoy  an*  pompnrativily  of  linl..  valno. 

Lausfungt.  The  Mpaniah  lanKunse.  like  Iho  Frencli 
Jintl  Italian,  it  derived  from  lhi«  Latin  It  i«  arave, 
•...nnroui.  and  meiodiou*.  The  dialect  of  Caililo  ji  ihe 
pnrc«t. 

^  ll>'lil!'>on.  The  Ananiardi  are  bigoted  Calholioi. 
I  ho  ini|nitilirin,  n  diiiliulienl  in^lllntion,  which  puninhed 
liereliM  with  the  mnm  eicrucidling  lorturen,  wan  iu 
full  force  for  three  ccnturien,  but  hai  n-eeMlly  been 
nbniuhea. 

OofPrnmeut.  The  Kovernment  till  reemlly  wa«  an 
ahxolnte  monarchy.  The  kin^  i<i  now  limicd  by  the 
(.'nrle*.  or  '(tBted  of  Ihe  kini^dom. 

Viipulation.     The  population  i«  10,400,000. 

Charactir.  The  Hpaniardu  are  of  on  olive  complex- 
ion.  In  their  mantierM  (hev  are  urave  and  polit--;  in 
llinrdi«po»ition«.  proud  and  revingi  ful ;  in  Iheir  hahitM. 
loIxT  and  tempirnle. 

S„il  and  product iun^.  The  noil  in  many  partN  14  fcr- 
ull',  cdpecittlly  in  the  provinici  on  (he  Mcdilerrnneun, 
ttud  produce*  the  olive,  the  vine,  fign.  Icmom,  otid  vari- 


'i0^-^. 


PORTUGAL. 


oii»  kiiwlii  of  grain  in  abundance.  The  norihern  ami 
Ci-n(rHl  proviiiei>>t  contuiii  niillionH  of  Merino  ulinep. 

JUaniifaduves  and  Commerce  Tlic  iirincijml  inimu- 
fncturc  JR  «ilk.  Tlie  exports  ;ir(>  silk,  'vnol.  Mine,  fi^«i, 
raigins,  Icinuns.  &c.  Tlie  inlp(lr(^  ure  t^old  .md  silver 
from  Mexico  and  Peru,  Imrdwan!  from  England,  ami 
iiitli  from  Newfoundland. 

VnriosUy.  MonUerrat,  20  miles  N.  W.  of  H  ireelonn, 
is  a  sleep  Holilary  rock  several  thousand  feet  lli^ll,  in 
uhieii  there  is  a  miDiculuus  image  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
which  attracts  hither  an  immense  niimlier  of  pili>rim8. 
A  convent  has  heeji  built  here  inhal)ited  by  fiO  monks  j 
and  higher  up  the  nmuutain  are  l;j  hermiiai^es  eaeh 
having  a  small  chapel,  a  eel!  and  a  little  garden,  I'he 
hermits  are  chiefly  persons  of  family  and  fortune  «ho 
have  retired  from  the  world  and  devote  themselves  here 
to  medita:inn  and  silence. 

'I'he  fortress  of  Gibraltar  lielongs  to  Great  Rritain. 
ft  is  built  upon  a  rock  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Spain,  and  is  so  well  defended  by  nature  and  art  that  it 
is  considered  impregnable. 

Islands.  Tlie  inlands  are  Majorca,  Minorca  and 
Ivica. 


PORTUGAL. 


Situation.    Portugal  is  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Spain , 
S.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic. 
Divisions.    Portugal  is  divided  into  C  provinces. 

Provinces.  PopuUuitn,  ChitJ  Tuittns, 

Entre  Duero  e  Minho,  817,167  Oporto. 

Bragauzo* 

Coinibra. 

Lisbon. 

Kvora. 

Faro. 

3,558,712  ' 


Tras  OS  Montes, 

308,984 

Beira, 

1,123.245 

Estremadura, 

876,289 

Alentejo, 

339,555 

Algarve, 

93,472 

JGAL. 

(lance.  The  nnrtliern  aiiti 
llionn  of  Merino  ulinep. 
ce  'rill'  {irincijinl  inrtiiii- 
I  ;ir(>  silk,  'vnol.  Mine,  fii^^, 
iiporls  ure  ^ol<l  and  silver 
Iwiirt!   from   England,  anti 

)  milei  N.  W.  of  B  ireelonn, 
ru!  ihouffand  feet  lii>;li,  in 
image  of  the  Viri;iii  Mary, 
imenup  ntimtier  of  pilcrims. 
re  inhal)ited  Ity  flO  monk*  ; 
1  are  l;j  hormiiaijen  eaeh 
!  and  n  lillic  garden.  The 
of  family  and  fortune  «ho 
and  dcvuto  themselveR  here 

lielongH  to  Great  Britain, 
the  southern  extremity  of 
d  by  nature  and  art  that  it 

e  Majorca,  Minorea  and 


FGAL, 


indcd  N. 

nn 

d  E.  by  Spain  , 

f  ided  into  C 

proTincea. 

litn. 

Chief  Tuvnc. 

67 

Oporto. 

84 
45 

Brat;aiiza. 
Coinibra. 

89 

Ligbon. 

55 

Kvora. 

72 

Faro. 

Ifl 


T 


I'OIITUGAL. 


227 


tUountaiiiS.  The  mountains  of  C/ts^i/c,  ihe  inoiintainR 
■rf  TolfJu,  and  the  Sierra  Moreiia  come  from  Spain  and 
run  ueroM  I'ortuijal  to  the  Atlantie  roaat. 

Rivers.  The  Minho,  Ihe  Jhiero,  tlie  Ta;;;u!i  and  the 
Umdiana  eome  from  Hpain,aud  empty  into  the  Atlantie. 

CVmV/  Towns.  Lisbon,  the  capital,  'i»  at  the  mouth  of 
ihe  Tugiis.  li  hu8  a  large,  deep,8afe  and  convenient  hur- 
imr,  and  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  cities  in  Europe. 
Jiisbon  wine  comes  from  this  city.  The  greatest  and 
best  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  iu 
1 755  but  has  since  been  rebuilt.     Population,  240.000. 

Oporto,  (he  second  city  in  the  kingdom  in  commerce 
and  population,  is  on  the  Duero,  5  miles  from  its  mouth. 
The  wine,  culled  Port  wine,  takes  its  name  from  this 
city ;  about  80,000  pipes  are  exported  annually.  Popu' 
lation  70,000. 

Cape.  Cape  St.  Vincent  is  the  southwest  extremity 
of  Europe. 

Universittf.  The  University  of  Coimbra  contains 
300  students. 

Religion,  &c.  In  relii^ion,  bn^nage,  and  character, 
the  Portuguese  strongly  resemble  the  Hpanish. 

Oovernment.  The  royal  family  of  Portugal  in  1807 
removed  to  Brazil ;  and  Portugal  is  now  governed  by  a 
regency.  Portugal  is,  therefore,  in  a  stale  of  colnnial 
depcntlence  on  the  kingdom  of  Brazil.  This  is  the  first 
instance  in  which  an  American  king  could  boast  of 
Kuropean  subjects. 

Population.   The  population  of  Portugal  is  3,558,71 2. 

Soil  and  Produations.  The  soil  is  generixijy  fertile, 
producing  the  vine,  the  olive,  oranges,  figs  and  otiier 
fruits  in  abundance. 

Manufactures  and  Commerce.  There  is  a  celebrated 
hat  manufactory  at  Braga ;  suit  in  abundanep  is  manu- 
factured  at  St.  Ubes.  near  Lisbon,  and  silk  at  Oporto. 
The  nrincipai  exports  are  wines,  salt,  wool,  and  fruits  ; 
and  the  imports  are  harii^ware,  fish,  and  woollen  goods 
from  England,  and  gold,  diamonds,  cotton,  cotfee,  sugar 
Ifce.  from  Brazil. 


iTAi.r. 


ITALY. 

Sitnatwn.  Italy  hns  iiatiinil  hoiindnricH  on  nil  siilei^. 
The  Aljm  on  the  N.  sc|rurule  it  from  Frame,  Switzer- 
land, utid  Germany;  tlio  Golt'ni'  Venice  Ih  on  the  K; 
and  the  Mudiierniiieun  on  the  S.  and  W.  In  shape 
Italy  resembles  a  hoot. 

Divisions.    Italy  ih  divided  into  9  gtaleg. 

State*,  Sulidiviiiont, 


3.  Kinc;dom 
SaVd 


omof    P^: 
inia.      1    f« 


} 


t.  Loiiibardy,  or  C  Venetian  territorie«i,  > 
Au!)lrian  Italy,  ^  Milan,  and  xManina.  5 
Davoy,  Piedmont, 
Genoa  and  the 
.    Hland  oi'  Sardinia 
3.  Dutchy  of  Modenu, 
K  Dutchy  of  Lucca, 

5.  Diitehy  of  Parma, 

6.  Grand  Dutchy  of  Tuscany, 
r.  States  of  the  Church, 

S.  Republic  of  St.  Marino, 
9.  Kinsdnmofthe  ?  «r     i  •  o-  m 

T«'o  Sicilies,  5  ^"P''^*  '""^  '"'^■'y 


Population. 
4,05C,OUO 

3,975,000 

415,000 

1. '3 1,000 

.'383.000 

1,264,090 

2,425,000 

7,009 

G,7G6,000 

19,424,000 

Situation  of  States.  Lnmbnrdy  or  Austrian  Italy,  is 
lu  the  N.  K. )  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  in  the  N.  W. ; 
the  kingdom  o  fthe  Two  Sicilies  in  the  S. ;  and  the  six 
smaller  stateii  in  the  middle. 

Gulfs.  The  Oulf  nf  Venice  or  Adriatic  Sea  U  on  the 
E.;  the  Gulf  of  taranto  on  the  S  ;  and  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  on  the  M   \V. 

Straits.  The  strait  ot  Messina  is  between  the  gout  hern 
extremity  of  Italy  and  the  island  of  Sicily  ;  and  the 
strnit  of  Bonifacio  between  the  islands  of  Corsica  and 
Sardinia. 

Miuntains.  The  Jlps,  which  form  the  northern 
boundary,  are  like  an  Krch  wilh  one  end  restin;;  n'l  the 
(»ulf  of  Venice,  and  ilis  other  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 


Y. 


Y. 


tl  hoiindnricH  on  nil  »'uh*, 
it  I'roni  Frame,  Swit/er- 
I'or  Venice  Ih  on  lliu  K; 
he  S.  and  W.     In  Mhape 

into  9  stales. 


itont, 

iiritorles, ) 
xMautna, ) 
Inionty 
1  the 
'Sardinia 


} 


Population. 
4,050,000 

3,975,000 

415,000 

1. '3 1,000 

.'JBa.OOO 

1,264,090 

«,425,000 

7,000 

nd  Sicily,  0,706,000 


19,421,000 

irdy  or  Austrian  Italy,  is 
Sardinia  in  the  N.  W. ; 
es  in  the  S. ;  and  the  six 

'  or  .Adriatic  Sea  i*  on  the 
the  S  ;  and  the  Gulf  of 

na  is  hetwpen  the  southeru 
iland  of  Sicily  ;  and  the 
le  islands  of  Corsica  and 

hieh  form  the  northern 
h  one  end  restin;*  im  ihe 
•  on  the  Gulf  of  lieiioa. 


IT.VLV. 

I'he  JppPnnhiP.o  are  a  branch  of  d.e    Vl,„ 
r.Miml    the   (i„|f  „f  CJonoa,  and   i.roead   S 
SDiilheni  cxtrcmiiv  of  I(aiy. 

Hivevs  The  h  i,  th'e  princinal  river,  h 
nc'arly  the  nl.ole  of  .he  couulrv  i.  (henolh  , 
In-  "oen  the  A!,..  «r,d  the  ApjnM.nineH  s 

-Mi'Ho..  <laM,orders„f  FraVe..,„„,Mlou     e„s, 


They 

1-:.  to 


SJ9 

run 
(he 


drains 
Italy, 

III     (III! 

to   (lie 


111  Lull  III  V cii,™  iiiirlli  111- IP,,  |.„.     ■]■!  .  ]       '  L      ' 
P...I    !■   1    •  '""»Sl>  liiMiliril  cily  i>n  iIr.  Ho,  „,,■  .r, 

fool  orPiB  Alp,  »i,i,  ,  ,,i,p„l,„i,;„  „r  mma-  (i,m. 

I  le  l.,«l,.|,laoe  of  (;„l„,„{,„',  „,  ,„.  |ie.,|  „',■  tlii  Cinll'rf 

world.  1  he  eonntry  for  many  miles  aronnd  tlie  bjv  U 
ornamen  ed  w  ih  niollii>ri-v  Aii-^  «"<»"ii«i  mi  uaj,  is 
..,:ii.        .      ."""   niuiucrrj,  olive  and  ornnne  srove« 

isfii  «";'i;ra;er^i7'*'  "'•"  f  "s'"''"'  -"""3 

u  iurismng  >  ilages.     1  he  ajiprouch  to  the  ?itv  from  tho 
liDe^ljnule,  from  us  month.     The  city 


f 


I- 


fiO 


ITAI.V 


aboiini!*  «iili  »ii!i'n(litl  monuimiits  ol'  anrifiit  nifigiiiii- 
irriuf,  mull  a^  euluniiiH,  ti'in|ili'»»,  uiii|tliilluHlr('t.,  iifjMC- 
iliii'is,  bHlli<t,  miiliU'H,  ise.  I  lit'  rliiJicli  of  Si.  I'elur  in 
llic  Inr^e.xt  ftiitl  nio.^t  biiiiiiirnl  eliiircli  in  llie  world,  aiitl 
Ihe  nio»l  i*n|iiMl>  tdilice  oT  inuiItTi)  (iiiii's.  It  in  ';10  IVtt 
Ung.  f'.'t'  briMu!,  uml,  lo  iIip  lop  of  (lie  cros!',  150  lii;;li. 
The  VuticHii  is  a  vnitl  ituiuce  conhtiiiiitfj  4,U()a  n|tHrt- 
imiils.  Tlie  lilsraiy  of  llie  Valii-rtti  lius  more  tliHH 
.'.(•11,000  voluini'n,  Hiiil  is  llie  luigcsl  i^  llie  world.  In 
the  dajHol'  liir  liinliest  <;l'»ry.  Hmm  i*  miid  (o  have 
loiitaliied  0.('UO,OO0  inhuhitaiits.  At  prcseni  it  has  only 
l2iJ,00U.  Bulogua,  AnnouH  Cor  its  iiiiiversiiy,  aud  its 
beniilil'ul  paiiitins*,  luis  (..:5,0liu  inhubilaiits. 

In  the  Grand  nutclii/  of  Tut<cany  are  Florence, 
Legliorn,  and  Fifta.  Florence  \»  on  the  Arno,  at  the 
foot  of  llie  Appennines.  Next  to  Home  it  is  the  most 
(icautifiil  eily  in  llalv.  It  abounds  with  elegant  paint- 
ings and  statues.  Population,  80,000.  Leghorn  is  on 
the  coast,  12  miles  to.  of  the  Arno,  It  is  one  of  the 
inoitt  commerciiil  towns  in  llalv,  and  is  parlieularly 
famous  for  its  straw  hats.  Population,  'i8,000.  I'ha  is 
on  llie  Arno.  4  miles  from  its  mouth. 

^Modena.  the  eiipilal  of  the  dulehy  of  Mndena,  is  30 
miles  l-i.  of  Mnntiiu.  Piirma  is  a  lilile  west  of  Modcna, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Po.     Liura  is  10  miles  N.  K.  of  Pisa. 

Oovt-rnmenls.  Ijonibardy  is  a  part  of  the  Austrian 
dominions.  Bt.  Marino  is  a  republie.  The  rest  of 
the  slates  arc  independent,  each  under  its  own  sover- 
eign. „   ,  ,        _rv 

^ Uiiiver.oltie.-!.  The  university  at  Bologna  lias  lO  pro- 
fessors and  500  students  There  are  universities  also 
at  Cagliari,  (Julunia,  Florence,  Mantua,  Milan,  Padua, 
Turin,  and  oilier  places. 

JteHixion.     '1  he  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 
Vup'tilittion.     'llie  population,  inelnding   the  islands 
of  Sardinia  and  .'^icily.  is  more  than  10,000,000. 

Cl'uiititt:  llie  eriuiHle  is  esteemed  the  finest  in 
Ewroiif,  but  varies*  in  ditt'creul  parts, 

Soil-  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  generally  umlcr 
high  cultivation.  Lombardy  in  parlieji'Hr  has  fur 
L'enuirivs  been  styled  the  gnri!'  n  of  Kuropo. 


lilts  oi'  niirii'iit  ningiiili- 
L'H,  uiii|tliilluHtrc*.,  uf|tit'- 
11"  cliiircli  of  Si.  IVlur  in 
L-liiirt-li  ill  llie  unilil,  aiitl 
Til  (iiiu'H.  It  in  I'M)  IVt  t 
|i  of  the  crosn,  \M)  liif^li. 

roiilniiiiii!5  4,0(10  n|iHrt- 
^'aticHti  lius  more  tliHH 
uigciil  i'l  llie  \M)rlii.     In 

lloine  i*  Hiiid  lu  have 
i.  At  prcseiii  it  has  only 
ir  its  iiiiivcrsiiy,  and  its 
I  inlialjilaiits. 

Tuscany  are  Flnrencc, 
'  \»  on  the  Arno,  at  the 
t  to  Home  it  ia  the  moKt 
ouikIs  with  elegant  paint- 
,  80,000.     Leghorn  is  on 

Arno,  It  in  one  of  the 
lalv,  anti  is  jiarlienlarly 
jiuialion,  '0,000.  l'i»a  is 
mouth. 

dutehy  of  Modena,  is  30 
in  a  iilile  west  of  Moilcna, 
lis  10  miles  N.  K.  of  Pisa. 
s  a  part  of  the  Austrian 
,  republic.  The  rest  of 
ach  under  its  own  »over« 

ly  at  Bologna  has  70  pro- 
lere  are  universities  also 
?,  Mantua,  Milan,  Padua, 

Roman  Catholic. 

on.  inelnding   the  islands 

L' than  10,000,000. 

esteemed    the    finest    i» 

parts, 

rlile,  and  generally  under 
!y  in  parlienlHr  has  ft'!" 
f  II  of  Kurcj)'*. 


TL'UKKV  I\  LLUOl'i:.  2j: 

Vi'odadims.  Italy  aiiounds  in  produciionu  of  the 
richest  kind  ;  fruim,  m  ine,  eorn.  silk  uud  oil.  TLcio 
articles  eons'. ilute  it*  princi|;iil  ex|i!irts. 

Chnractcr.  Italy  was  tlie  eouiiirvof  the  ({iimaui,  tl.' 
coiKjiierors  of  the  world;  Ijut  thfi  in, idem  lliili:ins  l.isu 
no  reseml.iiuice  to  the  Romiuis.  They  aie  illLminate, 
iiiji^rclilibin  uud  *liivisli. 

Curiositipn.  Mount  Jifna.  on  tlie  east  end  of  the 
i-Iiuid  of  S?ieily,  and  Mount  I'lstiviic^,  U  miles  K.  of-Xa- 
pK's,  arc  Ci'lehruted  voleiiiuies.  The  sides  of  Mounl 
Ktti.i  are  I'ertili-,  uiid  eovered  with  towns  and  village*, 
wiiich  lire  consumtly  liulile  to  be  destroyed  liy  the  erup- 
tions of  the  volcano.  The  urlilicinJ  curiosities  of  Italy 
are  too  nniiierous  to  he  muniioiieil.  Ampliilhcalres, 
hriiL'e-,  anuednots,  the  ruins  of  temples,  triumphal 
archer,  sfiilues,  (jue  paintinajs  and  other  monuments  of 
aneieiif  mai-niricince  abound  in  the  principal  eilie«,  par. 
ticulaily  ill  lioipL', 

Inlands.  Corsica,  north  of  Sardinia,  hcloinjs  (<» 
Iranoe;  Elba  is  between  Corsicn  and  the  coast;  the 
Jf}Pftri  i^lalllIs  are  north  of  Sicily.  *Vn//«.  south  of 
wieily,  helf.iiijg  to  Great  Biitain.  It  has  a  rocky  surfac*- 
and  contains  74,000  inhabitants. 


lONIANT  REPUBLIC. 


fv 


This  Ropnblla  consists  of  the  seven  followinaf  islands 
,inj;  near  the  coast  of  Turkey:  Covfu.  (Vphalonu,, 
s^nnte,  St.  Mnira,  Ceriffo,  Tlieaki,  and  Pa.vu.  Th« 
population  is  isr,oo«.  The  republic  is  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Great  Britain. 

TURKEY  IX  EUROPE. 

Situation.  The  Turkish  empire  lies  in  the  centre  of 
thp  Eastern  Conlineut,  embracing  a  portion  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa.  Turkey  in  Europe  lies  between 
Hungary  on  the  N.  and  the  Mediterraaean  on  the  rt. 


VIPV 


TrUKMY  IN  KITROPK. 


IIImI  hltW,"'*':, 

^'t'liici'  or  1- 
province*. 


■J      "t'U'k  Neil  on  the  K.  anil  llie  (iulf  of 
HiMoiii  i*  on  I  lie  .\.  F. 
\urk('y   ill   Kiiro|ie   iit   ilividcd   inin   ii 


Pn.%incrt  Piwincti, 

IM'ildAviii,  IJiiInnrin, 

\Valm'liin,  |{oiiiiuiiH, 

f^c'via,  Alhniiiii, 

ilosnin,  JVnxince   of   iJip 

t'fl|)iain  I'uclia. 

Stun,  The  Dlnck  Sia,  sen  ut tUaimtiva,  ftiul  Jlrchipe- 
(ago,  lepiirale  Turkey  in  Kurojie  Trom  Turkey  in 
Atiii. 

f^tritits.  The  slrnilii  nb  Connlautiiiople  connect  Jlie 
Bluik  f^ia  Willi  llic  Sea  of  Marmora,  uml  llie  Dar- 
ilavetles  connect  the  fe'cu  of  Marmora  wilh  the  Areliipe- 
lago. 

rcuiusula  and  Islhmus.  Tlie  tVuren,  in  lie  noutli,  is  a 
lurj^e  |itiiiiiNula,  conneeiiMl  uilli  llie  main  l:tiiil  by  ii  nar- 
row  iKilimu)>,  caileii  the  isthmus  nf  Corinth. 

Gulfs.  Tlic  (iiilf  of  LpjKiuto  in  on  llie  N.  nide  of  llic 
Moreu.  Tilt  (iuif  of  Eu'xiu  it  on  (lie  eaiit  jii!e  of  iho 
Morea,  uiiil  "(puratiil  from  ilic  Gulf  of  Lrpantu  by  the 
istliniu4  of,Corinth.  Tlie  i\u\\'  »\' Huluuica  '\i  the  nurth< 
western  arm  of  ibc  Areliijielago. 

M)iiittiiiiis.  Tlie  Ca.jiathian  mount ains  form  jiart  of 
llic  boiiiiilary  btlweeu  'I'uikey  and  Hungary.  The  tliaiii 
of  lliiinis  IK  Houlh  of  (he  Uaiiiibe,  and  divides  the  waters 
which  How  into  that  river  from  Ihoxe  which  flow  into 
the  Gulf  of  Venice  and  the  Arcliitielago.  There  are 
nUo  many  short  ranges  and  Hiiif^le  mountains  in  t):e 
houlh,  which  have  been  rendered  faniuus  by  the  Orcek 
poetg  ;  such  as  Mount  Oltjwjius,  Petiou,  Osja,  iVirwrts- 
>■?.<••,  and  Iltlicov. 

/livers.  The  Ihriubp  and  it«  branches  drain  the 
provinces  lyini^  belwten  llie  Carpathian  inounlain<i  and 
tlieclir.inof  llenius.  The  principal  branches  are  ijie 
7'ri(//i,  which  forms  lie  boundary  belwceii  Turkey  and 
Uii<i)!ia,  and  the  Save,  which  is  the  boundary   between 


RITROPK. 

I)  lli(>  K.  ami  ilie  (iulf  of 

ri  I  lie  N.  F. 

iro|ie   is  tliviilcd   inin   H 

Piitvinctt, 
Hiilt;nria, 
Koiiiiuiin, 
.\ll)niiiii, 
I'rnxiiice    of    llie 
Cfl|)iain  I'uclia. 

f  .Vuniiorn,  ftiul  Jlrchipe- 
iro|ie    Truiii    Turkey    in 

iislautiiinple  connect  llie 
M armor u,  uiiti  the  Dar- 
rmnru  willi  the  Areiiipe- 

.Vurcrr,  in  llio  noiilli,  is  a 
I  ilie  main  litiid  b)  a  nar- 
* "/  Corinth. 

)  iit  on  llie  N.  itide  of  llic 
I  on  (lie  i'tt!»t  jiile  of  the 

Gulf  of  (jcpaiitu  Ijy  the 
'  ut' Siiluuica  i«  the  north- 
o. 

{  nioimlainN  form  part  of 
nil  lliini;ury.  The  cliniii 
II',  and  dividi'H  the  waters 
n  (tiosie  which  flo>v  into 
riliiritlago.  Thvre  are 
Hiiifjie  niountiiins  in  tlm 
I'd  runiuus  liy  the  Oreik 
s,  Peliou,  Osi^a,  rarnas- 

it«  branches  drain  the 
nrpatliiun  niounluin<i  and 
ni'i|ial  hrani-lii'H  are  tjit; 
iiy  belucen  Turkey  and 
»  the  boundary   Lelween 


TUUKRY   IN  KUROFE.  ij3 

n.;Jih;h;;d:;?.h;£,^;tC;;r'^''''''^  '^"•''"'' 

-mp.re,  .s  on  the  Ho^pl.oruH.  ,„•  s.riii  of  (Jo,  h.hm  i  oi  I, 
vails       vL,      ,  '"^'"""''' "■"*''•'""''  ''"""nonndtd 

ua  I      'I'hn  r..>.<     P.I  ",r'">  ""•' surrounded  by  a 

"HI.      1  he  part  of  the  seraglio  occuiMed  bv  the  uiv.. 
and   coneub.nes  of  the   Snlian    i,   cal  e     ih.    II„ro ' 
('onstan.innple  ig  built   principally  rruood  and  Z' 
quentlv  suftVrs  from  desolating  fire,.     Th     ri,v  ,,  ahi  * 

000  000  P»l»ultttioii    ,a    eslimuted    nt 

Ui'lL^rade    is  at   the  confluerue  of  the  Save  nnrl  n,« 
Danube,  on  the  frontiers  of  Tu,    .vnniM  ««>"  the 

finely  situated  for  c,  mme  ce  ha  hli  '''^"'^-  '' '' 
cation  with  Vienna  amiThe  B  1^1-  I  "  t«/y  cmmuni- 
i;or.ified,and  a.  it  ^oZ'anl  T^^X  «  dTs^tj 
ot  Hungary  .t  has  been  frequently  an  obiee  o  '  fi.  rZ 
3""7,"  ^'*'''"'  "*«  Austrian^  .?n?  he  Tn  k? 
^^/'ms,  the  principal  city  of  ancient  Greece  is  oil.." 
northeast  st.ie  of  the  liulhr  Kngia  Here  arisTl  !^ 
bo  seeu  the  ruins  of  the  aneient%valf  the  tem  '  .A' 
iag;m:;nc"e'  """""""^  °'"^^  -«^  "i'  "-»eie;;; 

estimated  at  e,000,ooo,  cons.st.ng  principally  of  Greek.. 


i' 


iol 


lUUKbV  IN   KlfllOriv 


I! 


and  I'liikn.     TIic  Tiirk*  Imvc  lln'  «liiniiitioii,  liul  arc  tti- 
t'eri'ir  to  I  lie  Clit'ckn  in  niimliiT. 

UAix'oin.  The  Turk*  uie  MuliomctanN.  Tliey 
lielitvc  klint  Mulioniel  wuh  a  ^rl•ttlp^  prii|ilu'l  tlinn  Jcitin 
CMirixl,  unil  ciml  (In*  Koniii  itt  llic  wuni  ol"  tioil.  l  lie 
Turk*  urc  ii  vory  »iui»t'r»tlili«u»  |(i'o|i|i'.  iiinl  |»Ihpo  ^roat 
conliilfnce  in  onicuji  anil  ilreHiO'*.  Tlii-y  are  lii^oUfd  \\v 
*liiir  altucliini'ia  lo  tlairoMn  fnilli.  iiml  Irent  all  nllu-r 
dcniiiniiMliitn*  at  iIo^h.  Tin;  (•ici-kH  uio  CliriHliunH, 
anil  are  »;illeieii  to  enjoy  lla'ir  reli><ion,  himI  lo  relain 
(heir  (irieNlSi  Itntiinpii,  HrclilMthnpi,  iiml  pntriarclii- 

Ouvi'iumftit.  The  i<ovi'rnni«nt  i*  ili'«po(ic.  The 
Enipntir,  \\\\»  in  nUo  hIjIimI  Hullaii,  or  Uianil  Seignor, 
liim  ali««ilutc  po\vi;r  oi'lilc  am!  deulh.  and  Hninelimcii  I'X- 
iTpiHCH  it  uith  hriilal  cnii-lly.  IIi«  prime  niiiiiHier  in 
called  I  ho  Grand  Vizier.  The  pnixinces  are  governed 
liv  pac.hrtit  or  bu>»hu\vn,  wliu  IViquenlly  rebel  u«ain»t  the 
s'uUuii.  Ihe  Sullan  iit  nonitltnie*  deposed  by  tho 
Huldirrt  calltd  .lani/.iirieg, 

.'Planners  uud  fwsfoHis.  The  Turk*  dillVr  pjrenlly  in 
their  manner*  from  other  Kiirnpeun  natiuii*.  Tolyi^amy 
in  praciiscd.  Kvery  Mu«iiulman  i*  Hilowed  lo  have 
four  wives  and  u*  many  coneiibini.4  a«  lie  j)leuHe«.  The 
concubineK  are  usually  slavcii,  purchased  in  the  markif. 
In  oftlinij,  the  Turks  make  no  une  olknike*  and  forks,  but 
divide  tiieir  food  with  their  finders.  They  are  extrava- 
2onlly  fond  of  opium  and  tobacco,  and  Hpend  a  great 
deal  of  time  in  chewing  and  smokinK-  Their  dre«»  con- 
Mists  of  loose  flowing  robes,  and  the  men  use  turbans 
instead  of  huts. 

The  Greeks.  Greece  was  formerly  inhabited  by  a 
free, brave  and  enliglilcned  people  ;  but  after  the  Turks 
conquered  the  country,  every  tiling  became  the  prey  of 
ignorance  and  bigotry.  The  modern  Greeks,  oppressed 
by  a  despotic  government,  have  lost  the  spirit  of  their 
anceslors.  Their  language  is  corrupled,  their  minds 
depressed,  and  their  whole  eliaraeter  degraded.  Athens, 
•nee  the  scat  of  hcienee,  rcfinenieut,  and  all  that  was 
elegant  in  literature  and  the  arts,  contains  now  a  scanty 
population,  who  live  in  wretched  hovels,  amid  the  ruina 
nf  splendid  temples,  and  mai^nificent  marble  columns. 


lie  «iiiniiiiion,  ItuI  arc  tii- 

Muliomflanx.  Tlicy 
utcr  pr)i|ilu>t  tlinii  .Icmiii 
lie  tuiril  oC  (.iiiil.  I  lie 
|iL-o|i|i'.  1111*1  pliipo  Djrent 
.  'I'licy  ure  liinuiu-d  i\i 
lilli.  lUitJ  Irent  all  oilier 
[•ici'kH  uro    CliriHliuns, 

religion,  niiil  to  rutnin 
|)4,  unit  pntriurcliit' 
i«iil  i<t  «lt>Kpii(ic.  The 
llaii,  or  Uiiuiil  Si'ignor, 
Iciiili.  ai»l  Hoinetimt.'*  I'S- 
lli*  prime  niiiiii*ler  ix 

pni\  ince«  hi'l-  )^(iveri)i'il 
|Ui-iilly  rvliel  uuiiirut  tliu 
elinif*  (li'po»eu    by    (lio 

Tuiks  (lifl'tT  pjrpnlly  in 
euii  niitiiiiiti.  rolys^nmy 
lui  U  alluwcil  tu  liiive 
1)14  ni  lie  nleuHe*.  The 
iiirrhiiseil  in  the  iiinrkt-t. 
coi'knik'eHUiiti  lurkiibtit 
i'r§.  Tliey  aiL'  cxtniva- 
acco,  aii)l  itpciitl  a  ijrrat 
tkiii^.  Their  dre«»  Cdii- 
nd  the  men  u»e  turbans 

trmorly  inhabited  Ity  a 
pie  5  but  after  the  Tnrku 
iting  became  the  prey  of 
odern  Greeks,  oppressed 
c  lost  the  spirit  of  their 
corrupted,  their  minds 
icter  degraded.  Athens, 
enieul,  und  all  ihiit  unn 
ts,  eniitains  i)ow  a  scanty 
d  hovels,  amid  the  rniuti 
Gcent  marble  columns. 


T 


AMA. 


s:r<A 


d.l..;,..M  e  ,mu,..,    ,|.e  ,ur  i,  pure  and  h.ulihv.     'I J 
..  /  u  I.  rl.l..   y...I. h„.  c..r„.  ui„,.a„.|  ,.i|  |„  „|,„;,danre  ; 

pnne.Hly  ,,,,.,;  I.,a  „.,.  .     „.nn.  ....bridn,  ..11  Z. 

i:n;„!::;;:;;r ''•""'''^''  -""""-' v«iiie., and 

a.lureHaru.    lii.k-v  rarpcl.,   minlin.,  erupt%  mu,OH 

bra..  e„,.no„.  ,„n.k.,..  p |.,  and  H^/.rd.,  Vll  of     hie  ,' 

are  held  ,n  ^M.,„,  ,.n,..Hli:.,.  by  ruvn->Jr  'I  he  ex 
|M.rl,,  be,,.!..  ,lu.M.  mannlurlur.,.  ,„Vrorn.  uin"  oil 
h«».  enrran...  ««,.l,  eamel\  huir.  &,..     The  m  rehnni- 

'Ihe  natural  adva»laqe«  of  Turkey  for  «L.rio.  Kure. 
eo.nmereeandn.an«rac,urrH.  are  n...  Hurpas^nlby  a  ny 
country  on  the  «lobe.  'ihe  .limale,  ,h  .  soil,  „  .d  Tl  « 
Mtuat.on  are  unecjualled;  but  un.ler  the  pr '  e  de  ! 
pnt.c  government  there  ore  no  moliven  to  v^ertio  ,    .ho 

^7Z.  '"""""^  •"■'  ''''""^•'''  "'"'  '"'^y  •»""S  Ian- 
J»lamls.  The  islands  are  very  numeroin.  The  lar"- 
Mt  are  „„,/,«,  „„c,enily  culled  (Jre.e.  Xffp-opovt,  J.nt 
vos,  Ji,/o,  .V^.r.«  and  raros.  The,  have  a  K.ecU. 
male  and  ie,tile  .oil,  producing  corn,  w.ne  aud  «i 


ASIA. 


or 


iiitunt.on.  Am  ,«  ,„unded  N.  by  the  Arctic  oi 
i-rozen  Oeenn  ;  K.  by  .-{.e  Pacific  Ocean  :  S.  by  the  In- 
d.nn  Ocean:  and  W.  by  Kurope,  ,he  Meditmanean 
bV"i.e  Red  S^a"'  '""  ''"  '"^'  *""  ^^'^'^  '^  '^  -P''- "^ 
^Livhiuns.    The  following  arc  llie  principal  countrict 


I 


Counlni  >• 

liiiHtia  in  A*iA( 
l!|iiMi>ie  Kmpiro, 
Fiirllivr  liiiliu, 
|liii<(o*i<ilnri, 
lii(l*'|it:iiili'i!t  'I'urturv. 

I'lTKIII, 

Tiiikfy  in  A«lu, 
Araltin, 


in»,o(H),i)iio 

>J,(I(I<I,OIIO 

1U0,0O<),O()ll 

.<,(IOO.()(l() 

11,(I0(),I'I)0 
10  000,1)00 
11),000,000 


(:)titf  Ciiittt 
Aittriiclittn. 
I'vkin. 

UmnuTiipnurB. 
i'alcutfii. 
Hatniircniitl. 
Iiintlittil. 
Ai«'|ipr». 
Meoctt, 


Svas,  ttnii<t  or  (iulft      In  ll««  mmlli  ftri-  llie  Rfd  Sen, 
IctMCi'n  Aiiii  ami   Alricaj    tdc   Pfrninti   <f'/<//,  lieiwecu 
Anihitt  and  I'cntiu  ;    nnil  (lie  //(m/  "J'  lifniful,  liemftn 
IlintlootUu  and  lite  Uirman  Knipire.     All  ilip«e  com- 
nuiiiicule   wiili  llit>  Indian  Oeran.    On  I  lie  cimI  I'oaiti 
titcrr  afr  four  oea*,  tliu   I'ltina  «ra  in  tlie  koiith,  thfi 
Knstern  n-A  and  llie  ura  of  Japan  in  the  middle,  and 
the  sea  »f  Okhutsk  in  ilie  north.     All  ihfRp  i*«mnuini- 
uate  with  the  Paeific  Oeran.     The  i^nlf  of  Siam  and  !be 
l^ulf  of  TuH(/'<'«  cro  urnm  of  the  iJhina  Moa,  and  ihe 
|V//a«' Sea  I*  an  arm  of  (he  Kamern  Sea.     The  «ea  o^ 
h'ara  and  llie  nea  ufOhy,  in  the  nurthuest,  romniunicat) 
^^iththe  Arctic  Oeean. 

Stt'aitii.    The  itrbiti  of  Jiabclmandel  connect  the  Ked 
Sea  with  the  Indian  Oceans  the  fitrait*  of  OrmuB  con- 
nect the  Persian  Gulf  with  (he  Indian  Ocean;  ther/ian 
nel  of  Tartary  ennneet*  the  sea  of  Jaiiftti  with  the  tea 
of  Okhotsk. 

hihmus.  The  iHthmnfiof  5«ps:  in  the  sarrow  neck  of 
lujid  between  the  Hi<d  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Lakes.  The  Caspian  (ea  !«  n  large  salt  water  lake, 
lying  eaitt  of  the  Rluek  ^ea.  It  is  more  than  fiOO  milea 
long,  and  hait  no  nutlet.  The  sea  of  dral,  cast  of  the 
Ca»piaii,  is  ^00  niiU-K  long. 

StoiiHtains.  The  two  principal  ranges  are  the  JHhitf 
and  the  Himv.nleh  The  .?/fny  range  commenres  near  the 
sea  bf  .'Vval,  and  ar.slcr  various  names,  runs  N.  E.  to  the 
Paeifie  Ocean,  teparalini;  Hussia  in  Asia  from  (he  Chi- 
nee Empire.  It  is  ff,QUO  uiiles  lon,^,  and  except  the 
threat  Auiericuu  runge,  is  kXic  longest  ud  the  globe.    Thfi 


Chitf  Cii.ti. 

01)0 

AntrHvlitin. 

0(10 

IVkin. 

Olio 

UniiiiiTiipoiini 

,000 

i'ftlculfu. 

.1)00 

Hmnurcoiitl. 

1)00 

Itimliun. 
Alt'ppo, 

noo 

,000 

Meoco. 

000 

JlM«''     . 

miiilli  arc  (lie  Ped  Sea, 
f  Per»iHn  Unlfs  between 
//(ii/  dJ  lieiijtul,  liefwetn 
Kmpire.  All  ilip«r  t'<im- 
mn.  Oh  (In*  cntl  eoa»t 
la  ica  ill  tlic  kiuilh,  Ihfi 
Inpnn  in  tlic  miiiijtp,  and 
ih.  All  llicKe  rt^minuni- 
The  <;iilf  of  Siam  untl  I  be 
(he  iJliiiia  HfA,  and  the 
snierii  Hea.  The  nea  at 
c  nurtbu«ftt,  romniunicat) 

Mmandel  connect  the  Ked 
lie  Rlraitt  of  Omiua  cod- 
>  Indian  Ocean ;  the  fhan- 
8(>a  of  Jaii&a  with  the  lea 

'uei  in  the  sarrow  neck  of 

the  Mediterranean. 
I  a  large  salt  Hute r  lake, 

It  ii  more  than  fiOO  milea 
!  ica  of  Jlralj  cast  of  the 

!ipal  ranges  are  the  Jltay 
r^nge  commenres  near  the 
IS  nameH,  run*  N.  K.  to  the 
HHia  in  Asia  from  the  Chi- 
lilcK  long,  and  except  the 
iungcit  00  the  jjlobe.    Thu 


1 


A-^IA. 


in 


I  itMt  and  llu,do,..lH„.     It  i,  ,1...  h.Kh..,.  mn^ .h- 

?loH        Iht.  ,»,.»u.r„  ,.,„.„iiii,.,  ofiht.  Allrtv  nnd  lliir.- 
.....Kh    njir^r,  are  cmoievlul  i.y  l.rrtothi.  ur  mmi.,,  „r«. 

IlnrvA       Ihc  priiicinni  riv.r.  of  A»i«  n.ny  he  divid. 

.1  into  .»  eluMj...     1.    l-h.-^e  «hi,.|i  rmplv  i,,..,  ,|,v  Arc 

•a  «lee„.i,      I  huy  drain  lh«f  ,.„.,n(f^  „„ri},  „r  ih.-  Altiiy 

ee..n.      1  h.  y  druui  the  <  ouuiry  h..t«f,.„  ,!,«  All.»y  and 

uwrtiaM.   ino«n.a..;;.     .,.  Th wl.i.l,  ,.,„,„,  „„o  the 

Jd.  u.    »o..,u,      They  drain  .he  couul.y  *,H,fh  ui.d  He,! 

/.-I''  In  ''T'  'i'"V  ''"'""^  ""'  ^'*'^'  ""•  ^''"■'•''''  «"''  "'» 
fl.;;  r  I '.  A  "*i''  "'»"'  ""^^  ^""y  •n«""'«ins  and 
f  e  oTv        :  ,  1  ^^'''i- ;>'•••«»;     Th.y  are  «rn,t  ri»e„, 

Mlh    „.t..   n     .Ik.    a  (ny  «„.,w,m„,,.  ^ t.,„i„^  ,„,» 

lii.en.      t  he  //->««:£.,//,.  „.,.|  ,1,..  AV-.w-A',.  l.-nh  ri,e  neur 
h«  "Uine    .p.t,  Ml  (he  eeniral  p,»rt  .,f  A.i...  ....d    b.i.h 

unply    ,„    ,1,,.    M..m..  .p„t  in.h,.  KuHlirnSra.     I.Hheir 
'•Hir-..-,    he  11'.....^  I  „  „M,d.  to  ll.e  n..r.h  i.nd  .he  Ki.in, 

M  i«  ,  ,,  .0... U.      I  U.  Jainw.s,  ,U>.  i„  ,i,«   .......nlain* 

".(   I  ihH  atid  llo«H  .S.  I.;.  ,„  ,|u,  ll,i, ,,  sitt.     All  the.e 
rivir*  aie  uliout  ^,000  milts  lon^. 

To  .he  lhi„|  da..  Indon;  the  Clauir.s,  ,1,,.  r,uh^  „n,| 
'he  luiphral^s  I  la,  a,r,^..,,  ..j,,,,  j,,  „,^.  Hi.Mm.il.h 
momi.unm  «„,|  [„„  ;„.  m.  ,.;_  ^.,„,„i^^  j,,  „  „^^.  ,j      ^j,  jj^^^^_  , 

Ii      •       u     «'  '"'  '""."  '"  "'^  "'"""aiih  moiinmin,  a,,.! 
II..Hin,{  H.    W.  ...nptif.  into   the   li.diaM  Ocfftti.     Th- 
hiqurate^  mes  near  the  nhtelt  St-a  and  ll..vvi»>'S.  K 
•■'nplH-s    into  the   IVr.ian  Uulf.     All   Huh-   ri^m  a;J 
nmieihan  t,:M)0  mil.-^  |mi^. 

J^.^dxinn.  The  p^evail;„^.  reli-ion,  in  Asia  are  Pa. 
Kin.sm  and  Muhoine.ani.m.  The  Kn^li.h  have  .ei. 
i«'.nen.«  in   varioug  parts,  and   are  no»  niHkinsr  ureat 

^"'a'"  ««  Chnstianily  over  these  populous  countries 


i 


tM 


rniKKV  I.N  M^W. 


rnimlalioH.  Tlif  p«pulmion  of  nlinn»l  lu-ry  fiim- 
trv  HHil  rily  in  \»U  U  iiiiknuttii,  Hn<l  I'e  kiNir.ucnu 
wliich  urr  iitiKli' oil  ihU  »iitijii«  iir«'  inuollr  ""^'i'  '■'•'•• 
ji'flurf.  'I'lii*  ooiij'fliiri-*  ri«ji.i'iiii<  th»'  wlnil**  |t"|iuln. 
Hull  of  A»!i  litt»«  »4fii'*l  from  vJO,no«»,o«o  ltnM»u  ooo.ooo. 


Tl'ilKKV  IN  AHIA. 

f^ilujtioti.  Tuiktv  in  A»ii»  U  li*>imi!««l  S.  Ij  lie 
nini'k  Sta  K'll  Uii'itnj  K.  I»v  IVroltn  H.  Ity  AmbiNi 
till!  W,  liy  llif  MiMlilrrrnni-H!,  urn!  lli*  Arrliipiflunii. 

J)ivi»ioni.  'I'utl<ey  in  A«it»  ciiii«i«l«  of  lour  roiin- 
trif*.  uliirli  are  lubdividuJ  iiita  17  |iavltaliiki.  I'lic 
4  euuiilti«»  ixn, 

A»ift  Minor,  Armftiiu, 

S^^iia,  Diailji'kir. 

Jliin  J>i:it<>r  i«  in  lli»  N.  W.  I(  i-mliracfi  (lie  putin- 
lulu  iiii'ImiIciI  I'ciMven  the  HIack  Htfa,  (ho  MvJili-n 
rnmiiii,  niitl  llii*  Arcliip«'ltti5«.  Syriii  ii  in  llie  S.  W . 
It  I'XifniU  from  ihe  Arubiun  ilcscrl  uiitl  (lie  Hivcr  Kii' 
iiliruli'*  i>n  lliL' in»»,  (o  tliv  Mi>iliifrrni4.'iin  on  (lif  went. 
The  •(.uiliiTii  pHK  of  Myriii  in  l*ulc'»liii«  or  (lie  Holy 
Liiiiii.  »'irm»uia  it  in  (lie  N.  K.  It  txltritlri  neiiily  to 
the  C'.Mifuniun  motiniuiiiii.  Dinrbfkir  i$  in  (lti>  H,  E. 
I(  entciiilii  to  (III'  I'l'minn  (iiilf,  itnd  luilirurim  un  rxtrii* 
%\%e  ronti(f>  \«nii'rfi|  li\  (lie  Kii|ihraltt  nml  (lie  I'igiiii. 

HinvH.  Till*  Euiihrvlr*  ii»in  in  A  rruiiia  nt-nr  (hi- 
niin-k  Sett,  ami  H"Wi  H.  K.  (o  (lie  IVrnitin  (iiilf.  It  in  a 
huiuiiliry  river  ilnrinx  nci'riy  (lie  whol»  of  it*  coiir«e, 
«p|mratln^  AMi«  MiiHir  from  Armeniii,  Dinrln  kir  from 
Hyriii,  ntiii  'rurkcj  from  Arnliia.  The  Tis,ris  ii  the  prin- 
ti'|t!iil  hruncli  of  ihc  ICiniliratei.  It  riten  nUo  in  Ar- 
ini'uiii  mill  lloMK  M.  K.  '1  he  rwvr  Jordniu  »»  often  men- 
tiiHioil  ill  the  niUlc,  14  n  tinnll  river  in  I'uleKiiie,  which 
run*  >ouih  inlii  the  Di-ml  !"f;t. 

Miuiilniua.  The  Mo,i,it  Tuuruf  rnoge  rnna  alang  tfin 
hMUthern  uliitrc  of  Atin  Minor  nnil  utretehea  i'a»(  to- 
\var(}«  the  Ciupian  !*en,   ■eparalitig  Aiia  Minor  froni 


11  of  «Iinn»t  nttry  fitijn- 
iiiMii,  iinil  I'll*  nittii-.iii'ni* 
I't  nri'  inuolly  mvtv  vm- 
iri'iiii<  \hi>  Mliiilf  iMi|mla- 


In  U  lioimifid  S.   Ij  iliP 
y  l'i*r«tii  I    H.  Iiy  ArttbiM  | 
',  Nriil  \\\e  Arrliipirlugn. 
in  C)iii4i*l«  nf  liiur  roiin- 
u[>>   17  {)«clittlicki.     'I'lic 

Arm^niii, 
Diaiht'kir. 

/.  It  i'mlir«c»i  llif  p»iiin- 
UUck  HfO,  (lio  MvdiliT* 
I.     <S'i/»ui  it  in  till'  9.  W. 

«it<!i/rl  aiitl  (lie  Hivcr  Vu- 
|i-ilii)'rrnii.'iin  on  llif  »vfiif. 

IN  I'uli'itlitic'  or  tlir  Holy 
.  Vi.  J I  cxti-ii)lri  npiiiiv  lu 
Diarbi'kir  i$  in  lite  H,  E. 
f,  und  iHiliruri«t  un  exicu* 
Cii|ihrikU-t  nnii  (lie  Tigii*. 

ixN  in  A  mt'itln  iifiir  (he 

tlir  IVroiHii  (iiiir.  It  i»  u 
f  llie  uhule  >if  iu  coiir««>, 
Armcniti,  l)!Hri)ikir  IVom 
in.  Tlie  Tis,ris  it  the  prin- 
iti'i.  It  r'\»vn  nUn  in  Ar- 
•\\vr  Jordntu  »o  nl'ien  intn- 

riv'«r  in  I'uleiline,  HliicU 

Wurus  rnoge  rnnt  alang  tlin 
inr  Hnil  Ktrvtelu'R  i'ii»(  to- 
araliii^  Aiia  Miiior  from 


lUIiKliV  IS  ASIA. 


9Sf 


byri«.  Rnil  Dinrhrkir  ftain  Arm-ni*  Tht  r„„>'a»i,in 
mmiiiiuin*,  ul.irh  run  l,.,m  llir  hl*.  k  Mn,  |„  ,|i«.  («•• 
pirt't,  .MTi-  •■..rriinl,  (1...  l.o,..,.Lry  l...(«r..ri  llio  ilominimu 
.inim.it  on  il,,.  norlli.aiMl  t|ioM<  „r  |Vr.i»  imil  Turki-v 
<'<<  <li«  .ouili,  iHit  (he  |{.i..idn.  Ai«  nort  in  n..Mr«,ion  ..I* 
a  lurrnw  ii.lriiM  on  il.r  ioulli  of  Hip...  mouMluiin.  Hkv 
.rul  •r.nflu'*  prorrnl  Iroin  Hi..  CmicMian  mnjfo  !*.  k. 
ml..  IVr.iH,  hihI  h.  ,',  into  'I'm  kfy. 
r./«V..     .//.-/v/r,,  ill  (|„.  ,i„r(h  oFHyri*.  hn«  n  vfir  ft- 

I.«   M..l.l..|r«n  un     ,l   !,«,    i„l.rr,Mir...    „ii|,    Kurom 
Ilu»inMti.(run.«ct,.,l   princ.milly  |,y   Arm..niur.i,  J.«, 

I  nrki«li  (Icitniinou.,  nii<l  liai  adO.ooo  inliuliitniiii. 

mmanait,  lonlh  of  Alqipo,  li«.  mimurariur...  of  .ilk 
aiiU  rolton.anil  foritiprly  w<i.  p.le»,r.ii.Ml  for  tli«  l>,..t 
.»oid.  «..d  ,nhre.  i.,  ih,  uorhl,  ul.irl,  wrre  in..!,  .f 
•tee  mid  iron  of  .a  hue  .  ,,„«li,y,  .|„»,  ,|,ey  „„„|,n,c„4 

Tl^iL  r;'"""  •';7'*""'  ''"t  «»..'  nrl  i,  „««  W. 
I  If  .Ilk  cloth  eolled  (ltma,k  Inkt'.  it.  nnnic  froi;.  ihii 
citv,  n.  aUo  (he  .necif*  of  plu,„l,  c«||hI  dn^^son,  uhirh 
.«  a  cuntracdon  uf /)amn.ce,e.  The  city  i,  .iMmfd  in 
u  piru.ant  country,  and  ha.  aoo.oi.o  i^.^«bil„r..^  and  » 
wry  cxtcn.ive  coinniiTct  l.y  mi-iin.  of  cHranui. 

#iayr«n,  i«  on  (he  ««.iilrrn  coait  of  -♦.^ia  Mi,,,,-.  „„  - 
very  lar^e  an.l  coinmodio.u  huy  or  harbor  of  (he  ArHii- 
n..|uj;o«ea.  It  j-arric,  on  a  vry  e«lenM»c  tra.l..  «i,h 
Kuroiic,  particularly  with  Kr.^land.  ]M„nv  Kuroman 
...erehant.  rc.ide  h.r..,  and  |.ve\..  a  par(  oni.;  .^  ' 'JJ 
ihemHclve..  Ihc  pl.rjue  fr..,,KM.(ly '  ,„„k,,  Jrcn  lf„| 
rava«e.,  and  cartl  -,uake«  «onu.(ime«  do.troy  (he  ti'v 
PoBuladon  tflo.ono.  '  '* 

Evteriim,  (he  cani(al  of  Armenia,  i.  n(  (he  foo(  of  n 
mountain,  near  (he  Lead  of  (he  K.ipl.rate,.  Th.  hou  ..^ 
nre  bu.lt  of  ..one.,  «ij.  «..,  roou!  ..ovm-d  ..iih  e  r  | 
and  Kru«,  and  .!itu-p  are  pimtun-d  there.  Thr  cK*  ha. 
ttnext..n..vetra.|e«i/(,  |V,„ia  und  hwlin,  nnd  IaIm.oo 
.nhab.taut*.  /harhnir,  (he  ..a,,i,ul  of  ,1...  proline  -of 
«l.e  ..ire  unmc,  ,.  „„  ,h,.  Tiijri,.     JJasm-l  near  (I  e 


S4U 


TURKKY  IN  ASIA. 


moulli  of  die  Euphrates,  in  a  place  of  sreal  coinnicrciiil 
consequence,  being  frequented  by  incrcbunU  anJ  vuagelit 
from  various  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The  ciljr  is  ill 
a  groat  inuHtture  inilependent  of  the  Turks. 

Jncient  cities.  Tliis  country  was  once  the  scat  of  many 
celebrated  and  flouriithing  cities,  which  are  now  in  ruins. 
On  the  Euphrates,  stood  Jtabylon,  the  great  city,  with  its 
walls  00  miles  in  circumference,  and  390  feet  iiigh,  and 
its  100  gates  of  solid  brass;  but  it  has  passed  away, 
and  the'place  where  it  stood  is  scarcely  known.  JV*t««- 
veh  was  on  the  Tigris,  and  its  ruins  may  still  be  seea 
opposite  Mosul.  Troy  was  in  the  northwest  part  of 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  Dardanelles  which  connect  the 
Archipelago  with  the  sea  of  Marmora.  Balbec  and  Pal- 
myra were  in  Syria,  and  their  ruins  are  more  magnill* 
cent  than  those  of  Greece  or  Italy. 

Bagdad  once  the  seat  of  the  caliphs,  and  the  scene  of 
many"  eastern  fables,  is  on  the  Tigris.  It  has  some 
commerce,  but  retains  little  of  its  ancient  splendor. 
Jerusalem,  the  Holy  city,  is  still  trodden  down  by  the 
Geatiles.  It  is  S,  \V.  of  Damascus,  and  is  he  resort  of 
numt  ous  pilgrims.  Tyjre,  whose  merchants  were  once 
princes,  is  now  a  desolate  rock  where  the  fisherman 
dries  his  net.  It  is  ou  the  coast  of  Syria,  west  of  Da- 
mascus. 

Iiihabitants.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated 
at  10,000,000.  They  are  composed  of  various  nations 
and  religious  denominations.  The  ^irmenian^  ore  prin- 
cipally merchants.  Th,ey  are  inlL'lligenl,  industrious, 
and  economical,  and  r|;markable  for  their  enterprise. 
They  emigrate  in  great  numbers  from  their  native 
country,  and  are  found  scattered  in  all  the  principal 


cities  "of  Asia,  engaged  in  the  most  extensive  coinmer- 
cial  undertakings.     They  may  be  styled  the  Yankees  of 
Asia.      The    Armeniaus    profess    Christianity.      The 
ire  a  wandering  race,  who  inhabit  the  eastern 
Turkey,  and  the  neighboring  districts  in  Per- 


[.f 
profess    i;urisiianiiy.       I'he 
Curds  are 
parts  <»f  „ , 

sia.  They  live  chiefly  on  plunder,  and  are  not  subject 
either  to  the  I'urks  or  Persians;  they  own  great  num- 
bers of  cattle  which  they  drive  with  them  from  place 
lu  place. 


IN  A9IA. 

t  place  of  sreal  coinnicrcinl 
J  by  incrcliunU  aiiJ  vt-HseU 
>  und  Asia.  Tiie  cily  is  in 
of  the  Turks. 

y  was  once  the  seat  of  many 
ies,  which  are  now  in  ruins. 
ylon,  the  great  city,  with  its 
ice,  and  390  feet  iiigh,  and 
;  but  it  has  passed  away, 
is  scarcely  known.  iA'tnt;- 
its  ruins  may  Mtill  be  seen 
I  in  the  northwest  part  of 
anelles  which  connect  the 
Vlarmora.  Halbec  and  Pal- 
>ir  ruins  are  more  magnill- 
Italy. 

ic  caliphs,  and  the  scene  of 
the  Tigris.  It  has  some 
e  of  its  ancient  splendor, 
still  trodden  down  by  the 
mascus,  and  is  he  resort  of 
rhose  merchants  were  once 
rouk  where  the  fisherman 
coast  of  Syria,  west  of  Da- 

of  inhabitants  is  estimated 
amposed  of  various  nations 
The  ^irmeniam  are  prin- 
ire  intelligent,  industrious, 
k&ble  for  their  enterprise, 
umbers  from  their  native 
tiered  in  all  the  principal 
he  most  extensive  commer- 
ay  be  styled  the  Yankees  of 
rofess  Christianity.  The 
•e,  who  inhabit  the  eastern 
'ighboring  districts  in  Per- 
lunder,  auJ  are  not  euliject 
ins;  they  own  great  num- 
drivc  with  them  from  place 


nUSSIA  1\  ASIA  f^t 

"i.h  .«lph„ro,..  «„,!  bi.„mi„Urv.p„r,!  ,V.,  n.  M.''! 


RUSSIA  IN  ASIA. 


P.^b!  I  1  ■mmen.e  TOunlrr  nlnii  from  ih, 

Pm,«c  Ocejn  .n  Che  eH.l,  (o  ISuropJ  on  cP,e  we.c  •  «,,,l 
from  Ihe  Fioien  Ocenn  on  Clio  iiirch.  In  iha  rV'i. 
Kn.p„e,T.rc.r,.  Per,i».„J  T„,kov  .„  L.c,«h     iH! 
.b,,«.  ,„,ce  .,  large  „  all  Kuropefand  .CI,"   "tl.  „f 


m 


n 


2U  RUSSIA  IN  ASIA. 

and  (owardi  its  easlcni  extremity  nentl*  forth  a  brnncli 
to  ti.e  north,  called  Hlaiinvoy,  wliioh  run*  almcHitotho 
Ari'lic  Oceun.  The  Ural  mounlHins  form  purl  ol  ihe 
boundary  between  Kuropean  and  AniHtic  Russia.  I  lie 
CaucaHian  inouiitaini,  lietween  the  Black  Hea  and  the 
I'aspiim,  were  formerly  the  boundary  on  the  mde  of 
Turkey  and  Persia.  . 

Rivers.  The  great  rivers  arc  the  Oby,  the  hmcei, 
and  the  Lena,  all  of  which  rise  in  the  Allay  mountitinf, 
and  flow  north  into  the  Arctic  Ocean.  The  Selenga,  one 
of  thp  head  branches  of  the  Knicei,  rises  on  the  Chinese 
side  of  the  mounlains,  and  crossini?  the  frontier,  empties 
into  the  great  Lake  Baikal.  The  /r/isA,  the  great 
western  branch  of  the  Ol.y,  risen  also  on  the  Chinese 
Dide  of  the  mountains.  The  Vitima  is  the  principal 
branch  of  the  Lena.  The  Ural  rises  in  the  Ural  moun- 
tains and  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  . 

F^ce  of  the  Country.  This  country  is  made  iip  of 
vast  plains,  covered  with  almost  perpetual  snow,  and 
iiervaded  by  enormous  rivers,  which,  under  masses  of 
lee,  pursue  their  dreary  way  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
These  plains  are  called  stepps,  and  are  principally  san- 
dy  and  barren.  In  the  northern  half  of  Siberia,  where 
the  winters  are  long  and  severe,  there  are  no  trees,  but 
in  the  south,  along  the  Altay  mountains,  there  are  im- 
mense  forests.  , 

Population.  The  population  is  10,000,000,  nearly 
the  whole  of  which  is  in  (he  southwest,  in  the  provinces 
bordering  on  European  Russia.  Siberia,  or  the  country 
east  of  the  Ural,  contains  less  than  2,000,000. 

Tartars.  Under  the  general  name  of  Tartars  are 
comprehended  all  the  wandering  savages  of  Siberia,  the 
Chiiipse  empire  and  Independent  Tartary,  but  they  con- 
sist  of  many  different  tribes  and  several  distinct  races. 
The  Tartars  live  a  wandering  life,  and  subsist  princi- 
pally on  their  herds,  of  horses,  oxen,  sheep  and  goats. 
In  summer  they  live  in  tents,  and  remove  from  place  to 
place  for  pasturage.  In  the  northern  parts  of  Siberia, 
they  form  huts  parllv  under  ground  for  their  winter 
residence,  and  spend'  the  cold  seasou  iu  smoke  and 
iiltii. 


N  ASIA. 

etnity  nentl*  forth  a  branoli 
,  wliioh  nin*  almcut  t»  iho 
naiinluinH  fiirtn  part  of  the 
and  AsiHiic  Ku^sia.  The 
en  the  Black  Hea  and  the 
i  boundary  on  the  hide  of 

)  arc  the  Oby,  the  Enicei, 
i»e  in  the  Allay  inountnin^ 
f.  Ocean.  The  Selenga^  one 
t<jnicei,  riaes  on  the  Chinete 
■08«ini?  the  frontier,  empties 
il.  The  Irtish,  the  ^reat 
,  riseM  aUo  on  the  Chinese 
le  Vilima  is  the  principal 
'ral  rises  in  the  Ural  moun- 
)ian  Sea.  . 

lis  eonntry  is  made  «p  of 
tlmost  perpetual  snow,  and 
rs,  wliich,  under  masses  of 
vay  to  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
ps,  and  are  principally  san- 
liern  half  of^  Siberia,  where 
ere,  there  are  no  trees,  but 
ly  mountains,  there  are  im- 

ition  is  10,000,000,  nearly 
southwest,  in  the  provinces 
4ia.  Siberia,  or  the  country 
183  than  3,oeu,O0O. 
leral  name  of  Tartars  are 
ering  savages  of  Siberia,  the 
[ident  Tartary,  but  they  con- 
»  and  several  distinct  races, 
•ing  life,  and  subsist  princi- 
rses,  oxen,  sheep  and  goats. 
t,  and  remove  from  place  to 
le  northern  parts  of  Siberia, 
er  ground  for  their  winter 
cufd  season  iii  smoke  and 


KUSS 


i\6 


Govfrnment.     Th'  .mtry  is   under  the 

dominion  of  Russi  are  nt  such  a  tVn. 

lance  from  the  capital,  ti..  ror  has  little  con- 

trol over  them,  and  they  are  aiiuont  independent.     The 
chief  mark  of  subjection  is  the  annual  tribute. 

Soilandrroductions.  In  thesouthweslerii  provinerg, 
between  the  Ural  on  the  east,  and  the  Volga  nnd  Don 
on  the  west,  the  land  slopes  to  the  south,  the  climate  is 
mild,  and  the  soil  is  good,  producing  vines,  figs,  nl- 
monds,  peaches,  &c.  Out  most  of  Siberia  lies  sloping 
to  the  north,  and  exposed  to  nninterrnpted  blus)«  of  the 
north  wind,  feels  a  rigorous  cold.  Here  the  oak  dwin- 
dles to  a  dwarfish  size,  and  none  but  the  nioitt  hardy 
plants  can  flourish. 

Animals.  The  reindeer  is  found  in  most  parts  of  Si- 
beria,  and  performs  the  oftice  of  the  liorxe,  the  cow  nnd 
the  sheep.  Beavers  live  in  the  great  rivers,  and  sonls 
inhabit  the  shores  of  the  Frozen  Oct  an.  Wolves,  foxes, 
bears,  and  sables  are  hunted  for  their  skins.  Manv  in- 
genious methods  arc  used  to  destroy  the  bear.  Some- 
times they  lay  a  rope  in  his  path,  with  a  heavv  block  at 
one  end  and  a  noose  at  the  other,  contrived  'in  such  a 
way  that  the  bear  becomes  entangled,  and  then  is  either 
exhausted  in  dragging  so  great  a  weight,  or  atfackins 
the  block  with  fury,  he  throws  it  down  some  precipice, 
where  it  seldom  f-iils  to  drag  him  after  it  to  deslruc- 
tion. 

Chief  Toicns.  ^strachan  near  tlie  mouth  of  t'he  Vol- 
ga is  the  largest  city.  By  means  of  the  Volga  uixi  the 
Caspian  sea,  it  has  an  extensive  trade  with  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Persia.  The  principal  articles  of  commerce 
are  salt,  which  is  made  in  prodigious  quantities  in  its 
neighbourhood,  and  fish  which  abound  in  the  Caspian. 
It  has  70,000  inhabitants.  Orenburg  on  the  Ural  has 
considerable  trade.  Tobolsk,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Jrtish 
and  Tobol,  has  20,000  inhubilauts,  and  is  the  largest 
town  in  Siberia,  and  the  centre  of  the  Hussian  fur  trade. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  Russian  exiles,  or 
the  descendants  of  exiles,  banished  hither  for  their 
crimes. 

Kolhjfvan  is  on  the  Oby  near  some  rich  silver  mines. 


34't 


ARABIA. 


Irkutsk  it  on  (he  river  which  iisiies  from  Lake  Bai- 
fcal,  Hnd  i»  the  |)riiiei)ml  seat  of  the  coHimei'ce  lietweeii 
HimHii  and  China,  ynknluk  in  on  the  Lena,  and  Ok- 
hotsk If  on  the  Hca  orOkhoNk. 

Heli^ion.  The  Greek  religion  and  Mnhom'tnnifiin 
prevail  in  the  suiilhwcHt  The  Manderiiig  tril>  ^  of  Si- 
beria are  principally  Pat^unii.  MiH<4ionnriei)  liuve  re- 
cently been  sent  to  Ihifi  conntry  From  Urealllrilain,  and 
are  stationed  nt  Astrachan,  Orenburg,  Irkutsk  and  other 
plurrs. 

Fenintinla.  Ktimt!)chatkn,\n  the  eastern  part  of  this 
couniry,is  a  peninsula.  The  inhabitants  aresmull,  with 
little  hollnw  eves,  flat  noses  and  lavuiy  eomplexibn. 
Tiieir  priiicipaf  employment  is  catching  fish  and  seals, 
and  instead  of  reindeer,  they  use  dagu  to  draw  their 
sleds  over  the  snow  and  ice. 


ARABIA. 


Situation.  Arabia  is  in  the  southwest  of  Asia; 
bounded  N.  by  Turkey;  K.  hy  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the 
Indian  Geean;  8.  by  the  Indian  Oci-an  ;  and  W,  by  the 
Hed  8ea.  whieb  separates  it  from  Africa. 

Faci>  of  the  Country.  The  whole  interior  of  Arabia 
is  an  immense  desert  of  burning  sands,  interspersed 
^vi'h  some  few  fertile  spots,  which  appear  like  islands 
in  n  di-sniate  ocean.  A  hot  and  pestiferous  wind  called 
the  <S7inof>7H,  frequently  bluws  over  the  desert,  and  in- 
stanily  suflbeates  the  unwary  traveller;  and  whole  car- 
avans are  sometimes  buried  by  moving  clouds  of  sand 
raised  by  the  wind.  The  edges  of  the  country  on  the 
sea  const  contain  some  flnurisliing  provinces  and  settle- 
ments :  hut  io  rII  parts  they  suifer  for  want  of  water, 
there  being  no  river  of  any  consequence  in  all  Arabia, 
nnd  no  ruin  for  months  and  sometimes  a  year  to- 
gether. 

Iliviainnit.  Arabia  is  commonly  divided  into  three 
parts ;  Jirahia  Feli.r,  or  Hiippy  Arabia,  bordering  on 
the  Pits  an  tiuif.  the  Indian  Oeean  and  the  southern 
part  of  tlie  Red  Sea;  tHrahia  Pcfroea,  or  Stony  Arabia, 


lA. 

ch  i«8ues  from  Lake  Bat* 
of  tlie  coHimei'cc  hetweeii 
in  uii  tlie  Lena,  and  Ok' 

:;i(>n  and  Maliom'tniiifiin 
c  uHtideriiig  Jril  lofSi- 
I.  MiH>4iunnrii>8  liuvc  ro- 
y  Froni  Urfal-llrituiii,  and 
eriSjurg,  IrkiilHk  and  other 

llip  rastPi'ii  part  of  (his 
nhabitaiilit  arc  Htnuli,  uitli 

and  lavuiv  pinnplexirin. 
IK  calching  iisli  and  hohI*, 
'  use  dogii  to  draw  their 


[A. 

the  •niilliweRt  of  Aiia; 
-  the  I'crgian  Gulf  and  the 
n  Oci-an  ;  and  W.  by  the 
from  Africa. 

ulinle  interior  of  Arabia 
■ning  aandH,  inlcrspersted 
ivhich  appear  like  iutands 
id  pesliferoua  wind  called 
I  over  the  desert,  and  in* 
raveller;  and  whole  car- 
by  moving  cloiidi  of  sand 
PR  of  the  cbiintr}  on  the 
ina;  provinces  and  settle* 

Muifer  for  want  of  water, 
^nnt-qiicnce  ill  all  Arabia, 
I   sometimes    a   year  to* 

monly  divided  into  three 
ipy  Arabia,  bordering  on 
Onean  and  the  southern 
'^ctroea,  or  Stonv  Arabia, 


AUABIA 


»»6 


l»iiig  on  (he  Uid  Sea  north  of  Ariibia  Fnlix  ;  and  Jim- 
lim  Ihstrlii,  or  ilie  Desert,  iiieliitliui;  nil  tlie  inltiior  and 
northern  parts  of  the  coiiiitiy.    • 

C/tief  ToivHs.     All  thu  towns  in  Arabia  :iro  near  the 
coast.     J/mvj  is  about  a  day's  journey  fi..in  lite  Kcd 
hL-a.     It  was  the  biiih-place  of  Aluhomtt.     The  Ma- 
hometans  ^e^ar<l  it  a^  a  holy  city,  and  pil-rims  resort 
to  It  from  distant  parts  .,f  Ahiii  and  Africa.     It  Jms 
20.000  inbabitdiils.     Jledina,  ISO  miles  .\.  of  Mecca, 
contains  the  tomb  of  Muhomel,  aruniid  »biuh  .100  silver 
lumps  arc  cuntinualiy  burning,  and  his  colHn  is  covered 
with  cloth  of  gold  under  a  silver  canopy.     The  other 
(owns  are  JiilUn,  a  seaport  near  Mecca  ;  Jlncha,   near 
the  straits  of  Babelmandel,  famous  for  its  colfee ;  Sana, 
mirth  of  Mocha,  and   Mincat^nu  tho   eastern    coast. 
Aorie  of  these  cities  are  populous. 

Language.  The  Arabic  is  one  of  the  most  extensive- 
ly  dilhiHed  languages  ill  the  world.  It  is  spoken  not 
only  in  Arabia,  but  in  Syria,  Persia,  Tarta'  „t  of 
ludirt,  and  of  China,  half  of  Africa,  all  the  .ca  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean,  tnid  i'urkey. 

jyiahometanhm.     Arabia  «as  the  birth-place  of  \Ia- 
Iiomet,  and  is  still  (he  eenlie  of  his  religion.     The  Ma- 
hometans are  called  also  Mussulmen.     Kvery  true  Mus- 
sulman believes  that  (here  is  one  God,  and   that  Ma- 
hornet  IS  his  prophet,     llo  says  his  prayers  five  times 
every  day,  at  day  break,  at  noon,  middle  of  the  after* 
noon,  at  sunset,  ami  at  twilight ;  he  abstains  from  pork 
and  spirituous  linuors;  at  one  season  of  the  year  he 
neither  eats,  drinks  nor  smokes   between   sunrise  and 
sunset,  for  30  days  in  succession  ;  and  ouce  in  his  life 
he  performs  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

Manners.  The  Arabs  of  the  desert  are  called  Be- 
douins. They  are  a  roving,  lawless  race  of  robbers, 
wh.i  traverse  the  country  in  troops  on  horseback,  anil 
plunder  travellers  and  caravans;  yet  they  have  some 
noble  qu ulilies.  They  are  hospitable  and  generous, 
and  li  a  i:edouin  Arab  consenN  to  eat  bread  and  salt 
wi(h  a  guest,  he  would  not  for  the  world  betray  him. 

bovernment.     Arabia  is  governed  by  numerous  petty 
(hiets  called  imams,  emirs,  or  sheiks,  most  of  whom  are 
21* 


946 


PERSIA. 


riecleil  liy  (lie  |ii'oplr,  nnil  miml  ron<<iill  llirni  in  all  iin- 
liortitiit  iraiiHttrtiunt.  'i'lii*  Arulii*  nre  u  iicople  oi'  t^rtut 
Hiiril  Kiul  viilur,  ntnl  riKolutc  in  iltfint-c  ol"  their  IiIh-iIv. 
'llii'V  nioiic  of  all  Asiatic  nulionn  littve  never  Ixun  hiifi- 
•'ueil,  but  ktcp  ali\p  at  tlii«  ilav  llie  HHcrert  llnnie  iif 
ireeiloni,  nliitli  wbh  kindled  bj  Ikiinmel  ibeirgreul  jiro- 
gcnitnr. 

t'hiimnlii.  CanielK  ahunnd  in  tliin  eounlry.  Tliio  ani- 
innl  is  wonderfully  tilled  by  Providence  lor  Iraveming 
the  hot  and  parrhed  de«erl.  'I'he  camel  can  travel  (i  or 
i>  dnvR  willioul  Matrr,  and  unuhIIv  earrirt  UOU  pnunds 
upon  bin  biU'k,  uliirh  ii«  not  taken  oft'during  liix  Journey. 
\yben  weary  be  kneelu  down  lo  rest,  and  hleepn  with 
lii«  load  upiin  bi»  biiek.  Iliit  feet  are  made  of  a  bard 
llehliy  Rulixlanee,  well  filled  lo  rv*i<i\  ibe  heal  of  ibc 
«iiindH— The  Arabian  burites  are  the  bent  in  the  world. 
I'bpy  are  hwift  vet  docile,  and  will  live  whole  dujs 
without  food,  and  'icar  inrrcdibte  fatigue.  The  Knglish 
jjive  great  prices  for  Arabian  hor«eR. 

Caravans.  The  inlitnd  trade  of  Arabia,  Perisia.Tur- 
licy,  Tarlary,  and  Africa  in  carried  on  |;rincipiilly  by 
raravani,  conRi8ting  of  lar^e  fonipnnies  ol  merehanlK, 
irarellcri  and  pilgrimg,  who  niareh  willi  their  eamela 
over  the  sandy  dcHertt.  They  tarry  tboir  provioioni 
and  drink  with  Ihem.  Their  water 'i*  carried  in  fikins 
by  the  camels.  They  go  armed,  and  Imvel  in  company 
to  defend  themselves  from  the  wandering  Arabs.  This 
mode  of  travelling  and  trading  has  subiiste*!  from  I  be 
earliest  antiquity,  for  it  was  to  a  caravan  that  Joseph 
\v&»  sold  by  his  brethren. 

Jntiqmttes.  Near  the  north  end  of  the  Hrd  Sea  is 
.Mount  iS'inni,  w  here  God  delivered  to  Moses  the  ten 
t'ommandmenis,  and  near  it  in  Jluunt  /lureb,  where  Ihe 
uiigel  appeared  in  the  burning  bush.  'J'hcse  mounlnins 
are  now  inhabited  by  monks,  who  pretend  to  shuw  the 
very  spot  where  the  miracles  happened. 

PEUSIA. 

Siiuation.  T'ersia  includes  nearly  Ihe  whole  country 
leiween  tic  Tigris  and  the  Indus.    It  is  bounded  N.  bv 


I'KHMIA. 


lit  roniiill  llirni  in  all  irn- 
ruliK  Hri>  tt  |if<i|»lf  til'  (;rcHt 
in  lit  fint-c  III'  (heir  lilicttv. 
lionn  Ititve  never  l)ren  niih- 

*  iIhv  llie  HHcrell  llnine  of 
)}  Ikiinmi'l  llieir  greul  {iro- 

n  lliiii  eounlry.  Tliin  uni* 
I'roviilence  for  Iraveming 

'1  he  camel  eun  travel  (>  ur 

xuhIIv  earrirs  UOU  |ii)unils 

ken  oft' during  lii!i  Jnurnry. 

n  (0  re»t,  anil  kieepii  vtitli 
feet  are  mmle  of  a  hard 
lo  rv*iH\  the  heat  of  the 
are  the  lieitt  in  the  v«orld. 
and  uill    live  vthniedujs 

ibte  fatigue.  The  Kngiiah 
homes. 

lie  of  Arahiu,  Periia,  Tur- 
curried  nn  |;rinri|>iillv  \iy 
rnnipnnie«  ol  iiierehantN, 
niareh  willi  iheir  eameU 

ey  tarry   thoir  iirovisions 

•  wnler  in  earried  in  (tkins 
led,  and  travel  in  euin|iany 
e  wandering  Arahn.  This 
i)g  has  suhiisteil  from  I  he 

to  a  caravan  thai  Joseiih 

ih  end  of  the  Krd  8ea  is 
livered  to  Moses  the  len 
i  •Mount  llureb,  where  the 
g  hush.  'J'hcse  nioiintains 
,  who  pretend  to  shuw  the 
happened. 

lA. 

9  nearly  the  whole  eniintry 
udua.    It  is  luundcd  N.  bv 


217 


HiiMitt   and  Indeppndent  I'ttriarv  ,  i.'   i      n-    * 
|.hy.jeindian!;eea„a„;iXl4:;a^.:!rrtn': 

from  each  ".h^r  b/a  stcessio,;:/- 1!  r'V'''^'  *'•'"""""' 
i"S  from  (he  moutVol'TiriC  il .  .Ir/':*''"'*;  •'''•^'•';'- 
Casnian  Men      'l'l,«.„  .       j-   •      '  """   "'••"•••t  (o  (he 

*epira,e  gov'ern  „S:  Z  ir'""""  '*'"  ""."  "'"'"  '"" 
other        S»irnnuni»,  wholly  unconnected  with   eueh 

JLuzislan,  kJ^ "a'n  '  Re  ',J  "^ 7^'"";  '-k-Agemi, 
^'«..bul,  Candahar,  ChoZ       n^t'^ iTrTV'^' 


Ch 


■■I".l««,  •lid  M,lr.,i.  '  "*"''  "•Si-inn,  D«li)«- 

llie  limit.  ^°"'  '  "'■'  "'I"!  «l»r 

«r;'  :;r,;„v::^l,  in?:,";"'--  ■' "f  -• --«J 

luwcMui  ruci  in  hufci  Persia  are  the  AI'i.Iihi.. 

distinct  fiovi'mment,      Who  i       '    -'^  "^  ""'^'■'''  '"» 
monarch\ho   .     '    e  .i   e    f  i^r  V'V,  "  J'''^'*""" 
Jer  the  government  of  the  Ant"  a  C   ^'T  '^?■ 
race  of  men,  who  have  «l«o  conq,  ePcd  sc  eriV.l"'^^^ 
ing  provinces  in  Ilindoostan.     ^  '"'  "eighbor. 

.fij^hans.     The  number  of  (he  Af-hn,,*  :  i 

4,000,000.     'Ihev  a,e  div^ilJ  f.  ,   'S'lans  ig  more  than 
<lent  tribes,  eacl/«f  ^J,  .',  '  JJ  ,  '  ,"  ''""7,?"*  i"«l;i-»- 

ernedbyi.„woy.ano;ti;Lj''^^Ki:':fr,S;: 


S40 


INDKI'liNOKNlTAUrAUN 


S) 


of  iIk>  mIioIi!   nation,      Tli 


cnlHin   1  »..t..(»,(>0()  i„habil«..(-,  anJ  arc  I,)  .on...  call.. I 

hixion.     '11.0  rrevuilin^.  religion  bolli  m  ha»l  nn.l 

tVi'/Wn^..'  Ispahan,  .he  lar«.l  city,  .h  .«  We» 
Per    ,,  al.o.,r  half  way  between  tl.e  '  hM-h"  Mca  u... 

I  e  rer^ian  (Jnlf.     !•  containH  400,000  .nhub.tan..,  un. 
tnrrnun.lea  by  a  mu.l  wall.     Shiraz,  1  .0  n,.le«  H,  .. 
I'pJltu"    U  ,IeliV.irully  .itt.u.e.l  in  a  CerMle  valley,  atul 
oEinH  lO.OOt)  inh.bilanl..     Teheran,  the  ,.re«enl  ca,.. 
iUl  of  Went  i'er.ia.  i»  :iOO  mile.  N.  of  IM'"!"*".  *'»'  «»"' 
tain»  60,000  inhtthitiuil«.  .  .i.:„f,;,v 

Cauhk  the  capital  of  East  Per..«,  an.l  »'»' ''  «"/ 7'> 
of  the  Af«han»,  in  in  ihenorlheaHLneai  a  branch  .1  the 
?,.,,  It  ont'ain,  about  200,OtKJ  inhabitant.,  (anda^ 
lar  in  S   W.  of  Caubul,  on  the  great  roa.l  from    ipahan 

0  Delhi  in      lndoo*tan,anJ  in  u  plaee  of  t^n..derablc 

:„u„erce.  //-,«<  and  .Meschui  lie  etween  Caubu  and 
the  Cam.ian  .Sea.  Halk;  north  of  Herat,  i»  u  h..s«  «"' 
nopuiou',  city,  the  eentre  of  trade  between  Independent 

I'artary  and  llindoostan. 

'      INDKPKNDENT  TARTAUY. 


ria  in  Ihe  loutheuHt,  Ka.a/in  in  the  »oulhwe»t,  and  1  ur- 

'^t;;;.;;/«I:;s.""T!;e  nnmber  of  inhabitant-  ha,  been 
Jm  te.  u  ^..000,000.  I'hey  eo.'Mst  ,,nne,p.,il)  of 
"  oT  b  *  of  Turtar*.,  the  Kir^ee.  in  'he  north,  «..d.  I.o 

:„f    I hree  Iv.rde.,  twn  of  whieh  are  w.lh.n  the  Uu.Maii 

r:;!i;^;^^."•  !'-«-•'' 'v-'t '^ '';Hir''^C'«r^ 

«,.rv  The  Unbeeks  are  in  tKe  soiifh.  Hiey  an  ino 
Si  civilized  of  ull  the  Tartar..    They  l.ve  m  town. 


TAUrVKN 

hf  whole   iialinn.      TI18 
i-iilprii  iiroviiirtu  of  Iliu 
Ki^flhtr  witli  Kiw«  IVroiu, 
t\  aiitl  arc  by  »<>"••'  ealU  il 
Kiiin<lom  "•  (-'iiitlnil. 
religion  bolli  in  V.Mt  nnti 

I. 

1  larireil  city,  in  <"  West 
een  llie  ''u^piivn  Mca  uiiil 
100,000  inlittbiiiinU,  anil 
Shiraz,  HH*  niilen  M,  of 
A  ill  a  IVrlili'  valley,  ami 
Teheran,  the  |»rt'»enl  cnji- 
j»N.  of  i«iii»lmn,  aiulcoii- 
Perttin,  and  llu"  fliief  city 
east,  near  a  branch  r.f  the 
,000  inhabihiiitn.  CandU' 
>  great  roail  from  lipahan 
in  u  place  of  tnii»iderablc 
d  lie  between  Caubul  and 
li  of  Herat,  i»  u  liirm'  and 
■ttde  between  ludepeudent 


'  TARTAUY. 

artnrv  i»  in  the  interior  of 
;  K.  'by  ihi!  tJhniese  Km- 
il  W.  by  tlie  Caspian  Sea. 
uniprehendw  tireat  Uuelia- 
in  ibf  south  went,  and  lur- 

of  inhabitants  has  been 
key  tourist  prineipiillj  of 
•i^ees  in  •be  north,  uod  iho 
.il  j^ee*  'r^rturs  are  divided 
[•b  are  williin  the  UiisMiiii 
do  in  ill  li.tloiu-ndeiil    I'ar- 

tite  sonfh.  They  arc  iho 
tars.    They  live  in  tow  n^ 


IIINnoOSTAV.  2,0 

i«. «voni  the ri"! z  /^ : ;r'''S 

»vilh  Ml,.  Alittian  chu.h  '  '"'"l"'  '*  «'"""««*le.l 

••'ills  of   M.lnr    Ing.     '  , ' ,  •"•.■^'/'"«  rt^e.  in  H.e  in.Miii. 

city,  i/oi.  lie  So,d?h;r"Y'r  ;'"';:••"'  "-"'  ^nebrated 

"•    re.or(ed  to  from  ull     Ir  ,  .,^  .,  1  .  "^  '''""'"«■  ""«' 
carr  e«  on  an  exfen»i....  "•••^hborinf<  Pou„(,i,.,.     ^ 

^clmol  for  tie,,,;;  ,;/ .^7'«^''«"<'.  ha.   a    c..M,nm.d 

tl.e  we»t  of  tbp  (ir.  al^'v   w    ";  s' ^'^'^'•^  "" 

on  con.i.ierablo  trade  wHh  iir,Vi        ^^""''"■^•""•'.  currie. 

C7jm„/p  &/    Vr   ^        »"  Mahometunim,,. 

in  many  p'»,„-,,as  a^ood'S  ''Kn"  '""":  "■"""*"''  ""'» 
districts  Mere  highly  on    1,71 "  I  '""'   '""••*  '"""X 

hot  tho,..  of  -I'arja/,    thl  n      i  "'"'  '".""•'■  ""'«"'"  '"•'"l» 
bluntly  productive'         '""'"'^  """'''  ""»v  be  abua- 

HINnoOSTAX. 


ll«y"f  l)ei,„l,  II,'  I„!«lV       ".,'"  .""'"•  '■«•  "■» 
•W  lliffl„,l?|,';„*  iVi""  "««".  >!•'  river  l„d«,,  ..J 


IIINDOOSTAN. 


/JiWsiorn.  Hini?oo»Un  may  bi»  ilivi<!f«l  i!)Jo  i  pnil*, 
v\r.  i  (iatigeiic  Ilindnoifan,  nr  lli»f  |irininpi«  dntinnl 
by  llic  liter  Uaii,!^!'*.  Tlii*  (liviKinii  i«  in  ihi*  imrlliriui, 
Mdti  incliiilr*  tlie'|irftviiier<i  oflUMigiil,  Hiiliiir.  Allnliabtiil, 
Otiilo.  Agm.  Ilrllii.  Ai<iiiii>re,  MnlMa,  HimHkii,  niiil 
Nf|iniil,  u.  Siudrtir  llinilooktan,  or  llif  |i('iiviiip<*« 
draiiieilby  Ihe  fiver  Hiiiilo  or  IimIiu.  Tl.i^  •livinioii  i« 
ill  (lie  iior'llivvfuJ,  »ii<l  infludi-^  the  |trnviiirei«  of  I'nwli- 
miT*,  I.Bliore.  ^Iolllll^n,  anil  •^inilc.  3  ifiiuihgt'ti  Hin- 
duotlan,  nr  the  proviDrfR  noulli  »f  tlir  rivi-r  Kidiia, 
'I'hii  diviiiiiin  iMrtudrt  Mv*orr,  the  Carnaiir.  &.n. 
4.  Ontrat  Hmhmstan.  'I'liU  ilivi«inii  lira  bflwi-fn  (be 
n\\itr  llirrc,  ami  inrludi'i  iIip  n'mnining  nrovinpr*, 
(Jiiz.fral.  ranileiiib,  llirar,  Orinaa,  tJolronda,  ViniajMior, 
I»<iMU>al)«<l.  Coni-an,  Np. 

MoxmUilm,  Tbe  H'mvunUh  mntnntain*,  wbifb  form 
Mie  noiilu'rn  biundarj,  arc  ilir  bighcal  in  tb«'  world. 
Tlicrearesi  ix-uk*,  raf h  i.f  wliiih  f»-i'fd»  20.o«io  frpt 
in  ln'ia;li«.  and  ibe  hiirbi>ii(,  fallnl  Ihvcalngeri,  i«  s<r,«77 
IppI  above  »b»^  levrl  I'f  the  «c?a.  '1  bi-i*'  i«  aiiolhpr  ran^e 
of  nintiiilainii,  a  litll(<  iiotith  of  llie  Hiinmalob  chain  and 
liarallel  Hlfji  iJ.  The  prnvinrpM  of  NepRiil  and  HMotan 
crp  iiirludcd  ln-lvvfen  the  Ivvo  The  Gnutn  are  a  ranijB 
of  mnuntaiitf  which  exlt'iid  alitn^  ihe  wi-!('rn  rat«*t,wiih 
few  inlerrJijilioB«,  from  t'ajie  C'ommin  lo  ihe  cii»  of 
Hllrtt^ 

Nivrrn.  Thp  OnPgfs  Hppb  in  the  llimnialch  moun- 
lains,  nnd  flovviniif  M.  K.  f.OOO  niilefi,  einplifn  into  Ihe 
Wny  orHcii;i;Hl  by  many  moiithN.  ll  ha«  numerona  lari(e 
tribu(Hrit'«.  The  llurrnmfxioter,  the  larnesl  iribiitary  of 
the  (Jaiii^fs,  ri»e«  on  the  n'»r(h  lide  of  the  liiinmaleh 
inniinlainn  under  (be  name  i>V  Manpoo  river,  and  runnina; 
iiril  east  and  then  vouthwest,  join*  the  (inni^ex  40  mile* 
from  ila  monlh.  The  Indus  or  Sind«  riaea  in  the  Him- 
innleli  mounlairn,  and  running  H.  W.  emplifH  into  Iho 
Indian  Ocean  by  many  mouth*.  The  Indun  haa  iiumef' 
ou«  branche*  in  the  upper  part  of  it*  course. 

The  Oodavery  and  kistita  ri*e  in  the  Oauta  near  the 
w-eglern  coa»l,  and  flowing  east  empty  into  the  Day  of 
Bcnsjal.  The  J^'frhitdda  rise*  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Hindnuttau,  and  flowing  wcit  en»plici  into  the  Gulf  of 
Ciiinbnv  north  of  Sural, 


■■,2s:- 


TAN. 

'  bv  itiv)*S<*<i  i!)io  4  |inrli, 
Fir  tlir  |)riitinri'«  ilntinril 
kikinii  i<i  ill  the  imrllinut, 
ItMigitl,  Huliiir.  AilHlmbiiil, 
T,  iMntwii,  HnolKn,  niitj 
mtiin,  or  rlif  iiroviiip«'» 
Initti*.  TI.M  tUvjuiiMi  i« 
i|t<*  |trnviiireN  of  ('a«li. 
>>itiiti>.  3  Houthtrn  ///»• 
ml)  »f  ilir  rivi-i*  KUtiiH, 
•orp,  Ihi*  Curninir,  &.«. 
ilivi«inii  lir«  lirturrn  (tie 
lip  ri'innining  nrovinprt, 
mia,  linlroiida,  Vi4iH|Mior, 

h  ir^Mhtaiiiin,  wliipli  form 
ir  )iiyl*ril  in  tli«>  world, 
vhii'h  tt-Kfdt  ^0.01)0  fppt 
|f«l  Datt'iihgeri,  i«  W7,ft77 

'1  iM'ie  i«  aiiothfr  rmijije 
lite  llimmaleli  rhuin  ami 
•pN  of  NepHiil  anil  Himtiin 

'I'hp  (inuts  nrr  a  rani^n 
n>5  llip  vu'Jt'rri  pat«*t,Hiih 

Cumorin  to  tlie   eii«    ul' 

in  tlip  Ifimniali'h  inouo' 
[)0  niile«,  Hiiptifti  into  ihe 
N.  It  iia«  iiumvrotia  lari^e 
T,  tlic  lurii;i'«l  Iriiiiilnry  of 
-til  tide  of  the  lliiniiialeli 
Hanpoo  rivpr,  nritl  running; 
joint  llie  (JHoa^Pii  40  milca 
r  Sind«  risPH  in  the  Ilini- 
ig  H.  W.  cniplii^H  into  iho 
I,  The  Induii  liai  uumtT' 
t  ofit*  courte. 
\%t  in  (he  Uatila  nenr  (lie 
i»t  empty  into  (lie  Day  of 
e*  in  the  caiitern   imrt  of 

emplici  into  ihe  Gulf  of 


ifiM)no.4rAN. 


ttt 


Ci/w.  I  he  eiiiPi  „f  ||„ni„,„,an  are  in  >Pncr»l  built 
on  O.K.  plan,  with  very  narrnw,  c«on.,e.|,  .r,,!  croo.'^e.l 
.trPPl.,  a  «re«,  „„„.H«r  of  rewrvoir,  f.,r  ^a.ci,  «„,!,.« 
<ner..uMHr.|p„,  i,„er*per«J.  ThP  hoou-.  are  »ar  o,«. 
ly  hu.l.,  ..,r«e  „f  br,«|.,  „„.er.  of  „,„,|,  »„.!  „i|,  J,  '^V 
bumliooR  tuu\  mad. 

on  the  Moo,|y,  an  outlet  of  the  (ian.^.,,  «|,„,„  ,i„,  ,„;|,, 

.nZ  .'fir'      '!  '"  •  ';'"^*  »''  ''"'"'"'»•  '•••"-"err   . 
"Sir,  .,lk,,  mu.l.ni.  caliroe..  &e.     The  ho....,  „f  ,|," 

Dative,  are  HPnerally    mu.l  eottaijP,,  but   (lu..o  of    he 
£2;;  aV  •':•-"•"'.'•"''''  P"'""'      '»'"•'  fnpulat.I..  of 

nihalitant..     iTpwarPi  ii  on  the  (Inngi..,  I  ^)  ,„i|„  ;,.,t 

llie  Utilise.,  »P,t  of  Beifure.,  at  Ihe  ronnutnce  of  th« 
Jumna  w.ih  the   iunga,.     ,^gra  i.  «„  ,he  .»„m«a  5    W 

rnhab  ?a»/!*  /i!  *?  *  ""?  '?'«'  "''t  containing  (Joi),(MMJ 
yihabitaut*.  Uflhi,  on  the  Jumna,  N.  W.  of  Airra.  waa 
formerly  the  capital  of  Himloo.lan  and  the  .eat  of  The 

The    follomng   lownt  are   in  SMdk  iiindoosian. 


La/tore  U  \   w,.r  nil-        •"  """"f"- ^"'naoosiati. 
jjoftore  i%  iM.  w.  of  Dilhi,  on  a  branch  of  the  Indiii 

J...  contain,  I  r,.),.K,o  inhabitant.  ,  Ca^hmer.  irnor      ,  J 

Lahore,  ir  a  delightful  valley,  called  by  the  MokuI.  the 

pHr..  .,e  of  wie  Indie,,  and  contain.  15U,Ouo  i„  ffi  an  1. 

Ma„  non^  |.r„„ch  ofthe  Indn.  .s!  W.  of  l!ih„r'' 


50  mile. 

5  dace    o( 
I imhay^  on 


north.     AfHra/  i*  .outh  of''lWiay'     It  i«  « 

great   trade,   and   ha.   .V.io.o,),)    inhabitant!. 

•"'""   '"''iHd,  .iiuth  of   Suriif,  hu.  an 

JTsia.  Ihe  uland  contain*  -lOO.OdO  inl.«biia.u« 
Ju,'.^ernaut,  the  .eat  of  the  THn-.M,.  H„.lo .  idol  itm,' 
the  ea.tern  poa.t.  M  mile.  S.  of  t  -.Ifiek      \h,   •  ,1,11 

il'e   temple  at  tht.  place.    Mullitudei   nvri.h  on'  thei, 


«•  IIINDOOHTAN. 

jfiiirnrjr.  anil  ihp  country  fur  60  niii«<  roiinil  is  <trf>M«d 
Hllli  liutinin  lt>itii'«  ami  «kiill«. 

'I  h»»  follfunii^  hiwii*  Nre  in  Suuthfrn  tliiuloi)»lan, 
Mi'lra^.m  ilip  L'liriiiilii',  or  rnuiitry  lyiii^*  mIuh^  (ho 
(>ori>iuitiiil<-t  <'i«it4t,  I*  ilie  tirittcipnl  riiiitmcreiiil  ri(y  in 
Hiiinht'rii  IliiiiiiiiuUii.  It  IiH(  u  p'liir  Imrlmr  tinJ  a  ilitu* 
Krfciililv  (ilUKliiin,  jrtM  eontitiiu  )Hi,i)()o  inh«bi(«n(i. 
^ircuf  H«<  M.  W  (if  M«ijr«<i.  Seriiii{tti>afain  it  21)0 
niilixt  wi'tl  nf  ^lailrm  I'liii  rity  ma«  takvn  by  tho 
llrili«h  in  \TM).  'iftcr  n  h'hiM  ^ififf,  liy  itotitult.  Uoa,  nti 
llw  wi«<li*rn  oniMl,  M  4  l'<iriiii(ii(>4i- ««!lllt>uivnt,  nii«l  wm 
onp»  the  •(>•!  iif  It  imifil  Iii<)iii4iiiun.  li*  lurbur  ii  one 
nf  (he  hi'xl  Ml  itiMil<)ii4(itn 

P>ipnlntinn.  'l'b«*  |>ii|)itlttiion  of  lli'iilnailiin  ii 
IO)),OOil,Ui)i).  The  lliiiilnti*  r(in4lilitff  tlti*  ar>nt  m-^**  of 
the  iiopuUtion.  Fi4r<ieei,  xMnh<jm«-(ani,  aud  Kurupean* 
are  Hunnrnu*. 

Ilishirif.  Thi*  country  hat  lin-n  rpiipainily  ronqiierei]. 
Ali'Xtiniler  the  (ire^l  itoMi|iii'ri*<l  ihi'  iiorlliMfgiem  iiart 
inni'«<  thitn  '2,0()i)  ypitr*  Ai^u.  It  wa*  ncii  coiiniHTeii  by 
(he  VInhonii'lan*,  iiml  nflprwtird*  by  the  Mnt<iii  I'nrlara. 
Wiiliin  the  hut  M)  ypnra  it  hn*  been  runqiii  r«'il  by  (he 
UniKih,  who  now  have  iinilur  their  ihiminion  or  uiflufiie* 
nearly  the  wholi.'  cmintry,  exempt  (he  iKirihwcutPrii 
proviHRiM,  whi<*h  are  in, the  poi«ie«»ion  of  (he  Afghani) 
(III*  !Sikh«.  anil  several  in<lf|icn(li'iit  K.iJit'iN. 

(invernnu'tit.  'I'he  f^jovemnipnt  of  the  Hritinh  pn<*pa« 
«ion«  i*  iliviili*il  into  the  I'reiitliMicica  of  nengnl, 
.Miiilruii,  anil  Huinbity 

UitiiliKis.  The  llinilooa  are  a  lame,  timirl,  halfrir- 
ili/i-il  iiiiil  Kiiperilitioii*  race  of  men  All  their  eu'toina 
and  fti'^liioiM  nre  regulated  by  their  religion,  and  rem  un 
unaltered  from  age  to  n^e.  TIip  llindno*  have  (he  niiin* 
niunnem  and  eiiftlomn  now,  which  they  had  'i  OiU)  yenra 
a^o.  They  are  divided  into  four  cnitet  or  el,t«<f*t. 
I.  The  llrnhniini  or  prientn.  2.  HoldierN ;  3.  Thnte 
devilled  to  a^rieullure  and  eummerpp  i  I  Soodem  or 
liiliorpm.  Thewe  ea«tp«  are  all  kept  diHtinrt.  mid  trfl 
nni  perniitied  to  intermarry,  or  even  to  eat  and  drink 
wilb  each  other. 


bO  niii««  roiiiiil  ii  <trf>M«d 

in  Soulhern  Wntkuttan, 
country  l>itif  ulun^  (ho 
«(!i|>Hl  roiiimcreliil  ri(v  in 
ii  p'lnr  Imrliiir  tind  a  tiit»> 
ill*  iiio.iXM)  inhtbitmilf. 
I.  Strhiitnitatain  i«  '*".>U 
4  rily  MA*  i:ikfn  by  tlio 
ii**i;i*,  hy  K^nitull.  (V'm,  on 
ifiiro-  <iullli'uu*nl,  iiihI  wm 
Miiiun.     lu  litrbur  ii  ooe 

Uiion  of  IIi')iliio«liin  It 
iin^tiliitf  till*  grint  in<>«i  of 
liuinclitni,  ftuJ  Kurup(>ant 

liet-n  rp|iraifiily  ronqiiereJ. 
'•••I  I  hi-  iioriliHesiem  iiart 
It  wh»  ncil  conqiifran  by 
riU  by  the  Mot<iil  'I'nrtftrs. 
in*  bi-eii  roni|ii>'i<'i|  by  the 
lieir  iloiiiiiiioii  or  iiinufiiee 
i!X(*H|it  the  ttoribvtcnt^rn 
lonietiion  of  the  Afghaaif 
ndi'iit  KiiJit'iM. 
ipnt  of  tlie  Hrilidh  |)n«*i'i> 
i're*i(liMici(>a    of    nengnl, 

e  A  lame,  timid,  halfriv* 
f  men  All  tbeir  eu'toint 
their  religion,  and  rem  lin 
'he  llindno*  have  the  niiina 
ii'h  they  had  "i  OiU)  year* 
9  four  cnite*  or  cl.tuvi't. 
I.  2,  Moldiern;  3.  Tlni*© 
eummerrp ;  4  Snoder*  or 
all  kept  diHtinrt.  iiiid  nre 
or  CTCD  to  eat  and  drink 


illMMMHt'AX. 


tV 


/*Wi|r«"''.  ,  rho  Hindoo,  „i.  idnlitm.  Their  lem- 
fUn  ar.  hll.d  .vilh  idui*  of  ,v,M,d  nnd  ^lone,  ,.f  i„.,u*(r.,.ii 
»b.ipet,  and  evry  family  h..*  ii*  h«.i,..ho(d  M  or 
im«^..  of  bruM  vvlHch  i.  pfaeed  at  the  door  of  llieloiMe, 
and  honor.-,  b.  oin.ri..«,  ..f  ,io,.,  II.Mver*  an.l  frull. 
he  •acr.d  book*  of  lb.-  Hindoo,  arc  pallid  veda*.  and 
Mie  •hn*ter  ■•  a  tMimmfiiiary  on  the  veda* 

Hellgioun  VutNmM.  Tho  Hindoo  b..|ieve.  that  if  he 
v.dM..  aril*  dr..H.H  him*elf  in  lh»  (*.,„«.*,  .,r  burie.  '.im. 
»elf  alive  he  .hall  bp  happy  forever,  and  Ihou.an.l.  have 
.iMlroycd  thj.m.elve.  «vith  thii  oinectation.  Furmeriy 
they  .awed  ihenuelve.  to  death.  Vhp  tew  wa.  .o  eon- 
•irueted,  that  the  p.?r»on  wi.hini?  to  .aerifiee  hi,„,df, 
would  «  It  in  motion  with  hi.  feel,  H„d  in.tantly  lea^ 
himielf  to  pi«ee..  It  i*  «  very  common  cu.lam  for 
women  to  burn  Ihem.elve.  lo  death,  on  the  funeral  u.le 
of  their  hij.bund..  Hcif  torture  ie  al.o  nracli.ed  In 
*Hriou,  way.  Hometi.ne*  the  man  Mretehr.  him.eU'  nil 
A  bed  0  ►p'l'"..or  of  burning  eoaU.  and  .ometime.  he 
hang.  In  the^  air,  .o.pended  on  an  iron  hook,  ptunKcd 
hrough  the  fle.h  of  hi*  b«,  k.  Infant,  are  fm.u  miy 
thrown   into   the  (Jan;?,*,   ..„d  are   there  devoured  bj 

irom  tlie  god*.  «* 

Christhn  Jtimonarie$.  Since  (he  Driti.l-  have  had 
no.»e.*,..n  of  tin.  country,  numoron.  iniMionarieH  have 
been  mm    out  by  S,,e,el,e.  in   Knghnd,  to  iMM.cl   tho 

•talion  la  el  >.r«mpore,  near  (.'ulenllu      The  B.-pli/i 

SiT'',"lVi  «•' "  •'"."•"  '"*'''  'ranU. (ed  part.  «f\».« 
Bible  inlu  27  dilterenl  lun((nagri. 

Face  of  the  cmnlv;,.  Hindoo.i^r,  cnn.i,),  e|,:.ft,  „,- 
eiteimive  ,.  an,.,  fertilized  by  -umero.*  river,  'and 
H  ream.  I'be  only  eon.idorailc  monn.nin,  are  tl  e 
li.nim,iMi  mountain.,  •»  ihe  northern  frontier,  and  tho 
Gaat.,  alon..  .he  W  e.tern  (.•ua.f.  In  ihe  nor.bwe^t  there 
u  n  ...udy  de.ert  b<H)  ,„,|e,  hng  and  Hm  broad  Tber. 
arc  exien.ue  l..re.t.  in  variou.  nhee.,  partieularly  be' 
Iween  tliemoMlh«of(heGange».  '       nuiaiiyoe- 

Jfoil  and  ClUmte.     A  more  fertile  *.,J,  md  a  clifPate 
'.Piter  adapted  to  bring  the  fri.ii,  „f, he  earth  tVpX* 


Id4 


HINUnOsTAN. 


lion,  cftnnot  be  foumi  in  (lie  world.  Tlirro  are  double 
JiiuvfvU  of  grain,  and  two  crops  of  fruil  rrnm  many  of 
'till'  iri'i'K. 

Productuma.  Hicc  in  flic  grain  cliicfly  cullivatrd, 
nnd  the  princiiial  food  of  (lie  |ii'u|)!e.  Indiiin  corn,  iho 
•ngar  cane,  and  rot  ton  are  alxu  raised  in  great  quanti* 
ties.  The  trnitsi  and  plantit  are  too  numeronH  to  be  spc- 
eified  ;  but  almoHt  all  tliut  can  delightllie  eye,  or  giaiify 
tbe  taste  of  man,  are  prnduced  in  lltorichi'itt  abiindauce. 
Here  grow*  the  lofty  palm,  with  a  simple  (rnnk,  withoat 
hranchen,  but  lerminiiled  by  a  simple  tuft  of  leaves; 
the  cocoa-nut  tree,  with  its  nutritiiiRs  fruit,  whose  fibrous 
I'overing  is  formed  iulo  the  most  elastic  cables  ;  and  a 
species  of  palm,  bearing  leaves  so  large,  that  r.  single 
one  will  cover  ten  or  a  dozen  men,  and  two  or  three  of 
ihem  are  sufficient  to  roof  a  eotiage  — Among  the  mine- 
ral productions  are  gold  and  diamonds. 

^Mannfnctures.  Cotton  good?  are  the  principal  manu> 
factures  of  Hindoostan.  The  muslins  and  calicoes,  and 
gome  silk  goods  are  exported  to  Europe  and  America. 
The  shawls  of  Cashmere  are  highly  esteemed. 

Commerce.  The  commerce  of  this  country  is  nor 
principally  in  the  hands  of  the  English  East  India  com- 

Sany,  whose  charter  is  from  time  to  time  renewed  by  the 
riiish  Parliament.  The  exports  consist  of  cotton 
goods,  rice,  8n£;ar,  diamonds,  silk  and  saltpetre ;  and  the 
principal  articles  received  in  return  are  silver  and  gold. 
Animals.  The  most  terrible  animals  are  the  royal 
tigers  of  Bengal.  Some  of  them  are  5  feet  high,  ancf  so 
strong  that  they  will  carry  oft"  bullocks.  They  abound 
in  the  vast  forests  at  the  mouths  of  the  Ganges. 
l\irlie8of  pleasure  on  the  islands  in  this  river,  have 
often  been  shockingly  interrupted  by  the  fatal  spring  of 
the  tiger,  which  is  said  to  extend  a  hundred  feet.  If 
disiippointed  in  the  first  leap  he  couches  his  tail  and  re* 

(reals. The  rhinoceros  with  one  horn,  also  inhabits  the 

swamps  in  the  Delta  of  the  Ganges.  Bengal  produces 
tine  flephants.  which  are  used  for  carrying  the  camp 
equipage  of  the  army,  and  by  the  opulent  Hindoos  for 

riding The  other  animals  are  apes,  monkies,  leopards, 

pftDlhers,  bears,  wolves,  &i'. 


•lil.  Tlirrp  ftie  double 
i  ul'  fruit  iViiin  many  uf 

tin  cliipfly  cullivatnl, 
j|)le.  Indian  cnni,  ihe 
raised  in  {jrunt  quanti* 

00  numeroiiH  to  be  spc- 
ighylie  eye,  or  giaiify 
the  nchi'st  nbundiiuce. 
i  simple  trunk,  willinat 
uinple  tuft  of  leaven; 
iir.4  fruit,  V.  Iidse  fibrous 

1  elnstic  eahleit ;  and  a 
go  large,  lliat  r.  single 

'n,  und  two  or  three  of 
ge  — Among  the  mine- 
noiidn. 

irc  the  principal  manu- 
islins  and  caliroes,  and 
Europe  and  America, 
hly  esteemed, 
f  this  country  is  now 
nglixh  Kast  India  cam- 
to  time  renewed  by  the 
orts  consist  of  cotton 
and  BBltpetre ;  and  the 
irn  are  silver  und  gold, 
animals  are  the  royal 
arc  5  feet  high,  and  so 
illocks.  They  abound 
luths  of  the  Ganges. 
id*i  in  this  river,  have 
I  hy  the  futttl  spring  of 
nd'a  hundred  feet.  If 
couches  his  tail  and  re* 
horn,  also  inhabits  the 
iges.  Bengal  produces 
for  carry  in  j;  the  camp 
be  opulent  Hindoos  fur 
pes,  monkies,  leopards, 


FARTHER  INDIA. 


£55 


Ckylom.  This  island  belongs  to  Great  nriloin.  The 
first  European  niiiIi  mentson  the  inland  were  made  by  the 
Portuguese,  more  «han  three  centuries  ago  The  Poi  lu- 
guese  were  expelled  by  Ihe  nBliveH,nsNisted  by  the  Dulcli, 
and  in  !7!»5  the  Dutch  were  expelled  by  Ihe  English— 
The  island  is  prineipally  valuable  for  its  cinnamon,  and 
M>ices,  and  the  pearls  which  are  taken  upon  its  const. 
Ihe  principal  towns  are  Columbo,  Ihe  eupilnl,  on  Ibo 
wcslern  cwst ;  Candi,  in  the  centre  of  the  island;  and 
Irincomale,  on  the  eastern  coast,  whose  harbour  is  of 
great  consequence  to  the  British,  because  there  is  none 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Hindooslnn. 

The  population  is  estimated  at  1,500,000.  The  reti- 
ffion  is  idolatry  ;  but  there  are  several  stations  occupied 
by  Christian  missionaries,  sent  out  by  the  English  und 
Americaus.— The  climate  is  not  so  hot  as  that  of  South- 
ern  Hindoostau,  being  tempered  by  the  sea  breezes. 

FARTHER  INDIA.  OR  INDIA   BEYOND  THE 
GANGES. 

Situation.  India  heyond  the  Ganges  includes  all  the 
countries  between  Hindoostan  and  Cliina.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  fibet  and  China.:  E.  by  the  China  Sea  ;  aiid  \Y. 
by  Uindonslan,  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  On  the  8.  it 
comes  to  a  point. 

Divisions.  India  beyond  the  Ganges  comprehends  9 
dislinet  countries,  viz.  1.  'J'he  liirman  Umpire,  which 
inc  udes  the  4  ancient  kingdoms  of  Ava,  Pegu,  Aracan 
and  Cassay.  2.  Malaya.  ;i.  Siam.  4.:  Cambodia.  5. 
Chiampa.  6.  Cochin  China.  7.  Tonquin.  8.  Laos. 
9.  Jissam.  ^ 

Situation  of  the  Divisions.  The  Ilirman  Empire, 
much  the  largest  division,  is  in  the  west,  borderins  upon 
Hindoostan  and  the  n^j  «f  Dci.Kiil.  JUuluyu  ia  u  ulns 
narrow  peu.nsuia,  south  of  the  Birman  Empire.  Sium 
Cambodia,  Chiampa,  Cochin  China,  and  ToLdn  nri  on 
the  coas  of  the  China  Sea,  between  Malaya  and  Ch'ua 
Laos,  ,s  ,n  Ihe  interior,  between  Tonquin  aid  the  I^  man 

EmPru' Ttr  "  '"  '''  ""''"'  ^^'^^-  '^^  «^-- 


180 


FARTHER  INDIA. 


Population.    The  population  is  uncertain,  but  may  be 
eitimaleil  at  42,ooo,ooo,  of  which  the  Girman  Empire 
contuini  ir,ooo,000  }  Laos,  3,000,000 ;  Siam  and  Ala- 
laya  S,«00,000;  AHsam  3,000,000  and  the  four  remain 
fng  countries  l8,ooo,ooo. 

Political  condition.  The  political  condition  of  this 
country  ib  very  fluctaating.  The  Birman  empire  is  of 
modern  grow  th,  being  tnude  up  of  the  four  ancient  king- 
dom«  of  Ava,  Peeu,  Aracan,  and  Ca«»uy.  The  Bir- 
inanH  arc  freqoently  at  war  with  the  Siamese,'  and  have 
sometimes  almost  conquered  them.  There  is  an  invete- 
rate eninily  between  the  two  nations.  The  five  prov- 
luccs  east  of  8ium  and  the  Birmau  empire  are  partially 
dependent  on  the  emperor  of  Cliina. 

nivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Japanese,  the 
Meinam  and  the  Irawaddy.  The  Japanese  is  one  of  the 
largest  rivers  in  Asia.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  of 
libet,  and  passing  through  the  8.  W.  part  of  China, 
and  through  the  countries  of  Laos  and  Cambodia, 
empties  into  the  China  Sea.  It  is  2,ooo  miles  long; 
and  in  diflerent  parts  of  its  course  has  difterent  names, 
as  Cambodia,  Mecon,  Kiou-long,  &c.  The  Jileinam 
thea  also  in  the  mountains  of  Tibif,  nnd  running 
ttirough  the  Birman  Empire  and  Siam,  empties  into  tbo 
Uulf  of  Siam.  The  Irawadd;/  rises  in  the  sitme  moun- 
tains, and  passing  through  the  Birman  Empire,  empties 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  bv  many  moullis. 

Chief  Towns.  The  following  ore  the  principal 
towns  in  the  Birman  Empire.  Ummerupoora,  the  cap- 
ital, is  on  the  Irawaddy,  400  miles  from  its  mouth.  It 
was  founded  in  1783,  and  in  1800  the  population  was 
eMimated  at  173,000.  *1va,  the  former  capital,  is  4 
miles  from  Ummerapoora,  and  is  now  almost  deserted. 
Pegu,  ou  a  branch  of  the  Irawaddy,  was  formerly  one  of 
•be  moBt  splunJiJ  cJi'io.  in  Asin.  but  was  destroyed  by 
the  Birmuns,  when  they  conquered  tliii  vuu..i.j  i.I  ira^. 
Uangoun  m  the  principal  seaport.  It  is  on  Rangoon 
river,  one  of  the  outlets  of  the  Irawaddy.  It  is  a  modern 
city,  and  promises  to  become  a  place  of  importance. 
vhaaiH  is  near  tliu  coast,  i2io  miles  S.  E.  of  Calcutta. 


lA. 

ncertaiii,  but  may  be 

(he  Dirman  Empire 

100 ;  Siatn  and  Ma- 

kud  (be  four  remain  ■ 

al  cnndition  nf  (bi8 
Birman  empire  is  of 
lie  Tour  ancient  king- 
Caiiuy.  Tbe  Bir- 
i  Siamese,'  and  have 
There  is  an  invele- 
ms.  The  five  prov- 
empiro  are  partially 

e  (he  Japanese,  the 
'^apnnese  is  unc  of  the 
n  the  mountains  of 

W.  part  of  Cliina, 
iQS  and  Cambodia, 
is  2,000  miles  long; 
has  diflerent  names, 
&f.  The  Jlteinam 
ribct,  and  running 
am,  empties  into  tho 
s  in  the  siuiie  moun- 
lan  Empire,  empties 
oulhs. 

are  the  principal 
merapoora,  ttie  cap- 
f'rom  its  mouth.     It 

the  population  was 
former  capital,  is  4 
low  almost  deserted. 

was  formerly  one  of 
ut  was  destroyed  by 

Illl.i  vuuiiiij^  if  iratt 

It  is  on  Itangoon 
ddy.  It  is  a  modern 
lace  of  impuiiance. 
S.  £.  of  Calcutta. 


rAirnir.u  imha.  Co? 

8iam,  the  cnpitui  of  Sitim,  U  «n  an  ixliiiul  in  (lie 
Meinuni,  seveiul  leamies  (Vdm  its  indiilli.  Jlulaccd,  ih(5 
pniieipiii  tuMii  (III  the  ptniiisiil  t  of  Miilu\a,  is  xilnaled 
on  the  struils  ol"  tin-  siune  HKim-.  luirl  uot  !aiiM  t  .'."lOO 
inhubiianls.  Cumhodiu^  llie  cipitul  of  the  .ioiiniry  oi'  (he 
same  mime,  is  on  tju'  Jxpuiicte. 

Character.  The  JtirmiiitH  uie  a  lively,  pasiiomito 
and  iulelli.^ent  race  of  inin,  very  dillennt  frmn  fl.eir 
neij^ibbrs  the  iliiHlotm.  The  Jlalai/n  aie  ferieioiiH  and 
resilcM!*,  fond  of  nuvigation.  war,  plunder  and  desptiriite 
enterprises.  They  ore  pirates,  and  oHen  attack  Laro- 
pean  sl.ip*.  Tliexe  suvagen  will  KoineliiiieH  seize  a 
vessel  iiy  snrprixe.  and  murder  all  ilie  crew.  The 
Mnltiy  history  is  full  of  enteiiirises.  wliieli  prove  the 
fenieity  anil  (.reiiehery  of  thene  uiirbariaas.  'i'lie  inhab- 
itaals  of  the  remaining  pro\  !.ices,  in  many  respects,  re- 
senilile  llie  (.'hiiiese. 

Punishments.  The  mode  of  pnitishin^  crimes  among 
the  Biimani  is  of  the  mast  horrid  kind.  Aninni;  the 
modes  of  inflietin.^  capital  piinishmenl  ,ire,  belieaiiiii|;, 
erueifyiii^,  starvia:;  (u  dei.lh,  ri|)|iirit;  open  the  liaiiy, 
suwiiM'  it  in  two,  poarini;  red  hot  lead  dawn  the  (hroat, 
plunging;  tiiio  Iml  oil,  and  roasting  to  death  by  u  !<low 
lire,  rhe  milder  pnnishnients  are  pulling  out  the  eyes, 
cutting  oH'ihe  tongue,  the  hands,  feet,  ears,  iiorte,  &e. 

Jieligioii.  the  religian  is  idolatry.  The  llirnians 
and  Siamese  adhere  to  tlie  Hindoo  faith  and  vv(ii>bip. 
Tht  y  have  nunietou*  temples  and  idols.  'I'he  English 
and  Amerieaii  K.<p(i>>t»  Imve  sen(  niissioiaries  to  (iiis 
coun(ry,  wlio  are  >«(alii)ned  at  RuKgoon,  and  have  made 
considerulde  progress  iu  translutiiig  the  Uible  into  ihu 
Birman  laiisuage. 

Productions.  Itiee  is  very  extensively  eoitlvated,  and 
is  the  prioeipal  food  oi  (be  inlmliiiaiKs  ('i>tton,  sogar 
cane,  ginger,  cinnamon,  orange.',  lemons,  tigs,  and  nu- 
merous other  exquisite  froiis  are  piudneed  in  abondaneo 
in  this  fitvored  region.  The  forests  iiiild  irtesof  the 
most  useful  and  lieanliful  kind  in  rieh  utiundaiiee.  Mere 
are  also  I'unn'l  rubies, and  miiiv  other  preeious  sloneii. 

Islands.     The  Jitulamon  and  J^icobur  islands  are  in 
(he  Buy  of  Bengal,  west  of  the  iieuiubula  of  Muluyu. 
22* 


H 


% 


^i)(.i 


ciiiNKsi:  r.Mi*iHi:. 


Here  are  fniirnl  liird'H  iieHtM,  niaile  of  n  viscous  siilmlaiipo, 
ri'Si.-raltliii':;  iHin-^Iiixt,  \^liicli,  wlii-n  ilis'tilscd  in  binlli, 
lifCKincn  tt  jcllv  III'  «lt'lii'iou«  Divvor.  'riu-  Cliiiii'ne  cut 
tlieic  iieslg,  uii(i  etilticnt  llu'iii  ii  qtvixI  iluiiv  \ov. 

CIMNKSK   KMI'IIIK. 

Silnnlinn.  TIic  riiiiiesf  Kmpirn  is  lliat  immeiifte 
Iriaiigular  cniinlrv.  lyiiis;  bclwceii  iht'  Allny  iiiounlaiii» 
on  tliL-  norlli,  and  il*"  Hiinmaleli  moiintiiiiiH  on  (lie  Hoiitlt ; 
Htiil  hftwcen  ItKli'pendent  'rurtary*  on  (lie  west,  and  ilio 
Ciiiiitv  Hvi\,  and  Sea  olJiipaiMin  the  cast.  It  is  hfluixU 
fd  bj  llinsiii  on  (lie  N.  ;  liidi'|)CMdt'nt  Tariury  on  tho 
W.  nml  llind<iu>tan  and  Farllicr  India  on  (lie  h. 

I)ii'i''inns.  The  Chintse  Kmpire  consists  of  China 
Vropt'i-,  Ciiiuete  TurUrj,  and  Tribuluiy  slalts. 

CHINA    FROPI'Ml. 

Situation,  China  in  bonndi'd  N.  liy  Ciiinese  Thifarv; 
E.  I)y  the  rfea;  S.  by  the  St-ii  und  Fiutlier  India;  atid 
W.  by  Tibet. 

JJivisions.  China  is  divided  into  1(>  prnviners ;  viz. 
Pe-chc-le,  Kiang-nan,  Kiangsi.  Telie-kiuni;,  F<»-hien, 
liou-pe,  Iluii-nun.  8ban-ton,!;,  Shan  see.  Hi;;  tnin,  Knn- 
snii,  Se-cLucn,  Quan-long,  Quauuee,  Vmi-nan,  Kuei- 
tcheou. 

Seas-  The  sea«  bordi'rins^  on  the  casfern  eoaul  of 
China  are,  the  Yellow  Sea  in  the  north,  (he  Eiisteru 
■ea  in  the  middle,  and  the  China  sea  und  iiuii'  of  Toii- 
quin  in  the  fiouth. 

Itivers.  The  two  principal  rivers  are  the  Jloniif^ho, 
end  the  K'ianKa  or  Vung-l!»e  Kitinj;,  both  of  whieb  rise 
in  tbf  mountains  of  Tibet,  and  emj.ly  into  the  Kastern 
Sea.  Tl)e  Ilnaiii^-llo  run-*  ihroiif^blhe  northern  (irov- 
inees,  oiid  the  Kiaii-Ki!  t)iroi)!;h  the  centre  of  the 
country. 

I'npuhiion.  China  i*  (lie  n\m\  populous  country  it; 
lUe  world.     The  jiopiiltiitun  liaii   bceu  variously  l-i^\\- 


m 
in 
w 

"1 
I" 

HI 

lb 

.^' 
». 

'1" 

w 

OtI 

S 
\\ 

t!i 
at 
ui 
to 

CO 

CI 
Ai 
e.s 

CO 

re 

tic 

Ai 

ex 

110 

be 
nil 
wi 
dei 

pe 
vvl 

Ra 
lor 

am 


viscous  siilmlaiipo, 

i^'iiKrd   ill   brnlli, 

'llie  CIiiiii'HC  cut 

(IflictPV. 

v.. 

is  llial  immoiifie 
■  AIIhv  iiioutiiaiii» 
tiiiiiH  (III  (he  ttdiidi ; 
I  (lie  west,  Bitd  iliu 
cast.  It  is  IioiiikU 
nt  'rarliiry  on  the 
a  on  the  h. 

vonHi<i!t  of  China 
uiy  slatts. 


jT  Chinese  Thitani 
'ultlier  India;  mid 

Ifi  provincfs ;  viz. 
lie-kiuMi;,  Fi»-hien| 
iee,  Hig  tian,  Kan- 
t,  Yuii-nan,  Koei- 

?  casfern  count  of 
lorth,  (he  Eiisteru 
und  (JuU'  uf  Ton- 
are  the  7/o«j;^  /io, 
both  of  whifh  rise 
I  int(»  the  Kastcra 
the  noKhern  (irov- 
ihe   cen(re   of    the 

opiihiUK  roijiitrjr  it: 
L'tu  vaiioublv  e*ii- 


CHINA   PRdPEK. 


U» 


mated  from  ISO.ooo.ooo  to  3.M,ooo,ooo.  The  firm  p»t(. 
inaH;  ii  |>rubii!>!>  in-an-Ht  the  iinth.  China  i*  mi  ernuded 
wi(h  (H'ojile,  Unt  iniil(iiiidi>i  lue  c-oiioanilv  in  boats 
upon  the  rivers  When  the  harve^H  are  xniiili  n<:uiv 
jieriHli  «iili  famine  ;  and  ratn.  rat-.,  do^'*,  tro^s  u!i(l 
•snakes  are  Poii*taiilly  sold  in  the  market  for  fooil. 

C/i iff  Totem.  I'i'Mu,  (he  (\,|)i(.ir,  ami  re«.idenre  of 
(ho  etn|ieror,  is  in  the  northeast,  \silhin  :>((  miltN  of  iho 
.qreut  wall.  The  |).i|)iilation  hai  been  estimated  at 
8.000.000.  It  in  (tnrronmk'd  by  a  wall  Jo  feel  hi-h. 
The  sdueis  are  wide,  siraii^bl,  n'od  conM  ii.ily  (hroni^ed 
wilh  foot  |>a*Hen;^erH  and  eurriat^cs.  The  iimiM-.s  ar.''of 
one  slory  The  imperial  palace  consists  of  niuiiy  ele- 
gmt  edifices,  and  niit^nificenl  gardens,  snrroumlid"  by  a 
wall  two  miles  in  cUMit. 

A'anhin,  tin*  former  residcnee  of  (lie  emperor,  is  near 
flic  banks  of  the  Kian-Kn.  The  popiilati'm  is  esiimiMed 
nt  between  1  and  iJ.OOO.OOO,  ImiI  it  has  lost  mtieb  of  Ua 
uneient  splendor.  Amon^  the  public  biiil.iin-s  is  a 
lower  200  feet  Iii^h,  covered  with  porcelain.  The 
cotton  cloth  called  nunheen  comes  fniin  this  rjiy. 

Canton  is  a  large  commercial  city  in  the  sont!i  of 
China,  and  is  the  only  p.,rt  to  which  Korop«an  nnil 
American  vessels  are  admitted.  'J'he  popuhition  is 
estimated  at  1,000,000,  of  which  number  .^oo.ooo  live 
constantly  in  boats  npon  (he  wa(cr.  The  boa(s  are 
regularly  ranged  in  (he  form  of  streets.  Vast  ,iiii,nti- 
lics  of  tea  ere  shipped  from  this  port  for  Europe  and 
America. 

Cunah.  China  surpasses  all  other  fount ries  in 
excellent  roads  and  canals.  The  imperial  canal  in  the 
iionhcast  is  SOO  miles  long,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
begun  m  the  tenth  century,  and  to  have  employed  ao.ooo 
men  for  4J  years.  The  royal  canal,  eonoeein.g  l»,.kiri 
with  Cuiiton,  is  825  miles  long,  00  ftcl  wide,  and  9  feet 
deep. 

The  great  tveill.  The  Chinese  wall  is  the  most  stn 
petidnus  work  of  art  in  the  world.  Il  runs  aloni?  the 
whole  northern  frontier,  and  was  desij.'ned  as  a  banner 
Rannsi  the  incursions  of  the  Tartars.  It  j^  ir.O'i  miles 
lonsf.  and  is  carried  over  rivets  njioii  arciits.  over  vallevs 
and  Liounliiius.    It  is  built  of  briik  aud  stoue,  ,'a  fe"et 


*: 


I 


CHINA  FUOPLIt. 

liijjh,  anJ  •»  thick  ihat  0  lionemcn  can  ride  al.reait  on 
tUc  (on.  . ,  .  ,„, 

//e/i;r«on.  The  Chiiiene  ar»«  i(lol«tor«.  1  hvTv  i«  a 
ChriMrmi  Minhioimry  iil  Cantoii,  uiid  iho  Nt'w  'l'«»ja- 
iiieiit  hus  liitii  iruii^lulcd  iiilo  Chinese,  and  txlt-iihivclj 

(limriltuifd.  .     ■  , 

Govirnmint  ami  ilniuf.  'I'lic  «;mperor  m  an  almnliile 
wonurcli,  Ijut  ihf  j5ovt'iiinn'nl  is  Uiuall)  Kdmiiiisteied 
Midi  iniuli  of  l!ie  puliiun'hal  (tpirit.  The  eis«|ieror 
reif<!.dH  hi'4  |ifo|>li'  aH  hirt  ehildrun,  and  not  aw  his  uiaveii. 
The  olVuem  «iJ'  government  are  eiilletl  inundarini,  and 
Ihey  aie  rrnnlurly  educated  for  Ihe  ofliieM  \vhieh  they 
till.  The  t  liiitese  army  eonlnin»  800,000  nun,  of  whom 
600000  are  infantry,  and  ^00,000  cavalry 

Manners  and  Customs  The  exces8i»e  in>pulou»ncg« 
of  lhi«  country  han  ^i\en  rise  to  the  cruel  custom  «if 
cxposiiHt-  infantK.  Farenli*  who  cannot  8U|t|»ort  their 
IVuiale  children,  are  allowed  to  ea*t  ihem  into  the  river; 
but  Ihey  fiiMen  a  i;ourd  to  the  child,  that  it  may  float  on 
the  wafer;  and  there  are  often   rich  people  of  coin|»as- 

stun,  who  iire  moved  hv  the  erics  of  the  child to  save 

them  from  dcaili.  A  practice  pievaiU  of  hindini?  the 
feet  of  female  children  in  ti^hl  banda^e»l  till  they  eeaso 
toarow.  Ihis  is  done  thai  they  may  have  handsome 
feet,  for  a  »mall  foot  is  deemed  a  i?ieal  lieuuly.  The 
foot  of  a  full  sized  Chinese  woman  i*  not  more  than  6 

inches  Ions-  .  .      .     ,  i    .  .i 

It  is  not  allowed  to  bury  the  dead  in  towns,  but  tlio 
sepulchres  are  coinnioiily  oil  barren  hilU  and  mouniMins. 
Jl.iuiners  tloihe  tlutnsclves  in  while.  IJ*'  Ihineso 
treat  their  parents  with  t^reai  r"vcience.  To  strike  a 
parent  is  puni-hed  with  d«  ..tb  in  all  casis.  Kvery 
Chinese  keeps  in  his  hou»e  a  laMe,  on  which  are  written 
the  Urtmes  of  his  father,  u;p  nilfatber.  and  gr^-iii  s"»"«'- 
fnthrr.  bifore  v\liieh  he  frtciuenlly  hums  incense  and 
l>ro''i''.tc«  l.imself. 

Charuvt'T.  The  Chinese  are  luKhly  cultivated,  mild, 
aflabi".  and  v.rv  ceremonious  They  arc  remarkably 
v.in.  timid,  ar'tiil.  and  j.alous.  Forc.^mrs  are  euie- 
I'ullv  exriiiil.d  Irum  Hi  c-untry,  l'oK>;.imy  i»  permit- 
ted,'uud  llie  womvi.  aie  iu  the  most  abjt  vt  degrttdatioD. 


II  ride  iilireaat  ou 

^r*.    Tlion-  i«  ft 

till'  Ni'u  Test  a - 

,  and  ixli'iiNivcly 

or  in  Hii  uliitnliile 
illy  ndmiiiiftteied 
.  The  eisnieror 
not  nw  Ills  lilavt'N. 
I  inunddrint,  and 
Xivvn  wliii'h  they 
)00  iiu-ii,  of  Mhont 
kiry 

ii>e  iiopuloiiHiiCR* 
r  cruel  ciisiom  (if 
lot  8U|)|)iirt  their 
lem  inlo  Iho  river; 
lut  it  miiy  flout  oa 
eople  III'  ('(iiii|tttti- 
[]'  i'hililieii  10  Hiive 
liU  nl'  liiiidini;  the 
^e«  till  lliey  eeiiHO 
y  hit\e  hitiidiHome 
cHi  lifuuiy.  The 
I  not  more  than  0 

I  in  to>vn«,  hut  the 
lU  and  miiuiiiuino. 
te.  I  (e  IhiiieHC 
lice.  To  silrike  a 
all  frtsi'x.  K*ery 
«hii'h  Hre  wrilltii 
and  u,rfui  ^rand- 
>urns  iuueOHe  and 

ly  rulfivaled.  mild, 
'\  are  rt'iiiurkutily 
-ligmm  an-  eaie- 
h)».iniy  i»  |M'rniit- 
iiijtvi  UegrttdtttioD. 


CHINESB  TARTAHV. 


atji 


Fact  nf  the  country,  &e.  China  iH  iirincirially  a  level 
country,  with  e,  ferlile  «oi7.  The  clhiate  it  very  differ- 
ent in  different  partit.  In  the  north,  the  uinlem  are 
eold  and  leverc}  in  the  louth,  the  (einperaturc  i»  wuriu 
at  all  neiiitnnii. 

•^IffriaUture.  Thin  country  in  in  a  (late  of  high  culti- 
vation. The  population  i«  lo  t-rowded,  that  every 
method  mn»t  he  adopted  lo  raitc  fiwid  for  their  nupport, 
and  agrieullurc  i«  carried  to  tht?  hiuheii  n«rfection. 
Kvon  Rtcep  hilU  and  mountainn  are  cullivnteil.  They 
are  converted  into  tcrrncei,  one  aliove  another,  eaeu 
HUpporlcd  by  a  mound  of  Hlnne,  and  remrvoiri  are  mnda 
an  the  lop,  in  which  rain  water  i»  rollecled,  and  con- 
veyed down  the  Rides  to  water  the  plantH.  Old  men, 
women,  n<id  children  are  conftantl)  employed,  with  a 
baiikut  in  one  hand  and  a  imull  r^ke  in  llie  other,  iu 
collecting  from  the  road«  and  caoaU  every  particle  of 
manure. 

Productions.  The  mont  celeL  at.?d  pr<iduelion  U  the 
tea  tree,  whose  l"avp«  are  the  principal  nrt'cle  of  export 
from  China.  Ainnni;  other  prnduction<i  ate  the  cam- 
phor tree,  from  the  root*  of  which  thai  frai^ranl  sub- 
Ktance,  camphor,  is  obtained  by  distillation  ;  the  tallow 
tree,  from  the  fruit  of  which  a  green  wm  i»  procured, 
that  iit  made  into  CBiHlles  ;  and  the  paper  mulberty  tiee, 
front  the  bark  of  whicli  a  species  of  paper  ftnd  cloth  are 
made. 

Manufactures  and  Commerce.  China  hug  been  cele- 
brated from  remote  aires,  for  that  beaulifnl  poreeluiu 
ware,  commonly  called 'China.  Sill  is  nhn  inunufac- 
tiitfed  in  great  quantities,  and  these  article*,  together 
with  ten,  are  the  principal  exports. 

Islands.  The  principal  islands  h.-longing  to  Chiu^ 
are  Formosa,  Hainan,  and  the  Leoo  Keuo  isles. 


ClllNESJs. 


1  ^U  t  x\tt  I  • 


Situation.  Chinese  Tnrtnry  includes  the  central  parts 
of  Asia,  and  stretches  on  the  east  to  tha  sea  of  Japan. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  Russia  ;  K.  by  the  sea  of  Japan  ;  8. 
by  China  and  Tibet ;  and  W.  by  Independent  Tartary. 


208 


'rilllHTAUY  STA'IKS. 


Fncr  of  ihf  Cimntnj.  The  Ainiy  mounlftiu*  ikkirt 
llii*  roiiiilry  on  llii*  tiorlli,  ilif  Helur  Tug  on  the  «itt«, 
niul  tlipniniintninit  of 'rilici  nn  tin*  itaulli.Cvliile  iht  jnto- 
rinr  i«  a  v««)  rtevatiil  |>liiii>,  iMi('r>cei)><l  Uy  an  iiiiiniMiic 
disi'il,,  dilii'il  (lif  dt'nerl  ol'ShHiiiu  or  (JoUi,' 

niyerit  eitid  Lokef.  'iln»  |iririri|iiil  river  in  (he  .Imnur, 
or  HMi^hitliitn,  wliii'li  ri»M  in  the  Aliny  iiioiiiitain*, 
nnil  flow*  I'HHl  into  the  iiriiu|»|in»ii(;  lhi>  i«laii<l  td"  h^nqhn- 
lit'H.  The  iiriMpiptil  Inken  are  Halkaiih  in  the  ucit.an'l 
K'ulcn  A'tir,  ni'ar  C'liinu,  in  the  onHl. 

Inhabitants.  The  nritieipal  Iribei  who  wander  over 
lliii  vnul  region,  are  the  Mnn^iiU  and  the  IManilthnrx— . 
The  VAuU  iind  (he  Kalka*  are  hranchen  of  lite  MohkuIii. 
The  whole  iinpnialiun  of  Chinese  Tartury  ii  enliikial^d 
ftl  nnlj  s.ooo.ooo. 

Inland.  Sashnlitn  Inland,  whieh  ii  Reparuted  from 
the  o(iu«l  by  the  Channel  of  Tartary,  i»  ooo  uiilei  long, 
•nd  is  but  lillle  kiiuwu. 


THIBUTARV  STATES. 


TiBKT.  Tibet  i»  one  of  the  tributary  8ta(p<,  of  China, 
and  lies  between  CliineHe  Tartary  on  the  N.  ind  Hin- 
diiodan  on  the  S.  It  Ih  a  hi;^li  nHiuntuinouii  country, 
nndi*  the  source  of  nil  thelnrt^ext  riven*  in  iheitoutherii 
Jiaif  of  Asia,  as  the  lloanj;-Ho,  the  Kian-Ku,  the 
Japanese,  the  Hnrramponter,  the  GaufreR,  and  the  Indus. 

AfiijifioK.     The  tJrand  Lama  in  the  sovereign  ifal 

Crineipal  priest,  a  »*'  is  worshipped  not   only  in  Tibet, 
ut  ill  Chinese  Tanary  and  Siberia.     When  the  Lama 
dies,  it  is  believed  that  his  spirit  passes  into  his  lueces- 

§or.     The   palaec   of  the    (ir»'j''    * '•    "*    »-—- , 

-■»  •-! "<  iiic  iTJuntrv. 

xr  S?'*'\^,.  .""^  kin-dom  of  Corea  is  a  peninAula,  lyine. 
N.  L.  o»  (Ji.na.  It  has  Chinese  Tarlarv  on  the  N  the 
sea  o»  Jajian  on  the  E.  and  the  Yellow  sea  on  the  W  — 
.1  he  population  i»  estimated  at  l.dOo.ooe.  It  i«  but  lit- 
tlukuowD. 


in 

l"» 

I  hi 

cm 


isli 

roa 

la 

islii 

I 

oon 

wai 

bay 

■an 

wor 

proi 

/ 

tain 

Tht 

eicc 

and 

Aur 

CIki 

fuli 

a 

an  a 
h  di 
a   p 

v»h 

do'is 
tram 
wick 
till  t 

A  lar 


tnounlftiu«  iikirt 
i'Hg  on  itie  Ml  Hi, 
III  while  (III-  iiiic- 
'<!  Iiv  tin  iiiiiiti'iiic 
ubi. 
v«T  in  I  he  .Imnur, 

JlHV     IIHilllltllill*, 

i«laiid  1)1'  ^iiqhn- 
ill  th«>  >vcit,un'l 

'ho  waniler  over 
le  MHiiiUhiirx,— > 
of  lh«'  lMoll^lllll. 
tury  ii  ctlibiuled 

uppnrutcd  from 
I  oou  uiiJei  long, 


Omr.n  TAinrTARr  HTAxn. 


1^9 

Hcvprnl  of  ihn  kinici 


«(u(oi.  of  China, 
the  i":  iiid  Hin- 
tuinouH  cntinlry, 
H  in  iheNoiitherti 
!  Kian-Ku,  the 
fi,  nnd  llip  Indus. 
>  sovereign  tftid 
:  only  in  Tibet, 
iVhcn  the  Liima 

into  his  lueces- 

...     : .    .»     F — ^, 

penioAuIn,  lying- 
ry  on  the  N.  the 

iPft  on  (he  W 

le.     It  i«  but  lit. 


n^v  i^it        /  r   "•'   "t'*^''  '"'^«  nlrettdylKcn  de..ribed, 
fill  «»     ''"'-.bNt  th..y  «ro.u  nearly  independent, 

lh«l  they  can  hurdly  be  reckoned  a  part  of  the  Chine.e 


JAPAN 

f^if nation.  The  empire  of  Japan  ron«ii(M  of  one  iarsc 
.•land  and  .evcriil  »,naller  «nr»,  |y„,^  „|r  „,e  eastern 
eoa.t  of  A»ia,  and  separated  from  Corea  nnd  Chinem 
larlary  bv  ihe  lea  of  Japan,  ii.e  name  of  the  larKO 
i»land  la  Mphon,  nnd  it  in  Too  niilei  Ion*. 

Fi,c,  o/tltP.  Cmnlry.  All  (he  eoa.t*  of  ihe.e  iilandt 
oonM.r  „f  h.g ,,  piaj^gy  a„,|  i„acee»Mble  mountains 
waahed  by  ahallow  boiMeroua  acaa;  and  ihe  creek,  and 
baya  are  for  the  moit  part  ehokeii  up  with  roeks  nnd 
•an.la  «o  that  Japan  aeems  excluded  from  the  rent  of  the 
worm.  1  he  country  ^vithin  ia  aa  pleasant,  as  the  ap- 
proach to  It  ia  fri^htful.  * 

luhahitanh.  Japan  like  China  is  very  populous,  eon. 
taining,  it  is  supposed,  at  least  Ifl.oooJ.oo  'nhubilan<». 
I  hev  are  as  highly  civilized  at  the  Chinese,  and  even 
««cel  them  in  seferal  manufactures,  particularly  in  silk 
and  cotton  goods,  and  in  japan  and  porcelain  ware.— 
Agricullure  «N«  ,.  carried  to  the  .«me  perfeeii,,,,  as  in 
U  ina.  1  he  Japanese  cultivate  literature  and  the  use- 
lul  arts. 

Government  ami  Religion.  The  emperor  of  Japan  it 
an  absolute  monarch  who  is  hereditary,  but  the  e.nnire 
18  divided  into  provinces,  each  of  which  ia  L-ovemed  br 
a  prjnce,  who  i«  «!,«  hereditary.  TheW,V,«  i 
polyihei*m,  resembling  in  many  points  that  of  th.  Hj,,. 
do-isand   Chinese,   parliculaily  in   ihe  doBtrine  of  ,he 

tranHimgration  of  »ouls.     'Jhey  believe  that  the I,  „f 

'.y.eked  men,  alier  death,  occupy  the  bodies  of  uniumls, 
till  they  are  purged  from  their  <«ins.  ' 

Chief  Towns.  Jedo,  the  eapi'al,  in  at  the  bottom  of 
a  large  buy,  on  the  south  side  of  the  ibland  of  Nipho» 


•If' 


I 


M4 


AHlAXrC  IHLAN08> 


The  Imrbnr  U  •«  •litlinw  (dM  Kurnnean  aliipi  rtnnot 
■|ipriiH«li  v.Mliin  •,vti«i  (V«i,<>i»».  The  eiljr  mntniii* 
nnny  »nl"P(li»l  h<.ii«M,  l<i>ltiliK>"<<  •>»  '•'«•  lor«l»,  uiraiiilfVi, 
■ml  |»ritieif)i  of  Jhe  rmpire,  nil  of  \»liom  rmtle  hi-re 
during  die  ureaier  fiiirt  of  the  )?«r.  The  pitnirrorN 
piiUre  U  (he  iiMiit  lup^rb  niiliee  in  ihe  rinpire.  I(  •« 
L'inbrurfil  in  nevprul  inela«uri<t,  the  whulo  more  than  l» 
niilvii  ill  riri'iiiiifi-rfiire.  The  pnpuUliun  of  Jcdo  U  c«- 
timiiitil  Ml  i.ooo.nuo. 

mVntco  in  III  llie  inlitrior,  nljoiit  100  niilt>«  H.  W.  «if 
Jeilo.  ll  \SM  formerly  ihf  capital  uf  (ht>  vnipire,  aiul  ia 
■tilt  lhi>  rimt  ruuuner«!ial  cilv,  and  the  graiiil  •torehouta 
of  jkll  Ihc  niHiiufuclurfa  ol  Japmi.  The  population  it 
eittimatvtl  at  more  than  t,a(Hi.()<)0. 

,^'ugnnaki,  on  the  itilanil  uf  Kiu«u,  in  the  only  harhor 
where  fiireignfm  are  peruiitteil  to  cuter. 

ASIATIC  ISLANDS. 


Situation.  The  term  Aiiulic  Ulanda  it  applied  lij 
WA)  lit'  ditttiiiclinii,  to  lho«c  iwl.tuiU  which  lie  between 
New  llnllniiil  iiiid  New  Ouineu  un  the  M.  K.  and  Ania  iMt 
the  N.  \V.  '1  hey  include  0  ifi'oupfH,  vix.  1  The  iiles 
of  Hundu  the  priiu-ipat  «tf  whieh  are  Htiinatru,  Juva. 
Bunca  and  Timor.  J.  Unrni-o,  and  the  imail  itlnndt 
adjaoi-nl.  3.  Th)-  I'liilippine  inliindi,  the  principal  of 
whicti  are  Liitiin  luid  Mni^indunao.  •!■.  Olflien.  b. 
The  Hpice  inluntU,  Ihe  principul  of  which  i*  Ciilolo. 

Jiitmtiun  of  the  p^roupfs.  Horneo  and  Celebea  are  in 
the  eenlre.  the  Philippine  iHlnndk  in  iho  north,  thn 
Spice  iilnndK  in  the  eaitt,  and  (he  i»le»  of  tSuiidti  in  the 
■outh.  The  China  neii  ttepuratca  itieiie  iaiunda  from 
Alia. 

1    The  Isles  of  Sunda,  on  Sumatra  Tblands. 

Sumatra  in  m-naraled  from  the  peniniiula  of  Malaya 
bv  the  NtraitH  of  Mulneca.  If  i*  ttSO  mileH  loii,j,  nnd  a 
cnnin  of  monnlninH  runn  through  the  whole  i«ii'  Mount 
Ophir,  the  hi(slie»(  sninniit  in  the  range  iv  ia,':-K  feet 


w_ 


can  nhipt  fAimut 
he   cily  fanlniii« 

horn  Tvtiiln  here 
The  pitiiicror'* 
le  riiiplrc.  ll  it 
ule  more  than  10 
ion  of  Jcdo  ii  ci> 

I  miles  H.  W.  of 

ihc  empire,  aiid  ia 

^ratu^  •torehout* 

he  |iopiiUtioii  ia 

«  the  only  harbor 
r. 


iida  is  applied  Uj 
Jiich  lie  between 
M.  K.  and  Asia  u>n 
vix.  1  The  isles 
e  Uumatrii,  Java« 
thr  smnll  i*lnnds 
I  the  principal  of 
+.  Celpbe*.  &. 
Iiicli  ii«  (iilolo. 
ind  Celebes  are  in 
in  iho  nnr>li,  thn 
»  of  Miiiidii  in  the 
>e«e  iaiunds   front 


\TRA  Islands. 

nintiula  ofMalava 
niilcH  lob,;,  mid  a 
bole  Mil'  Mount 
ntre  is  la/?*-;  fed 


T 


ASIATIC  ISLAVIM. 


Ml 


thoT*  (he  level  of  (ht  a#t.  Allhniith  this  i^lind  liei 
Uireclljr  under  ibeeqn»»f.r,  the  elimat*  is  mil  ver»  hot, 
Ihe  ihermiinictvr  «<-l>)oni  ri»^n^  above  Sit', 

I'he  prijtlucUon  of  most  value  is  pepper.     Other  pro. 
dMfllions  art  silk,  euttoii   eamphor,  tin,  ^«|,|,  fiie.     lh« 
only  British  aetllement  i*  at  BmouUn  i  aud  ihe  princi. 
pal  article  of  eiport  i»  pflpn-r.      Iho  pupulalion  !•  etti- 
mated  at  i.iloo.ooo.      The  inhabititots  of  the  roast   ar« 
Malm*.     Thoie  in  tho  Inferior  are  eannibaU  of  th« 
moiil  •avage  character.     Amoni(  iheir  horrid  cuntumH  ia 
that  of  eating  eaeb  other.     Whe.,  a  man  becouien  auvd 
and  infirm,  h«  invites  bis  children  and  frienils  to  coino 
and  e*t   him.     He  aseendi   a  trre,    round   which  hia 
friend*  assemble,  ami  join  in  a  funeral  di^J^e,  the  lm> 
port  or  which  is  "  Ihc  season  is  come,  Ihe  fruit  ii  ripe, 
•n«l  must  descend."     After  this  tiis  old  nan  dtaetod*. 
ud  ia  ealeo  by  his  children. 

Java  lies  H.  E.  of  Hnmatra,  and  is  leparated  from  it 
by  the  straits  of  Hunda.  It  is  flflo  mile*  luoir,  and  An- 
i»nf;s  to  Ihi*  lluteh.  The  fact  of  thn  country  m  the  in- 
terior is  rountainuus  and  lb«  climaU  healthy  |  but  ths 
coasts  ara  low,  marshy  and  very  unhealthy.  The  pro- 
ductlona  are  timilar  to  those  of  Huniatra  ;  the  mntt 
vahiablu  ia  pepper.  Tb«  ptf;»M/a/ion  ia  emimuted  at 
#,000.000.  The  prevailing  rrtigion  i»  l^faboinetani«m. 
Batavutr  an  the  N.  W,  aide  of  the  islaud,  ia  a  place 
>f  immense  trade,  and  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  Kuat 
India  possessions.  It  is  extremely  unhealthy,  and  with- 
in a  taw  yetra  the  population  has  very  much  diminii^h' 
M.  it  once  contained  160,000  inhabitants,  but  now 
only  47,000. 

TiMon  Itft  fur  to  (he  east  of  Java.     Between  (hfl« 
are  Humbava,  Flore*,  and   cM^al  smaller  itiauds. 

S.    BORNXO. 

noRMRo,  (he  largest  island  in  (he  world  except  Vpw 
Holland,  is  in  the  centre  of  the  Asiutio  islaudit,  borilur- 
jnn  on  (he  China  Sea  It  ii  800  miles  long  and  rgO 
broad,  The  coasts  are  low  and  swampy.  The  interior 
•»  very  little  knowa  to  Europeftua.  The  princind 
»3 


! 


I 


Mt  ASIATIC  ISLANRH. 

•expnrh  %t«  i^olil,  iliamontit,  liinU'  nrt(«,  ncppfr  nnd 
vitmnhor.  'i'h«  eitmmrrer  i«  |iriiiri|inli^  ia  Ilia  ImntU  »t 
Itir  (;iiinfio,(liBre  bviiig  na  Kuruiiifan  ivlllcnirnl*  un  (he 
itlntiil. 

'I'ht  pipulntiiin  U  Mllmnfrd  at  », 000,000.  Tl»<»  //rnnif 
Oulang,  «a  miimiil  very  nineh  rrat-niMini^  man,  ahoumU 
in  Rorimn.  'I'lit  prineifrnt  iown  U  Horupo,  on  tha  iinrih 
«iiK«t.  It  contltl*  of  alutiit  9,000  hou«ft  Mhich  arc  liuilt 
on  raflt,  am)  ran  bo  mnvni  from  iiUrp  lo  |)lace  accurd- 
iug  to  till'  coiivenicuee  of  the  iiiliabiluntt. 

3.  FiiiLipriNr.  Iit.AND<i  OR  TNR  Mamillai. 

Tlii>io  Uland*  li«  N  E.  of  Biirnpo,  and  burdrr  on  the 
Chinn  Hfitt.  Thfy  Mon;?  to  the  Spaniard*.  'lUiffirn. 
tliictiim*  i\rc  riff,  cotton,  nuf^Ar  caiif,  foeoa  Irpm,  brrud 
fniil,  ({old,  crtpprr  and  iron.  The  ^o;7u'afion  it  eoi- 
nmtfd  at  .i.soo.ooo.  Thr ro  arc  aevartl  volcaiioea,  and 
MHrlhqo.'ikf 4  ar«  frfqiifnt. 

/.uroM,  th<p  prinripul  inland,  it  fioo  tnlirt  Ion;;.  Tho 
prini-ipul  cilj  i«  Munillu,  on  the  M.  W.  eoaiit,  which 
contnint  I2,ooo  ijhri'ttian  inhabitant*,  h>-<iid«>»  (Miini'ie 
mid  .l«p«ne»ti«  who  are  mnch  nioro  numiM-uu*.  \n  iin- 
porlant  rontmorce  ha»  lonn  been  carried  «n  bet  ween  fli«« 
vily  of  Manilla  und  Acd|iulco  in  Mexico.  ' 

'.Uagindanao,  the  ut-it  i»Iinid  in  •vm,  i« S.  K.  oILucon 

4.  CELKor,*. 

tekfx'^  lion  iindi-r  the  cqn.itor  ea«t  of  11  rnno.  I«  ii 
•bout  i.oo  ntilea  l«n«5,  but  very  crooked  in  iln  ihape. 
The  popufntion  i*  e*timatcd  at  J,00()  ooo.  The/mM/uc- 
tiun^  are  rice,  coiinn.pepj^r  and  camphor.  The  island 
14  •oint'liuiei  culled  MacasMr,  fr»m  a  town  of  that  name. 
in  the  louthern  part  of  the  i*land,  which  in  the  prineipal 
aettleinent  belonging  to  the  Dutch. 

S.   SriCE   IlLAND*. 

The  Spice  Ulandi  lie  ea»t  of  the  Celebe*.  The* 
are  jionielinifn  culled  Moluecaf"      They  brlont;  (<•  the 


f  ia  llio  liantU  of 
fUlcmenli  un  the 

I0(t.  Tl»c  f/rnnf 
ng  mtn,  khoumU 
iiro,  on  th«  iiorih 
•  which  arr  built 
i<(  |tlace  aceurd- 
(«. 

Manillai. 

ml  bunler  on  the 
iiinN.  'Iltf  pro' 
ifiiH  trt'in,  lifMitl 
tpuladnn  i*  e<ii- 
il  volcmiuei,  kdiI 

ntlot  lon^.  Tho 
tV.  coiiNt,  which 
h>'«iilr»  (!hini>ie 
neruun.  \n  iin* 
il  «ti  bctwrriifli<* 
CO.  • 

il  !<.  K.  oi'Liicuii 


f>r  n  rnoo.  Il  il 
I'll  in  iu  ihiipe. 
U).  'Vhffrodw- 
lior.  The  iilami 
)\vn  of  that  name 
h  il  the  priiieiphi 


Celfibci.    TUvy 
ey  brfontf  tn  tH« 


AUtTHALAi«l4.  %f 

Iliiteli.  Thry  arr  eMehr«f«d,  M  Ihfir  nintd  imliAiitt*, 
for  th«  proiluelion  of  ihi>  richrit  ipicfi.  Cloto.,  nut. 
mi-H*.  riironi,  or«ni<.«,  lenioni,  iiml  p^pp.T,  urf  n^mnx 
Ih-  prrri.MM  pro.lurhoMi  of  ihri^  ulaiiiU  — The  riili 
pr.Hlurf  or  III..  Spi,.,-  Mni,.U  ha«  ^iven  ri««  l«  muuhVoii. 
ij'Mii.Mi  «nioin<  iho  i.r.nripal  Kiironean  nntioiui'  ih.. 
M,.rioianli.  HorlM^iiri,,  lluleh  no.l  Koi^li.h  hA%io^  .„c 
ei'MiwIy  rliiiiMKil  iml  f.njKhl  for  ih.-  po«.<>Mion  of  ihnu 
—  I  hi.  n«.ne»  of  the  principal  iilMn.l*  ur.!  Oiiolo,  Ccu«i. 
AiMlio^iitt,  lernalemiJIJaotla. 

Al>iTllAM9l.\. 

Situnthn.  Aiuiruliioiii  n.niiid  of  irveriil  laiao  ii|. 
All.!,  I,, on  louihea.i  of  i;.o  A  iiili.^  iilnn.U.  The  hiIh- 
i^.pil  II  New  IlolbDiI,  which  il  ♦»  largo  ih4t  nmny'mo- 
«rupl...ri  j.,||  i,  ,»  condoer...  Tl.o  oiher  i.liiM.N  are 
•New  Ci.iMiea.  New  Unluio.  \,h.  |rela«.|,  Molomoo'i  M. 

>  on  l),em.ii  i  l.in.l     .New  (;.,iu..i  U  neparulcl  froiu  the 

:SviV;.Uh'"'^'^ 

j^''''^  IIo...,AN»  i.   .Miual    i„    .lip.o  ,.»  ,1,..  „|,.,;,,  „,.,;„. 

•|»c     >cl  very  ImiI«  h  koov.n  .,    I.  i,  vo.t  a.oulrv.   Ku  ,, 
H'  »  .ore*  wereiMver  (.x,,lor.U  l.y  Kun.peun,  (I'll  wi,|,. 
male>v  year.,  aoJ  noiSini;   i,  know,,  ofihe   ir.ten,>r 
1  he  e,i,t,.r„  rou.t  ii  eull.-.l  Ni ,»  .S,.,i(h  Welt.,  urul  we» 
eM'lore.l  by  tapt   Cook  abou,  oo  yenr-i  o^o,  u  .^   Ik  , 
,J:|«ci*u.n  of  ,n  ,he  name  of  ,he  kfo^  of  llUi  H.i.ai. 

he  Br.t.,  .  novv  have  a  He.ll.jn. ,.,  ,a  V^a  Juekson  «„ 
.  c  S  L.  ,nle  of  ihe  ulmid,  a„d  to  ihii  nlace  ihey  truni- 
piiri  their  erimiimln.  *  /    •   ■■» 

The  «,.;.i¥s  of  New  Ilollunil,  .„  far  hi  they  ore 
fvriowii.  are  inion^  the  most  ile^ru.le.l  of  the  human  .pe. 
■  le,.  Ihev  are  ugly  ami  dirty.  Their  nniei  are  llaf. 
""•ir   ip»  ih.ck,  their  mouthi  itrelch  alinoit  from  ear  to 

h'HlLl    ..^i 'ri!"!""*  .I":'  ''.':'"P".'«/'''.  «»■>  nib   their 

in   hot  weather 
»vo  01)  religion. 


ar  ,  ,,„.y  imu  woriMi  Aiiil  culerpillari, 
boil.ei   all  over  with  tiih  oil,   which   ir 
aittkeg  an  intolerable  •ttiicb.     They  bat 


4 

I 


« 


/    A  / 


S€8 


POLYNESIA. 


but  are  a  poor  8uper8titiou»  race,  believing  in  ghosti 

aud  witches.  •  i     * 

New  Guinea,  sometimes  called  Papua,  is  north  of 
New  Hoilaiul.  It  is  about  a»  large  as  Borneo,  but  much 
longer,  being  more  than  iUQO  miles  in  extent  from 
N.  W.  (0  H.  K.  There  is  no  Kuropean  settlemtnt  upon 
it,  and  very  little  is  knpwn  about  it.  The  shores  abound 
with  cocoa  trees,  and  in  some  parts  with  nutmeg  tree?, 
and  as  far  as  it  is  known  it  appears  to  be  a  beHutiful 
fertile  country.  The  inhabitants  arc  black  and  have 
BIOS)  hideous  countenances. 

New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  and  Solomon  s  Isi^ 
AND3,  lie  east  of  New  Guinea;  New  Heuhides  and 
N:-.w  Caledonia  are  8.  K.  of  the  same  island.  Very 
little  u  known  about  any  of  the«  islands  a*  they  were 
«ot  discovered  till  latcl  v,  and  f  ontuin  no  Kuropean  set- 
tlements. • I     1      I    „« 

Nfw  Zealand  consisl:  "f  two  large  islands,  lying 
east  of  Van  Diemen's  l.»nd.  The  most  valuable  prodac- 
tion  is  a  species  oi  flax,  which  has  a  beau,  ful  silky 
HPiieirauce  aud  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  this  island. 
The  natives  of  New  Zealand  are  a  noble  race  of  men* 
Thfv  are  as  tail  as  the  tallest  Europeans:  their  fcn- 
tareii  are  regulan  they  have  uncommon  strength  ot 
mi'idand  sagacitv;  ih.-y  are  warlike,  naturallv  kind, 
atrectionute  and  goi.ei  -'s.  Vet  they  are  cannibals,  and 
„|H-n  provoked  are  veiy  ftrociou.,  but  under  proper 
cullivilinn  they  will  makeoneoflhe  finest  people  in  the 
world.  An  English  settlement  has  rectnlly  been  nia«Ie 
here,  for  the  purpose  of  intrnducing  the  hleMings  ni 
miliziuion,  and  the  knowledge  of  (Jhristiai.itv. 

Yery  little  is  known  about  Van  Uikmen  s  land. 

POLYNESIA. 

,Vame  and  Sitnation.  Poljnesin  is  derived  from  fwn 
Greek  words  8ignif>inj;  many  islands.  It  embraces  tho 
,.,„.,ero«H  island*  iu  tl  <•  Paciiic  Ocan,  lying  east  ol  the 
milippine  inlands  a..'  Ai.^tra  asm.  ,.1 '""  ,P^'""i^'» 
..rorpes  are  the  Pelew  l.l.-^uls,  the  Caroline  Islands,  .he 
hadrones,  and  tlie  gundwkh  Islands,  lying  north  of  thf 


,  believing  in  ghosti 

Papna,  is  norlh  of 
as  Borneo,  but  much 
iles  in  extent  from 
lenn  settlenunt  upon 
The  shores  abound 
viilh  nutmeg  tree?, 
»rs  to  he  a  beHtitiful 
arc  biuck  and  have 

and  Solomon's  Isi 
New  Heuhides  and 

same  island.  Very 
islands,  m  they  were 
uin  no  European  set- 

Inrge  islands,  lying 
iiosl  valuable  prodac- 
18  a  beau,  ful  silky 
uliar  to  (his  island. 
A  noble  iHce  of  men* 
uropeans  ;  their  fcn- 
eomnuin  strength  of 
■like,  naturally  kind, 
ey  arc  cannibals,  and 
IS,  but  under  proper 
le  (iiiest  people  in  the 
is  reeenlly  been  made 
cing  thelilonsings  «f 
'  Christianity. 

Uii-.MEN*&  land. 


a  is  derived  from  fwn 
nds.  It  embraces  tho 
cfran,  lying  east  of  the 
isia.  'The  principal 
L' Caroline  Islands,  .he 
lids,  lying  north  of  thf 


iHii.YNr^rv. 


-!•>*» 


equator:  and  (lit:  Friendly  Islands,  Navif^ah.j's  Islands, 
tJie  Society  Islands,  uiiil  the  Marquesas,  south  of  the 
(.({uutiir 

^  The  reUtv  islands  lie  east  of  the  IMiilippine  island). 
Capl.  WiLsou  was  shij)wrecked  here  in  J7M.J,  and  de- 
scribes  the  natives  as  mild,  and  simple  ii-  their  manners, 
and  hospitable,  but  they  have  no  religion,  though  they 
appear  to  believe  that  the  soul  survives  the  body. 

The  Caroline  i^tlands  lie  east  of  the  Pele>v  islands  and 
are  about  30  in  number,  but  are  little  known.  Tho 
Ltuirones  are  16  in  number,  and  lie  north  of  the  Caro- 
line islands. 

The  Sandwich  islands  are  11  in  number,  anu  are  in 
the  northeast  extremity  of  Polynesia.  Owhyee  (he  larg- 
est ivland  in  the  groupe,  is  8j  miles  long.  The  popula 
tion  of  the  Sandwich  inlands  in  estimated  at  400,000. 
The  climate  is  rather  more  temperate  than  that  of  the 
West  India  islands,  which  li*  in  the  samu  latitude. 
Among  the  productions  are  bread  fruit  and  sugar  cane. 

The  inhabitants  arc  a  mild,  alleclionale,  and  docile 
race.  They  discover  a  good  share  of  ingenuity,  and  are 
very  desirous  of  improvement,  fhey  Lave  already  in- 
troduced several  of  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  but  they 
filill  retain  the  barbarous  practice  of  sacrificing  human 
victims.  Several  of  the  natives  of  these  islands  have 
been  educated  at  the  school  for  heathen  youth  at  Corn- 
wall in  Connecticut,  and  have  now  gone  home,  in  com- 
pany with  several  American  missionaries,  to  introduce 
Christianity  among  their  countrymen. 

The  Frimdly  islands,  lie'east  of  the  Neiv  Hebrides, 
and  are  inhabited  by  a  friendly  people.  JVfljwn-w/or'h 
•siands  are  east  of  the  Friendly  islands,  and  are  inhabit" 
jd  bv  a  ferouiuus  people. 

The  Society  islands  lie  still  farther  east.  Otaheiic 
is  the  largest  of  this  groupe,  and  has  attracted  much 
attention.  It  is  about  120  miles  in  circumference.  TJvj 
country  is  beautiful,  the  soil  is  fertile  and  producer 
bread  fruit,  sugar  cane,  cocoa  nuts,  and  bananas  in 
abundance.  The  people  are  mild,  aflFable,  and  politr, 
but  they  are  idi^lnters,  and  offer  human  sacrifices.—l 
In  1810,  however,  ttie  hhabitants  gf  several  of  these 
S3* 


m 


sro 


AFRICA. 


islands  rpnnunced  llieir  godi  and  embraced  ChrisliaQ- 

The  Mnr(]uestts  island*)  lie  N-  K.  of  llie  8ocii'(y 
i«landi4.  They  are  5  in  niimlier,  and  the  inhuliitanln 
arc  6aid  to  tie  the  ht^ndHotnest  people  in  the  uorld. 


AFUICA. 


1 

a 
e 

ei 

J» 

y. 

ai 


Situaiinn.  Africa  18  bounded  N.  by  the  Medilcrra* 
ncan,  K.  by  the  Ited  Sea  and  (he  Indian  Ocean;  W.  by 
the  Ailiinlie.  Oeean.     On  (he  H.  it  comet  to  a  point. 

Isthmus  and  Straits.  I'lie  iHthniuK  of  Suez  lies  be* 
tueen  the  Ited  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  connects 
Africa  with  .^sia.  The  straits  of  Oibraltar  connect 
the  Mi'diterranean  with  the  Atlantic,  and  separate 
Africa  from  Europe.  The  straits  of  77a6«^mffn(ie/ con* 
necl  the  Ued  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  separate 
Africa  from  Asia. 

Capes.  (Jape  Ouardafui  is  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Africa,  Cape  Serra  the  northern,  and  Cape  Verde  the 
western.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  in  the  south.  Cape 
Bojador  is  north  of  Cape  Verde. 

JUountains.  The  two  principal  ranges  ore  the  Moun« 
lains  of  the  Moon,  and  the  Mount  Alias  chain.  The 
Mountains  of  the  Moon  commence  near  Cape  Verde, 
in  the  western  extremity  of  the  eontinest,  and  run  east 
almost  to  Cape  Guardafui,  a  distance  of  nearly  3,000 
miles.  The  Mount  Mlas  chain  commences  north  of 
Cape  Bujadur,  and  runs  northeast  along  the  eoust  to 
Cape  Serra. 

Rivers.  There  are  few  large  rivers  in  Africa.  The 
largest  is  the  i^Tile,  which  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  and  runs  N.  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, a  distance  of  more  than  S500  miles.  The 
JV^er  rises  near  the  west  extremity  of  the  Mountains 
pf  the  Moon,  and  flows  east  for  a  very  great  distance, 
bnt  how  far  is  not  known.  Some  suppose  that  it  is  lost 
in  the  sands ;  others,  that  it  empties  iato  a  great  inland 
•ea,  aad  ethers  itill,  tbat  it  is  »  brancbof  tb«  N»r%t 


ol 
iti 
m 
bl 

(e 
St 
A 
te 
til 
m 
irn 
uc 
isl 
ini 
ni( 
po 
pe 
an 

riu 
bu 
to 

kit 
div 
of 
cot 

Jifl 

the 
4. 

in  I 


^braced  ChrigtiaQ- 

1.  of  llie  Socii'tf 
1(1  the  ihhutiiluiilg 
in  the  \vorhl. 


by  the  Me«li(crra* 
iaii  Ocean  j  W.  by 
meg  to  a  point. 
IK  of  Suez  lies  be> 
nean,  and  connects 

Oibraltar  connect 
itic,  anil  8ppara(e 
f  liabetmandel  con- 
:ean,  and  separate 

nslern  extremity  of 
)d  Cape  Verde  the 
in  the  south.  Cape 

rmen  are  the  Moun« 
Alias  chain.  The 
near  Cape  Verde, 
nent,  aud  run  east 
tn  sf  nearly  3,000 
mmenees  north  of 
along  the  eoast  to 

rt  ID  Africa.  The 
Ibe  eastern  part  of 
IB  N.  to  the  Medi- 
I  2500  miles.  The 
'  of  the  Mountains 
ery  great  distance, 
ipose  that  it  is  lost 
iato  a  great  inland 
rutcbof  ttr«  Nrflt 


AFRICA. 


m 


lo  solve  theHe  donbts  is  a  grand  gP02rnnIu>nI  problem, 
and  several  Kiiiopean  (ravHler«  huvi-  HlK.npied  to  i.en- 
elrale  llie  interior  oi  Africa  lor  this  purpose,  but  hilfi. 
erto  Without  i-fliet. 

The  ^e>,>'gal,  the  Gambia,  the  Rio  Grande,  and  the 
^emrada,  all  ri^e  in  tin-  weHtern  exlmniKv  of  ibe 
Moiinittins  of  the  Moon,  near  the  sources  of  liicNi:{ir, 
and  flow  west  into  the  Atlantic. 

.SW  The  fpart  of  Africa,  south  of  the  Mountains 
Of  the  xMoon,  resembles  a  nugar  loaf,  or  a  pyramid  with 
it«  apex  towards  the  south  ;  the  p*rt  north  of  the«e 
mountains  is  of  a  semicircular  shape,  somewhat  resem- 
biingun  Ind.an  bow. 

Deserts.  Afripa  is  distinRuished  from  the  other  quar- 
ters of  the  world,  by  its  immense  sandy  deserts.  The 
Sahara  or  Great  Desert,  occupies  a  large  proportion  of 
Africa,  north  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon.  It  ex- 
ends  with  lew  inlernipiions  completely  across  the  eon- 
t.nent  from  the  At  antic  to  the  Ked  Sea,  a  distance  of 
more  ban  3,000  n„cs,  and  its  breadth  in  some  places  is 
more  than  800.--Ihis  desert  appears  like  an  immense 
oetan  of  scorching  sand,  interspersed  with  various 
islands,  or  fertile  spots,  called  oases,  which  serve  as  rest- 
irig  and  wateritig  places  for  the  curnvans  in  their  iiiur- 
n.e,  over  the  desert.  When  the  caravans  „,e  iZ- 
Kl  f'"  .'I  !"S  '""i"  "•  ""*•"  P'''''^'''  t'-'^y  Sequent  y 
and  1800  eamels  perished  in  this  way. 

nor  of  Africa.  Few  travellers  have  penetrated  that 
burning  region;  Our  knowledge  is  prinJipuHy  confined 
to  the  coumries  Iving  directly  upon  the  coast. 

Uivmons.  Africa  is  divided  into  a  great  many  nettv 
kingdoms  atjd  states :  but  tbey  may  be'clas.ed  uJd'lr  5 
d,v,s,ons.-i.  JVWfAcrn  J/nVa,  or  the  countries  north 
of  Ihetrop.c  of  Cancer;  2.  Southern  Jl/rica.  or  the 
countries  south  of  the  tropic  of  C«pricor|-;;  J E^str^ 

u£  SnV   f  T"'""  '^  "•^""  ""^  '"''  «'»"«'  '••'"v.eea 

U  Z^l  n  /"'"'  *"'  "i?  ««"«'^*«»«n  «l'e  west  coast 
U.wwn  the  tropics.  B.  Cenfral  Jlfvn-n,  or  the  couulries 
la  the  interior  between  Ibese  four  divisious. 


V2 


EOVPT. 


Northern  Africa  comprcLemli  KgyiU  aud  the  Barbtt 
tj  stttte*. 

KGYPT. 


Sittitttinn.  Kgvpt  is  in  (lie  nortfieast  part  of  Africa. 
It  '\»  boiinded  N.Uy  liie  Mediterranean;  K.  by  the  isth- 
mus of  Sutz,  and  the  Ued  Sea;  S.  by  Nubia;  anil  AV. 
bv  a  dexert.  It  lie<i  on  both  aides  of  the  Mile,  from  iti 
niouth  to  8vene  in  lat.  in,". 

Jliver.  I'ho  Nile  is  the  j»reat  river  of  Egypt.  It 
rites  in  the  mnuntain<i  uf  the  Moon,  and  pasHex  through 
Abyssinia  and  Nubiii  before  it  enters  Kgypt.  After 
entering  Egypt,  it  runs  north  for  800  miles,  and  then 
divides  into  two  branches,  one  of  which  Hows  N.  E.  and 
the  other  N.  \V.  toihe  Mediterranean.  The  country 
included  between  the  two  branches  is  called  the  Delta. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  only  habitable  part  of 
Egypt  is  the  long  narrow  traat,  which  is  watered  by 
the  Nile.  This  river  runs  between  two  chains  of  moun- 
tains, which  are  usually  at  tho  distance  of  8  or  10  miles 
iVoni  the  hanks.  The  country  beyond  the  mountains, 
both  to  the  east  and  west,  is  a  desert. 

jy,visions,  Egypt  is  divided  into  two  [flirts,  Upper 
and  Lower.  Upper  Egypt  extends  from  Syene  to 
Cairo  ;  and  Lower  Egypt,  from  Cairo  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Canals.  The  Delta  of  the  Nile  is  intersected  by 
canals  running  in  almost  every  direction.  It  is  suppos- 
•d  that  a  canal  might  be  formed  across  the  isthmus  cf 
Suez,  connecting  the  Red  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean ; 
and  opening  aa  easy  coinmunicatiou  between  Europe 
and  India. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  Egypt  is  much  hotter  than 
that  of  other  countries  in  the  same  latitude.  During 
one  season  of  the  vear,  scorching  winds  blow  from  the 
desert,  and  bring  with  them  particles  of  fine  du'*!,  wbieh 
are  very  injurious  to  the  eyes.  It  seldom  rain*  in  this 
country.    Ttio  moat  coinmioa  diseases  are  tke  plague.) 


lh« 
thi 

Ni' 
liv 
E^ 
the 
wa 
coi 
'111 

i'm 
An 
are 
tiiii 
All 

tiiU 

a,. 

E«> 

ol'  i 

tnea 

Bai 

coll 

J»ru( 

all 

tant 

stan 
VVh 
inhs 
Tlosi 
i'l  on 
and 
east 
1th 
coni 
S, 

;iy 

Fro! 


pi  aud  the  Barbft 


ih(  part  of  Africa, 
III ;  K.  by  the  isth- 
y  Nubia;  anil  W. 
'  the  Mile,  from  its 

iver  of  Egypt.  It 
inii  pnsHeit  through 
»r9  Kgypt.     After 

00  mileii,  and  then 
ch  lIowD  N.  E.  and 
•an.  The  country 
A  nailed  the  Delta, 
habitable  part  of 
liieli  is  watered  by 
ivo  chains  of  nioun- 
ice  of  8  or  10  miles 
nd  the  mountains, 

two  pfcrts,  Upper 
lis  from  Syene  to 
ro  to  the  Mediter- 

■  is  intersected  by 
ion.  It  is  suppos- 
ross  the  isthmus  cf 
he  Mediterranean ; 
ou  between  Europe 

8  much  better  than 
latitude.  During 
inds  blow  front  >be 

1  of  fine  du<>l,  which 
eldoni  rain!*  in  this 
les  are  tJie  plague.. 


EGYPT. 


tn 


the  colic,  and  the  oplhalmia,  a  severe  disease  affecline 
the  eyes.  '^ 

Soil  and  Jlgriailture.  The  soil  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile  is'i  black  fiil  lunm,  which  is  exceedintriy  produc- 
five.  I  he  most  fenUo  district  is  the  Delta,  in  Lower 
K^ypt,  winch  IS  uiinually  ovirllowed,  and  enriched  by 
the  deposit  of  mud  and  slime.  In  Upper  Ettypt  the 
water  is  conveyed  to  the  lands  by  machinery  This 
country  hi.s  been  cilehraled  in  uM  ages  for  its  fertility. 

1  he  prineipal  produciions  are  rice  and  wheat. 

^  ropubtion,  Jteligion  and  Oovertment.  The  popnla- 
tion  IS  eslimuted  at  a.soo.ooo.  They  are  composed  of 
Arabs,  Co])l*,  I'tirks,  Jews,  and  Ben'libers.  The  Arabs 
are  much  the  nwn  numerous,  c(.ll8!i^')lin^•  about  (wo 
rhirdsoflhe  whde.  TI.e  t„pls  ,,n  .  s  Chiisiianity. 
All  thi)  other  classes,  except  the  .fows,  are  Mahome- 
tans. Egypt  IS  subject  to  Turkey,  and  is  governed  by 
a  pacha.  *  o  / 

Citien.  Cairo,  or  Grand  Cairo,  the  metropolis  of 
Latypt,  H  near  the  Nile,  about  lo  mileH  above  the  angle 
of  the  Delta.  It  carries  on  an  extensive  »ommerec,'bT 
means  of  caravans,  with  Syria,  Arubin,  Abyssinia,  the 
Barbary  States,  and  the  interior  of  Africa.  Here  are 
collected  the  merchandize  of  Africa,  and  (he  richest 
pruduclii.ns  of  the  east.  The  city  contains  300  mosques, 
all  ndori.cd  with  lofty  minarets,  and  300,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

.Alexandria,  once  a  splendid  city,  but  now  in  rnins, 
stands  on  the  Medilerrnucan,  128  miles  N.  W.  of  Cairo. 
When  in  its  glory,  it  is  oaid  to  have  contained  COO.ooo 
inhabitants;  now,  the  population  is  iO,  or  ^g.ooo. 
Jioselfa  IS  un  the  west  branch  of  the  Nile,  about  6  milea 
fiom  its  mouth.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce, 
and  has  8  or  10,000  inhabitants.  Damieita  is  on  (he 
eastern  branch  of  (he  Nile,  about  2  miles  from  its  month. 
ft  has  a  largo  commerce,  particularly  with  Syria,  and 
contains  80,000  inhabiiants. 

Smz  is  on  the  Uulf  of  Suez,  at  the  northern  extrem- 
*|y  of  the  Red  Sen.  It  \,  r  the  midst  of  a  desert, 
trom  the  tops  of  the  housi;  ti-  eye  cannot  discern  a 
Jingle  free,  or  the  saiallest  jpt-    f  verdure  j  yet  it  is  a 


m 


m^ 


cii 


DARBARY  STATKS. 


\t\ofe  of  cninidcrnble  conimerco,  heini^  visilr J  by  (lie 
carfiVHriH,  ftriif  ronlaiiis  0,000  inlinhitunU.  Tlte  priiici- 
pttl  linvng  iit  Ujiprr  K,s;jpJ  ure  Siutf  Oirge^  AuA  Syene, 
hII  on  or  iiCHr  the  iXile. 

JittiijititU'H.  The  rcli'bralcd  pijraniiils,  recknncil  liy 
tlie  uiuii'iils  nnioni'  llic  seven  «oiiilor*  of  the  Morld, 
are  xtilll  Hinniiini;.  Tlicy  iire  Kiiii-tru  itiicx  ui'  8(oiic 
rising  'r.  n  point.  TlitTc  are  '.i  !ar5;e  on«'B  opposite 
(Jairo.  J'lii;  largest  is  f>00  IVi  t  liigli,  anA  jmuIi  sitlf  nl' 
the  Imsr  i^  Ooo  feet  lonjj.  The  eaturumbs  nre  lonn  sn')- 
terriinvui)  ^aMerien  and  ohamberH  eominonly  eul  out  of 
t'le  Roiid  roi'k,  wheri  dead  bodieit  were  aneienlly  dt-pos- 
jU'd.  Tlie  nin»t  elobrated  are  tho«o  of  Alexnnd'rin,  and 
Tfiebe*,  and  ire  still  to  be  scfii.  Many  other  gplendid 
nioiitimenls  oi  oliquity  arc  found  in  vuriou*  purm  uf 
Kg:tpl. 

Jlnimnh.  Crocodiles  nre  found  fn  Ejreat  nnmher!^  on 
the  banks  of  the  Ni't;.  liuls  and  miee  ine  so  niimerou* 
that  they  would  render  the  country  niiinhabiiuble,  were 
it  not  for  the  aniiiiiU  di'!nu;i'.  8eurpiuns,  cameleuiiH  and 
!i7.urdi*  are  also  found  here. 

Commerce.  Ucl'oro  the  discovery  of  the  passage  to 
India  n.ijnd  the  Citpe  of  Oood  Hope,  the  conimeree 
between  Knrope  and  India  wan  eariied  on  Ihrottt^h 
Afexandria  ar.d  Cairo.  Thu  I  ittcr  is  AtilJ  the  centre  of 
th<;  trade  of  Ki^yftt,  and  has  iiiiereoiirse  by  curiivuiu 
ivilh  a  lur^e  port  of  Africa  and  .Vsia. 

IJAftHARY  STATES. 

Silaul'mu  The  Barhnry  Stales  occupy  that  long 
uarrowcounlry,  Ivint?  along  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on 
the  N.  and  ilie' Sahara,  cr  Gieaf  Desert,  on  thu 
S.  and  extending  from  Ki5>pf  on  the  IJ  to  the  Alluutio 
II n  the  W. 

lih'hiom.  The  Rarbary  State*  are  Tripoli,  Tunis, 
Al^iers  and  Momreo. 

Face,  of  the  Countyi/.  The  eastern  part  nf  this 
country  is  a  dfsert,  conneeied  vvil|»  the  Sahara  or  Great, 
Desert.  The  western  part  is  dividci!  by  the  chain  of 
Mount  Atlfts,  which  runs  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.    TKp 


s, 

!f  visilfd  by  llie 
if«.  Tlie  priiici- 
'iirgef  ami  Syeiie, 

tills,  recknripd  liy 
T*  of  the  Morlil, 
ru  imK-x  ut'  8(oiic 
{c  niicH  i)|)|M)»*ite 
nnil  «!iit'li  Nitlt'  nt' 
mfjH  i\rc  lonn  niih- 
iniiiily  cur  out  of 
nnciiMiily  <i«>|)os> 
Aloxnndrin,  uml 
ly  other  gplcniliil 
vuriou»  {larii  of 

i^rciit  nnmliprx  nii 

iiix*  su  ntimcrDiis 

inhabiluliir,  were 

s,  eameleuiiii  und 

f  llie  pu«sat»e  in 
',  the  coinimree 
ied  on  thnitti^h 
ttill  the  ci>nlrL>  of 
rse  by  curavuiu 


!Ciipy    (hot    long 

priarii'arj  Sea  on 

Dfserl,    nil    thu 

tn  the  Ailuutio 

Tripoli,  Tunis, 

n   part  nf    this 

Sahara  or  Great, 

by  the  chain  of 

,  to  S.  W.    Tffft 


_J 


BAUBAUY  STArES.  276 

sract  hehvcen  (he  '.tia*  rauye  nnd  the  M.-dilerrnneftn 
1*  from  30  to  -00  tiiilcM  wide,  uud  i.  „,„Mly  a  level,  vull 
watend  and  fertile  country.  The  traci  between  (ho 
AtlR,  ranafeand  (he  de-eit  i*  nioiintHinoui,  »andy  nnd 
barren  ;  bu(  producPH  dates  in  Hueh  ubundance,  tha^  it  i. 
called  the  countrv  of  date*.  ^ 

Jnhttbitants.  The  tnl.abitanfn  may  be  divid*  d  into  * 
cianseH.  1.1  he  .Moors,  who  are  the  ruUni^  people,  hikI 
constitute  (,.e  inas«  of  the  population  in  all  thi  cili,,,. 

7.S  u''  **  '"  r*"'!**  I"^'"'''P*''  -■'•«'rehant»,  and  are 
«OD(iuoally  injulted.  and  ni(.«l  cruelly  opprcH.ed  by  the 
Moor..  8.  Tie  Jlrahs.  who  wander  with  their  flocks 
and  herd*  in  the  interior  di8lrie(ii,  on  the  borders  of  tlie 
desert  4.  The  Jirehers,  who  are  dencendants  of  il.t 
ancient  natim.  and  inhabit  the  muuhtainous  recion*. 

llmmle.  Th*  climate  is*  (emperare  and  pleasant  — 
1  he  piHgue.  however,  occasionally  visits  Ibis  country, 
and  IS  awfully  destructive  in  itn  ravages.  The  leprosv 
IS  very  common.  There  are  mauv  other  dreadful  dig- 
easPi,  wljioh  arine  not  from  the  climate,. but  from  the 
iJiominable  vices  of  the  inhnbitauts. 

iJ^n^i""'  o^"*"*  M»l'omc(un  reli-ion  prevails  in  all 
he  Barbary  States.      The  Jews,  however,  are  numerous. 
Uut  arc  moHt  cruelly  oppresNcd 

Manners  and  CuHtoms.     The  Moors  are  amor»<»  the 
most  VICIOUS    and  profligate  people  upon  (he  ennh  — 
Ibej  are  pirates,  and  formerlv  committed  great  dci.n-- 
dations  on  the  commerce  of  Christian  imtions  ih  *h.> 
Mediterranean.     The  Arabs  live  in  tents,  «nd  wa-ider 
near  the  de»*3rts  in   independent  tribes.     They  are  a 
lawless  and  turbulent  race,  and  are  frequently  iit  war 
wKh  eaeh  other.     The  Brebers  live  also  ia  tents,  and 
pay  little  respect  to  regular  jjorernment. 
^nitnnls.     Lions,  leopards,  and  other  fierce  animals 
abound  la  the  forests.     Venomous  snrpents  of  un  enor- 
raoas  size  are  also  common.     The  hufika  is  a  black 
venomous  serpent,  7  or  8  feet  long,  which  coils  itself  up 
and  tleo  darts  to  a  very  great   distance,     fn  a   few 
minutes  after  the  bite,  the  suftrrer  turns  black  nnd  ex- 
Ifipes.     The  boa,  or  serpent  of  the  desert,  is  often  80 
Ret  long,  aud  as  thick  as  a  mac's  bodv,  but  it  is  not 


I 


176 


BARBAUY  81 ATCS. 


vennmou*.  It  movrt  with  itieh  iwiftneis  that  it  ii  im« 
pDtiHible  (n  (>«capn  from  it.  It  will  kwiit  ilnelf  ruuiiil 
an  01,  and  after  eru»hingitii  hunei  will  swallow  it  graiN 
nally,  uiiiJ  then  lie  lupiuely  on  the  groubd,  fur  two  or 
(brae  days  unable  to  move. 

Soil  and  Productions.  The  eeuntrT  bttwfen  the 
mouHiain*  and  ooant  ii  very  fertile  ancl  well  watered, 
and  produce!  wheat,  olives,  almondi,  and  ihu  moit  deli> 
cioiiY  fruit«  in  abundance.  Between  the  moiiiilaiiit  and 
the  deiiert  the  (tail  i»  barren,  but  produces  {D;reat  qu.<inti- 
ties  of  d.ites,  whieh  coustltute  the  chief  food  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

Commt-rce.  This  eonnfry  has  an  eifeniive  commercv' 
with  the  interior  of  Africa,  aud  with  Kgypt  aad  Arabia 
by  means  of  oarav  .\oi. 

TRIPOLI. 

Situation.  Tripeli  extends  on  the  MeJiterraneali 
from  the  aulfof  Cahes  to  Egypt,  lioe  miles.  It  ia 
hounded  N.  by  the  Mediterranean ;  £.  hy  Egypt  ;  6. 
by  the  Desert ;  and  W.  by  Tunis. 

Population.    The  population  is  estimated  at  1,000,000. 

Chief  Town.  Tripnli^  the  capiteJ,  is  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mvditerranean,  and  is  surrounded  with  high  walls. 
The  population  is  esiiinated  at  40,000. 

Ilarca.  The  eastern  half  of  i'ripidi  is  called  Barei^, 
and  iM  sometimas  considered  as  a  province  of  Tripoli, 
and  sometimes  as  a  tributary  state.  It  is  principally  a 
desert.  General  Eatoa  took  Derae,  the  aapilal  of 
Barea  in  180S. 

TUNIS. 

Situation.  Tunis  lies  west  ef  Tripoli,  and  is  hound- 
ed N.  bv  the  Mediterranean ;  S.  by  tha  Desert ;  and 
W.  by  Algiers. 

Population.  The  population  is  variously  estimated 
frttm  1  to  3,000,uoo. 


s. 

Ml  that  it  i»  int" 
wilt  ilnelf  ruuiitl 
I  kwailuw  it  grail- 
oui.(l,  I'ur  two  or 

try  between  the 
mi  well  watered, 
tiul  (be  molt  deli> 
it  motititaiiit  and 
cet  great  qii.'inti* 
t  food  of  the  in* 

leaiif  e  commerci> 
^gjpt  and  Arabia 


s  Mediterranean 
toe  milei.  It  is 
S.  by  Egypt  }  6. 

ated  at  1,000,000. 
is  on  (he  coast  of 
witU  high  walls. 

i  is  ealied  Barei^, 
vinee  of  Tripoli, 
t  is  prineipally  a 
,  the  oapilal  of 


[>1i,  and  is  bound- 
tha  Desert;  and 

rioasly  estimated 


BAUDARY  STATKH.  ^n 

•an  w<iicr  lake,  ahoiit  A  mile.  Irom  il.e  |,c«,|  of  il.c  c.ilf 
or  I iinis.  1  |,e  Ittke  i.  .onncoted  l.y  «  „,„ row  puisaae 
with  the  sea.  I  he  c.!y  »  .„cIo«.mI  (,y  «  ,„i,er,ible  m Jd 
««l  .      I  lie  populution  m  uIioui  t20,mo.      ll.e  r.iiiM  of 

t5"«^l!!'W"r'r''r"''*'"*"""''^'  ure  still  ,0  be  .een 
to  nilea  iV.  b.  uf  1  uoiih 

ALGIERS. 

eituation.  Algiers  is  bounded  N.  l.y  the  MedHcrra- 
Man  }  h.  by  1  uuu  }  8.  by  the  Desert ;  and  W  bv 
(Vloroeeo.  ' 

Fopulation.  The  popiiUiion  is  estimated  at  t,8oo.ooo. 

il.fW  .    "'"*         •?"''■'■■• ' '"'  ^'"•♦'"«'' '«  •"•  "'« «■■"•«'  "f 
the  MediterruM..«ii,  .ibmii  aoo  mile«  VV.  of  i  uni*      U  is 

built  on  ibe  side  of  «  mountain,  and  .he  houses  ri^e 

gradually  one  above  another.     The  ciSy  and  harbor  are 

sfToiigly  defended  with  wall.,  forts,  and  Utleries.    1  |,e 

lurks  call  ..  Mg.ers  the  nurlde.     Tl.is  eity  was  botn! 

birded  by  an  American  fleet  under  Commodore  Deca- 

tur  ,n    1816;  a„,|   afterwards,    ihe  same  year,   by   a 

British  fleet  under  Lord  Exinomh.     Tbe  ponulitiou  if 

Tarirtusly  iratiroaled  from  loo.ooo  to  200,0'  o. 

Cwtstantim  is  a  strong  eity,  i60  ntileii  E.  of  Alffieri. 
Oran  is  a  »lr«»g  town,  i7o  mile..  S.  W.  of  Aleiers  In 
*''?.'•,",*'.'"' ■''""*"*'^*""y*'^  ^>  «"  e«rtb«l"ake. 

Biledulserid.  'Ihe  southeiu  parts  of  Tunis  ami 
Algiers,  or  those  parts  whioh  lie  between  the  muuDtami 
and  the  Great  Desert,  are  .ailed  Biledulgerid,  which 
•igmhes  the  Comfry  of  Dahs.      Tbi.  co.mtrv  is  inhab- 

de  eider       "*'  '^'**"'*  *""'*'  "*"  *''"""  •""  ^"''"'^  'a* 
MOROCCO. 

Situafian.  Tlip  empire  of  Morocro  extends  on  the 
coast  Irom  Algiers  to  the  Great  Desert.  It  i.  bounded 
W  bv  the  Mediterranean  j  E.  by  Alj?iers  and  Biledul- 
send  J  to.  by  the  Great  Desert ;  aud  W.  by  the  Atlaniici 

24 


WAimAnV  STATKft. 

IHvi$ion».  TliP  empire  of  Morocpo  romprpI-pn^U  (lu 
fornuT  •mull  kiiiK.I«mii  ..f  !•>/,  M«f »«•'».  Iniudanf,  jiml 
Tufik'l  Thp«lir«>««  firil  burder  on  li.e  •eu  comI;  rr* 
ill  lliF  N  t  Moro.t'0  ill  llir  renin-,  itml  'rHrudHnt  iii 
tlip  H.  TttfilH  in  ill  llie  interior,  oa  (he  »»il  "idt  ol  tlie 
Rloinil  AiIhh  clitin.  i       •     „« 

Vopulation.  I'lie  populalioB  of  llii«  empire  ii  va- 
riously .'ilimnleJ  from  »,()(>o,ooo  li.  14,000,000. 

(Vovirnmpn/.  Tlie  Kovernmeiil  of  Morocco  !•  the 
inoit  iib.olute  .le«poti.m  on  ihe  fufe  "f""' ,"'•""- 
'llicre  i«  no  check  wl.ftiever  upon  the  will  of  thf  »ove- 
rt\itn.  Life  tnU  properly  lire  «li  poned  of  according  to 
the  caprice  of  ihe  momenl.  fiom«  of  the  monarchs  have 
even  /on.idere.l  an  adherence  lo  their  inRWmenU  a« 
an  unlawful  cheek  upon  iheir  nower.  *•  luke.l  thou 
mc  for  an  infidel."  unid  one  of  ihem  to  a  foreigner, 
*'  that  I  mum  be  the  ulave  of  my  word." 

Chitf  Citm.  Morocco  i-»  niiuaied  in  a  pleaiant  plain, 
at  the  foot  of  M'..iinl  Allan,  UO  milef  from  the  lea.  II 
iR  .urrnutided  h,  n  wall,  and  i»  «aid  to  have  once  eon- 
laincd  7on,000  inhabitant*,  but  tJie  population  at  preicnf 
i.  cttima.ed  at  only  ao.ooo.  U  Mill  retain*  uumcroui 
tcmplci,  •pL-ndid  inonqtien,  and  other  vc«tige»  of  Ht  an- 

oicnt  grandeur,  »  u  .    :- 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  I- ez,  i# 
200  milci  N.  K.  of  Morocco,  nod  ifto  S.  «'f  «'»»"»!|»'; 
It  it  the  moHt  uplendid  city  in  th«  Barbary  Statei.  1  he 
TOOinuP*  are  very  numeroiiii,  utid  -^ome  ef  them  magniti- 
cent.     'Uie  iiopulmiou  i«  more  than  100,000. 

JUequimx  i*  in  a  heaatiful  valley  33  mile*  8.  W  «l 
Fez.     It  ill  surrounded  with  walls  and  contains  110,oot 

iobabitaots.  .  -i     a  w 

Migador  iu  a  seaport,  on  the  Atlantic,  80  pules  8.  » . 
of  Morocco.  The  country  around  it  lor  several  miles  is 
K  nelaneholy  desert.  Considerable  comniorce  is  oarrieU 
on  from  this  port  witli  vorious  parts  of  Europe.  <»ne 
of  the  principal  exports  is  goat  sTsins.     Tm  population 

is  abont  10,000.  .....       Sc 

Mamtfactures.  The  most  celebrated  manufacture  is 
morocco  leather.  The  gun  poivder  piiide  by  the  Arabs 
is  of  a  quality  far  superi^ir  to  that  of  Europe, 


Situ 

';'"«' 
(Jreat 

Rlvi 
aro  thi 
Mcimn 
Mo«n, 
flow*  ] 
Canibi 
ruila  8 
is  the  I 

nu-i 

iiidepei 
hetwetv 
the  Ja 

cnuiitry 
Uuiiieu 

L-UUHt,  ll 

of  Ihe 
crl'ul  n 
Atliitiit 
mo   ihii 
ami  Hi'i 

CI  i  nil 
/one,  ai 
*(!imoti  1 
Slave 
trade, 
lion*.  CM 
them  lo 
uow  abii 

Chart 
a  very  d 
in  witcli 
Jiuri:/ 
selileme 
that  oan 


'nmpr<>li(>n<l4  (lu 
I,  rniuilttiit,  antl 

■ftt  ronvl  t  Vti 
i«l   'k'ttruilant   in 

rail  •i«lf  ul'  the 

I  empire  ia  vft- 

(00,000. 

Moritcco  U  <lie 
of  (he  earth  — 
vill  of  llifi  »"**• 
of  acciTding  to 
B  monarflis  hava 
cnnttKtmenli  at 

to  a  foreigner, 

a  pleaiant  plain« 
rom  the  vea.  It 
)  have  once  con* 
lation  at  preient 
I'taiiH  Dumeroui 
i<«tige«  of  its  an- 

ijilom  of  Fez,  \t 

H.  of  Gibraltar. 

mry  Statei.  The 

if  them  magnifi- 

o,oo<>. 

I  milcii  8.  W.  of 

contain*  110,00t 

c,  80  piilei  8.  W. 
r  Huveral  milei  it 
nnioree  is  carried 
jf  Europe.  One 
1a\.  population 

d  manufacture  11 
iide  by  the  Arabi 
Europe. 


WEST  AFHICA. 


WK8T  AFRICA 

filtuntinn.  We»t  Africa  inrluile*  nil  Iht*  counlrien 
Ijinf  on  the  eoatt  of  the  Atlantio  Oce/tn,  between  the 
(Jreat  l)e«ert  ami  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Rlvtr».  The  principiil  river*  iiorlh  of  the  etiuulor, 
an-  the  Senegal,  the  Uambia,  tbu  ///«  Wivinr/e.  iiinl  ih« 
Mi'Huriida,  a.\\  of  wKieh  ri«e  in  the  Moiiniainn  of  the 
Mi>«ii,  near  ihe  aourue*  of  Hit!  Niger.  Tho  Mffle^a^ 
flow*  N.  W.  uml  elliptic*  north  of  (Jiipe  Venlei  ibe 
(ianibia,  anil  the  Rio  firnmle  flow  W.  mimI  the  M.»u- 
radii  S.  W.  Tho  prini-ipnl  river  louth  of  tho  emmlor, 
I*  the  ion^o  or  Ziiirv. 

Divisions.  \Ve»i  Africa  i*  liiviikMl  between  iiiinn'rMii* 
iiiJepeiHleiit  tribe*  of  nt.«roe*.  The  prinripnl  tril.m 
hetweiMi  (he  Mtnej^iil  mid  ihe  IVIe»urada,  i.ro  the  Futtlult^i, 
the  Jaloff^,  the  Fetoojis,  und  I  lie  ^ManJingLi-a.  The 
c<Miiilry  eiiit  of  Ihe  M.inrad.i  i*  culled  the  C'o;*M  of 
Uuiiica,  and  eoni|M-ebi'ud»  llie  Grain  cooxl,  the  /tor// 
aiast,  Ihe  Ould  couit,  and  the  K'lui^dim  of  IJeiiiit.  Hack 
o»  I  he  Ivory  count  i*  Jhhuntee,  Nuid  to  be  the  m«int  pow- 
erful nnd  civilized  kiu^^doin  in  W**t  Africa.  \U%\  of 
A-jhiuitee  I*  Dnhinmy.  .Sooth  of  ihe  kingdom  of  Heiiin 
III..'  I  be  eo.inirie*  of  Uinj'ut^  Loaiijro,  Coii'-o,  dnxoUt, 
and  IhnirmUi.  a  '       » 

t'U'.iuite.  NVc*t  Africa  lie*  wholly  within  the  tiitrij 
/.one,  und  the  eliniiite  i*  very  bol,  und  during  the  rainy 
siiimon  very  nnhealMiy  to  Kiiropean*. 

Slave  Tritdf.  Thin  eonnlry  wa«  the  sent  of  the  ulave 
traile.  For  three  eeit;urie«  the  nhip*  of  Kuropean  na- 
tion».  carried  olT  annually  ihouHand*  of  negroes,  und  *old 
them  10  Ameiiean  plantem.  This  abominable  traffic  ia 
now  abolished. 

Character.  The  iirfiabitants  are  negroea.  They  are 
a  very  degraded,  and  Hupernliliou*  race  They  believe 
in  witchcraft,  and  offer  saoriiice*  to  devil*. 

Enri:pean  Settlenwnts.  The  mit«l  impor'ant  European 
nelilemenl  i»  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  on  a  river  of 
ibat  naa-e,  between  the  Hio  (irnnde  and  the  Meaurada. 


I 


^^ -.JL 


•M  M)U TH  AFRICA. 

Tii)«  fAionf  Ha<i  r«lii(ili4h#il  in  trvt,  with  ft  «ip\v  to 
ilnrodurc  Hgrifiiliiiri-.  hikI  tlic  u«t'iiil  ttrU,  into  ilii*  pMrt 
III'  Aft'ii**,  hikI  to  rituililnle  (lie  nlinlilioii  ot  tlti*  •lava 
Iriitlt*.  'I'll*  riiliiri)  i«  imn  in  a  ll<iiiri«liiiii{  ruriiliiioit, 
•tiiiluiiiinff  i'.;,*iuii  iiihuHilAiir*,  nio'vt  of  ilit-m  ll(^ru«••. 
lit  re  nr(>  iiiinicroiK  •rltooli.ulirifi  all  ihi>  rliililirn  in  ilie 
•ttlonv  uip  Uiiiflil  In  re  III  itnil  wiilc,  kidI  iIhtc  »t* 
fli)ir«:lii'ii  tvlitrt)  tlify  n«iViiililH  rri^iiiHrly  on  llir  Mulilitiih 
In  Hiti'iiil  (li«ifti>  uor«lii|t.  'I'lie  iiritti'ipiil  louii  oi  iho 
•"•lonv  i*  h'rfffnwn.  wliiefi  i*  alioii*  «  inil«"»  frttm  i!i« 
liiniiin  nl'  lltp  riwr.  n»iI  fnniniii*  l.ooo  Inlinliitaiilii, 

Tlie  Dulrh  iiikI  KiikIi*'!  Iiiive  if  vi>ral  tinull  I'ltri*  ami 
•rllli'iiiftiU  on  llif  (iold  i',»ii*\  \  ftnti  llip  I'urliigiicov  on 
lln*  cimil  nF  H<*M;;ijol.i. 

Jinnrivun  cutniii/.  'i'lu'  Anifricnn  (;(ilimir'\(irtn  f^ori- 
cly,  iciil  out  a  on-  II  i>o!ony  of  frei'  iiluckt  in  IN.-ii,  mIio 
liHte  forniPil  a  kcUlnnt-nl  nii  ihp  phuaI  oniiiii  nf  ^iirrd 
iiCotir.  ir  (lit<  I  ii|ii<rinH'iit  nutreciU  it  in  inlintlf«l  ti 
■t'n*t  out  man/  niiir«>, 

I'rudurfionf.  Tin'  rotii-fry  jiiliN  ull  llif  frniu  nl'linl 
cliMiiitc*  in  itliiiiiilaner)  »ugiir  rftnr,  intligo,  cwUun,  ricr^ 
liitliuii  iMirii,  5ia. 


BOUTI!  AFRICA. 

Situallnn.  Routli  AlVicu  iiicliMli-it  llie  wliolc  of  the 
•oMtiHviil  HiMilli  rfl'tltt*  I  r<i|iii'  or  <  n|irit'ui-n. 

hivislonn,  'I'liio  couiitry  tuny  lie  «!ivii|i'<l  into  (wo 
puiit.  I  he  Hiiiillif rii  purl  lirlont^H  In  tlie  Kii!;li'h,  an<l  it 
GhIIimI  llit'iMilnny  orilic  i^npf  nf  (inoil  l|ii|ii>.  ri)t>nnri|i> 
iM'ii  part  i<t  phIIciI  Callruriu,  aiiil  i*  |ioati>(tv(l  l>y  vuriuui 
Uibf«  uf  ua(i«eft 


1.  Colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  I/uiie. 

Sifmdon.  Thi«  folnny  i*  ljniin(l«>,l  nn  the  N.  by  a 
loDi;  iHMi^e  of  niniintttiMi :  on  llu-  K.  iiy  Fi^li  rivrr  i  and 
nn  till'  K  nn'l  W.  Iiy  the  OcrKn.  Il  ix  noo  mill**  lung 
I'roni  raitt  to  \ve»l,  and  on  an  aveinge  aliout   3U0  broad. 


r»t,  with  a  vipw  to 
il  uru,  iiiio  I  III*  part 
olilioii  ol  till'  •lavg 
'>iiri«liiiiif  Kiiiiliiiort, 
t  of  ilit-m  utifuitft. 
II  the  rliililiftt  ill  the 
lilH,  Kiiil  tliffi'  »Tn 
Hrly  nil  llii*  Mitliliiilh 
ui*i'|titl  tiiuii  «ii  iho 
il  A  mile*  (mm  tii« 
100  intinliitaiilii, 
f  ml  »iimII  I'liri*  anil 
I  the  l'iirliigiir<«v  oil 

1  (;nloiiirnll»n  Mori- 
lilni-kt  ill  IM.'ii,  wild 
iiititt  »iiiilli  nf  ^lerrii 
\a  it  i*  inlinili'tl  U 

ikll  lilt'  friiiii  i.r  h»t 
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?3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER  N  Y    14580 

I  716     872-4b03 


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^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Cnnadian  Institut*^  for  Historiciil  Mi<  roroprodm.tions  '  Institut  ciinadien  de  iiiicroreproductions  histonques 


m 


M*L  lil  AKUICA 


«8t 


Fact'  nf  lhi>  countnj.  'I'Ikto  uie  Ihrcc  rangps  oP 
miiiiiiiHiti-j,  (til  of  wlia-li  mil  from  t-imi  («  ui'«i,  jiarulle: 
uilli  the  HoiilliLTii  couMt,  untl  llan  liirn  intrili.  nnd  run 
]>aralii'l  wiih  ihe  wesleni  coast.  The  couiilrv  tiotween 
the  lower  mii^e  uiij  Ihc  cohuI  in  iVrliJe,  uud  weH  wnttred; 
between  llie  lower  hikI  tniilille  rnnj-eg,  are  barren  hills 
and  naked  pluiim  n>tern|)er»ed  with  some  fertile  spots  j 
between  the  middle  and  npiier  ranges  in  a  dry  desert, 
inhabited  by  no  human  oreuturf*. 

J'oputatim  In  ij*io,  the  poiiulutiun  was  81,000,  one 
third  of  whom  were  slaves  1  he  free  inhabitants  are 
divided  into  4  classes,  viz.  the  inhubilants  of  the  capital, 
wine  growers,  corn-farmers  and  graziers.  The  wine 
glowers  and  eorn-farniers  live  in  the  neifjbborhood  of 
the  capital ;  the  graziers  are  in  the  mokt  distant  parts 
of  the  colony,  and  are  leNS  advp.nced  in  civilization 
(ban  the  other  classes. 

Chief  Tuwnx.  Capetown,  the  capita?,  is  in  the  south- 
western  part  of  the  colony,  on  Table  Bay,  about  30 
miles  N.  of  the  Cape  of  Uooil  Hope.  The  harbor  it 
sale  during  8  months  of  the  year,  but  during  the  remain, 
ins;  four,  when  the  N.  W.  winds  prevail,  ships  6.re 
oblige  d  to  resort  to  Fal*e  Hay,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
cape.  Capetown  coutaiued  iu  1810,  about  17,000  in- 
habitants. 


2.  Caffraria. 


Sitiuttion.  All  that  part  of  South  Afriea  which  lies 
N.  of  the  Colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hojie,  is  iii,.|,„|,.,l 
»D  Caffraria.  This  name  is  sometimes  made  to  include 
also  the  southern  part  of  Central  Afriea. 

Face  of  the  vountry.  The  eastern  parts  of  this 
^louatiy  are  fertiie,  but  in  the  west  there  are  extensive 
deserts. 

Inhabitants.  The  country  is  occupied  by  manr 
savage  tribes,  the  principal  of  whom  are  the  HolientotB 
and  Caffres. 

Chief  Town.    The  principal  town  ia  Lattakoo,  v/h'c% 
4S  said  to  contain  i2,ouo  iuliabitantc. 
24* 


iiac 


KASr  ATKICA. 


.V/xsiViMflH/  utitt'imH,  I  liri-dian  Mi^^innnrics  huvo 
bpi'ii  tinjilo\(<l  r«r  iiMiiy  yi'iT'*  annnn;  llio  Hmit'iiioiK 
iiiul  olliir  Miivuijo  III'  llii^  Koiiiitr),  willi  very  ^iiixl  mih;- 
i'MkM.  Till-  lii'iidnii  MMoiiiiiiiry  Society  have  nuw  UO 
mia»iuiiury  ttatiunt  in  Hmilli  AtVicii. 

i:\SV  AFUICA. 

Sifiinlian.  Kiisf  A.'rii'ii  incliideH  all  iho  ooiiiilrien  on 
till'  jMt.i^l  Ix'twt't-n  i'<j{y,1>t  iiik!  tlii<  'rrii|iiR  oi' Capricoriu 

IHvii-iuUS.  V'l'ry  lull)'  in  kiioMii  ahdiit  KuhI  AlVicft, 
liiit  it  may  liu  tliMilc*!  into  Niibiu,  Aby»Kiuia,  atiil  the 
luuiilrioH  south  of  Aliyii»iniu. 

t.  JVi/ft/fl. 

Sitnnfion.  Nubia  is  bnuntli'tl  N.  by  I''«ypt  ;  K.  by 
the  llvd  Si'rt  ;  S.  by  Ahyssiiiia  :  W.  hy  the  interior  of 
Africa.     It  'i»  HinioHt  Hiirrotinilt.'ii  by  tlciterti*. 

Divisivns  Nnbin  it  dividtMl  into  Hovcral  kingdoms, 
the  principal  of  wlii  '.i  arc  Hcnnaar  and  Doiii^ola. 

Face  of  the  country.  Tlie  greater  purl  of  the  country 
18  a  barren  spnily  dcnert  ;  bul  (he  Nile  and  several  of 
it!t  branches  pass  through  the  country,  and  the  lands  on 
tliei'-  banks  are  fertile. 

Chief  Towns.  Sennaar,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
uf  the  same  name,  i^  on  a  brancii  of  tin*  Vjle,  and  is 
gnid  to  contain  10(),<>00  inhabitan's.  Suakem,fi  port  on 
the  Red  Sea.  had  eonsiderible  trade  with  Araliia,  K^ypt, 
and  the  Kast-lndies.  Dotigola.  t'.e  eapital  of  the  king- 
dnni  of  Dnnt^nla.  is  on  the.  Nile.  280  miles  S.  of  Syene. 

Climate  The  climate  of  this  coiwilry  is  hot  ana  un- 
beallhy.  The  simoom,  or  (loisonims  blast  from  the 
desert,  often  proven  fatal  to  those  who  are  overtaken  by 
it.  The  only  resourVe  for  the  traveller,  when  he  sees 
it  enmini;.  is.  to  fall  flat  upon  the  ground,  with  his  face 
to  the  earth,  till  the  noxious  wind  has  gone  by.  Another 
curious  plicnomenon  of  the  de«ert  is  the  lofty  pillars  of 
sand  which  sometimes  move  across  the  desert  with  such 
rapidity,  that  the  swillexl  horse  wtmld  in  vain  attempt 
to  escape  tb^m  WI<en  they  ^ass  between  the  traveller 
&nd  the  tuo,  lUty  huye  the  appearance  uf  pillars  uf  &rct 


•A. 


UAHT  Al  UICA. 


siB:-. 


p    Mi4*innnri«'H   huvo 

willi  vcrv   i^iiixl  itiio 
■Society  hdve  now   iO 

><  all  tlip  ooiitilrieii  on 
rrt>|iicr  of  Capriconu 
4  11  about   Kui«l  AtVica, 
II,  Abv»Kiuia,  anil  the 


N.  by  K^yI>t  ;  K.  by 
W.  by  ihe  interior  of 
by  »lf»erti». 

iito  Hpvcral  kitii;iloinR, 
Hf  and  Doiii^dla. 
liT  piirt  of  the  country 
e  Nile  antl  several  of 
ntry,  and  the  lands  on 

aj/itiil  of  the  kingdom 
ell  of  the  \ile,  and  iii 
!f).  Suakein,  a  port  on 
[!e  with  Araltin,  lO^ypt, 
>.e  eapilal  of  the  king- 
280  miles  S.  of  Svene. 
coiwitry  U  hot  ana  un- 
lonous  bla«l  from  the 
!  who  are  overtaken  by 
raveller.  when  he  sees 
0  grnnnd,  with  hU  face 

has  gone  by.  Another 
rt  is  the  lofty  pillars  of 
is«  the  desert  with  sneh 

wtiuld  in  vain  attempt 
8s  between  the  traveller 
Eiranee  uf  pillars  uf  &re« 


2.  Jlbj/ssiiiia. 

SitunHnn.  AbyHniniii  is  lioniided  N".  by  Nnbia;  K. 
by  till'  It- (I  .Sea  ;  S.  by  several  kinqdom"  bordirioir  on 
the  .Mojinlain'*  of  the  Mion  ;  and  W.  by  tht;  Nile 

invert  Ihe  eastern  branch  of  the  Nile  ri^es  in  the 
mountains  of  Abytisinia,  and  the  country  i*  uell  watered 
b>  several  other  large  streams,  all  of  which  emniy  into 
the  Nile.  '  ' 

Relb^hn.  The  Abyssinians  profess  Christianity,  hut 
in  a  very  corrupted  form.  'I'liev  are  very  ignoraiii  of 
its  doftriiieN,  and  uiimiiidful  of  ii«  precepts.  They 
practise  circunieisioii  and  several  other  Jewish  riles, 
and  keep  the  seventh  dny  as  well  ..    the  first. 

Manmrs  and  customs.  The  nmnners  «if  iIk  Abvssi- 
iiians  arc  characterized  by  a  peculiar  barbarism 'and 
brutality.  Ih.y  kill  each  other  on  very  trifling  occa- 
sions, and  leave  the  dead  bodies  in  the  streets  to  be 
eaten  by  dogs.  They  eat  the  raw  (lesh  of  animals  im- 
mediately  after  they  are  slain,  while  the  blood  is  warm  : 
and  they  sometimes  cut  steaks  from  living  animals, 
and  leave  the  wound  to  close  u;i.  Marriage  in  Abvssi- 
nia  is  a  very  slight  connexion,  formed  and' dissolved  at 
pleasure. 

Govemm?nt.  The  governmrnt  is  despotic,  but  for 
several  years  has  be.-n  in  a  very  unsettled  slale,  owins 
to  the  feuds  of  various  chieftains,  who  aspire  to  supreme 
power.  ' 

PopulttHon.  The  population  is  variously  estimated 
from  2  to  8.000,000. 

Chief  Towns.  Oomlar,  the  capilnl,  is  near  Li.ke 
Dcinben,  on  a  hill  surrounded  by  a  deep  valley  and 
roMtains  about  0(»,noo  inhabitants.  Tli,-  »,..nses  are 
chiefly  of  eluy,  with  ihaiehed  roofs  in  the  form  of  eones. 
d.iHiii,  .he  ancient  capital,  is  lio  miles  N.  L.  of  Gon- 
uar.     It  is  now  a  mere  heap  of  ruins. 

3.  Countries  south  of  Myssima. 
Divisions.     The  countries  south  of  Abyssinia  may  be 
divided  into  (wo  parts,     l.  The   conuiries  m,  ihn  coa^t 
oj  JJjan,  lucludiDg  the  |)owerful  kingdom  of  Add  and 


«! 


I 


tl^ 


CENTUAL   AKIllCA. 


•evcral  olhcru,  niul  extrD<lin«  from  Alijr««iiiia  (o  Ilia 
tMiiiiitur.  2.  'I'lir  countriei*  on  llic  cnaat  of  Zaui^mbart 
^iiVlmJinij  MoHamliique  ttiiil  many  nllierH,  und  enU'iidiiiij 
from  till'  '  qiialor  lo  the  tropic  of  CHpricorn. 

roriui^uesi'  I'ossensions.  'I'lie  PorliigueHe  formerly^ 
Iiail  no*se*Hioii  of  all  the  iirincipal  places  on  the  coast  of 
Zangiii'bnr,  and  carried  on  an  extensive  commerce  with 
the  nntiveu.  Hot  all  their  jiofi«e»iiion»  north  of  I'ane 
Delgado,  have  been  wrested  from  Ihem  by  the  Arabi 
und  the  natives,  and  they  now  own  only  two  or  three 
places  «'f  importance,  lying  between  Cupo  Delgado  and 
Cupe  Corrienies.  ,  ^    e 

thief  Toicna.  The  prin<«ipal  town  on  the  coast  ol 
Ajiui  is  JSIa^adoxa,  a  place  which  carries  on  considera- 
ble commerce  with  the  Arabs,  and  the  p«ople  of  Add. 
The  principal  towns  on  the  coast  of  Zangnebar  are 
MAinda,  jsfambaza,  qniloa,  Mosamhiqiie,  and  Sofala,  all 
of  which  were  formerly  in  the  hand*  of  the  Portuguese  j 
'out  they  now  retain  only  the  two  last.  MoBan)bique  is 
aow  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  postsessinns  in  Eastern 
Africa.  It  contains  about  3,000  inhabitauts,  one  hali' 
of  whom  are  negroes. 

Inhabitants.  The  inhabitants  of  the  coast  of  Zangue- 
bar  are  negroes,  very  much  resembling  iu  appearance, 
manners  and   customs,  those  on  ibe  western  coast  of 

Africa. 

Commerce.  The  same  articles  are  exported  from  this 
coast  as  from  West  Africa.  The  principal  are  gold, 
ivory  and  slaves.  The  slave  trade  has  much  dimin. 
ished  within  a  few  years,  in  eoasunuence  of  the  exertioBS 
of  the  English.  Myrrh  and  frankincense  are  exported 
from  the  country  between  Cape  Guardufui  aud  tlia 
straits  of  Babelmandel. 

CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

General  Remark.  We  know  VP17  little  about  Central 
Africa.  South  of  tie  Mountains  of  the  Moon  every 
part  of  it  is  wholly  unLnown,  and  norlh  of  those  moun- 
tains there  are  exteniiive  districU,  wliiih  hav*?  ut'viJ 
beea  visited  bjr  Curopeaus. 


tl 

SI 

vi 
h 
IJ 

m 
s< 
/i 

01 

fl 
II 
h 

Ci 

K 
I) 

ta 

B 

til 
oi 
01 
U 
bii 
ih 

M 
nil 
Hi 

on 

Al 
i\v 

Tl 


ICA. 

tni  Altyttinia  to  tlis 
:  ciittit  of  Zan^ufbitr, 
itliorit,  uiid  ekU'iidiiii; 
!H|>ricorn. 

I'ortugiieHe  ftirmerlly 
plMceM  on  the  count  of 
fiisive  commerce  wiili 
Ruionii  north  nf  ('upe 
II  them  by  the  Arab* 
jwn  only  two  or  three 
.•n  Cupu'  Delgaila  and 

town  on  the  coast  of 
carrifs  on  coii»iii(>ra< 
I  the  puople  of  Add. 
Mt  ol'  Zanguebar  arc 
nhiqiie,  and  Sofala,  all 
id'<  of  the  Portuguese  } 
last.  Mosambique  i* 
pnitHegsions  in  Kailern 
inhabitants,  one  hali' 

f  the  coast  of  Zangue- 

nbling  in  appearance, 

the  western  coast  of 

are  exported  from  this 
le  principal  are  gold, 
ude  hat*  much  dimin* 
[juence  of  the  exerlioHS 
kinceniie  are  exported 
s  Uuardufui  and   tha 


[UCA. 

pry  little  about  Central 
IS  of  the  Moon  everi' 
I  north  of  those  nioun- 
:tB;  which  have  iievi'I 


(^KNTHAI.  APIIICA. 

ff/ivM.  The  (wo  prinripii!  rivcr«t  are  Ihe  Ni^tT  and 
till-  Wiid-i'l  (la/(.|.  I'll,.  A'i'j;er  riteii  in  (liu  western 
itiirl  nf  ihH  Muiiniaiiis  nf  Ihe  Moon,  nod  II'iwm  eHsl  ) 
how  f,ir  is  nnt  known.  The  frmM-Gazvl  ri.e*  west  of 
thf  ijoiir»-.K  ofthf  Nile,  nnil  ilovvs  N  nil  ii  i%  lo^i  i„  i|,o 
sttiiiK  of  the  dt'Sfit, 

tUvisiiins.  III).  priri(i|inl  kini<ilom«i  which  have  been 
visii-il  I.J  Kuioj.emm  Hri«  liiiiiliarra,  T.nnbii.'ioo.  IIouohii, 
Kif^iiMt,  HorHoii,  BiTxIii'rnu-,  Il.r^oo.  Ki/zdii,  ami 
D.ir.tiir. 

HUnniihH  uf  the  k''ns;<liim^  Ihimbiirr'i  is  n  pitwcrful 
ni'i»ro  kiiii?  'iiin  on  i.oih  s.ilci  ul'  liio  Ni^T,  near  lis 
si.'ircc.  Toiuhwt,')  is  on  ibc  Mi^cr  i'.»,t  of  n.imlmrni. 
J/inissfi  14  on  (III-  Sijirv  cjhI  of  'I'.i.nbu.-i.to.  k'tmsina  i» 
on  tilt'  .\ij;erciist  of  Hoii^sii.  l}„nmi  \*  a  very  powiT- 
fiil  kiii-dmn  on  lb<-  W,.(l  i-l  (i;iz,.|.  Ihr-lin-me  ami 
Itpr^ni}  Hry  (ril)iilary  to  Moriiou,  unit  lie  himiiIi  of  it. 
Jlar-Fur  is  still  farlber  soit'li.  and  fxifiiiU  ciisl  (o  the 
cimlines  of  .Vobia.  Fezinin  is  in  the  iiorih.  bet « inn 
Korntm  lu  <l  Tripoli,  and  HiinouBiletl  l.v  the  (ireat 
Desert,  like  an  island  by  I  he  oi-cau,  Fez/an  is  tribu- 
tary to  Tripoli. 

thiff  Cities.  Segn.  the  eapitnl  of  the  kingdom  of 
Bamb:trri«.  is  on  the  i\i!»er,  umi  cniiiains  a(),iiOO  inliabi- 
tanU.  Tomhudnn,  a  fnoiuns  i-ity,  rapilnl  of  the  kingdom 
of  TonJiuPloo.  is  13  miles  N.  of  iliu  Nii^.r  It  curries 
on  comnierco.  by  means  of  earavniis.  with  Moroeeo.  iho 
burliaiy  States,  and  Kj,'yp(.  //oHssn  lipH  pmt  „r  r„m. 
boetoo,  and  is  said  to  have  more  (rude  and  pnpulaiioa 
llian  Tomiiueton. 

The  city  of  tiornou  is  near  the  Wad-el-Onzel  river, 
Mourzouk.  the  capital  of  Fezznu,  is  (he  eentre  of  eom- 
meree  between  Kajvpt  on  the  east,  Morocco  and  the 
Barbary  States  on  the  west,  and  the  interior  of  Africa 
on  the  south.     It  contains  20,000  inhabi(an(s. 

InhahUmta  and  Reli^^ion.  The  inhabi(untM  of  Central 
Africa  are  principally  Nesfroes,  Moors,  and  Arabs,  and 
their  reli«;ion  is  Mahometanism. 

Commerce.     Monrzouk  is  the  centre  of  commerce 

The  principal  articles  carried  to   Mourzonk  are   s^old, 
«iave«,  ostrich  leathers,  Ciger  skins,  &e.  and  ihe  articles 


to 


!8U 


AFIIICAN  ISLANDS. 


re<rrivPfI  in  exrhnngp,  Kr<>  Rati  India  f^nmU,  ftr^  ArMii, 
4Abr«»,  kutvei,  luuking-glaMi-*,  re«l  Moritvd  cup*,  {^c 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 


SKiiatiou 
llii«    I'limiry 


TliP  priiiciphi   Ulandii  Are  Mnilcira   nnd 
iHliiiitU    ill    llio    nitrlluveiil  ;     Cn(ii>  Vtid 


%tl<  ^  ■..III*.  J  .-... --.-  T  f- 

iNlitiiilii  ijiiii^  n(V  (.'ntip  Verd  in  llie  \\vnl  ;  ht.  ili-lvna  in 
till'  KiiiuhwfDl  ;  .MailKgiKCAr,  (lie  itie  of  Uuiirbori,  «nil 
Miiiiriiiiu,  iir  ttiu  i*l<-  iil'  France  in  (he  iitij(liea'«t  ;  and 
HoPolru,  oiV  rapi>  liiianliifni,  in  tlie  cn«t.  To  (hcie 
niiiy  lie  aildi'il  ilif  A/ortu  iir  Weilcrii  iiluiidN  Ivinj;;  in  the 
Airnniip,  midvv«y  liet«vci>n  Kurnpf,  AtVicu  and  Aini-riia. 

Oinien.  The  A/nren,  Mudeira  and  Cnpe  Vird 
iiUiidit  lii-loni-  lo  l*ortui5i»l  ;  thp  Canaripn  (o  8|»Biii  ;  Ml. 
Ili'li-na  mill  IVIuiiriliiin  tit  (lie  Kii^lish  {  the  i»le  ul'  Dour- 
boll  III  tlip  FifiK'ti  t  mill  the  ri-sl  lo  tlie  nulives. 

Mttli'irii.  iMudt'ira  it  a  Hniali  iitlaud,  only  i7i<  mile« 
l»iii{.  itiid  Jl  broad,  coiiiiHlin:^  of  a  cnlleclioii  ul'  iol'tj 
tnoiiiiliiiiiK,  thu'  lii^hp>il  of  whipb  riHPM  upwiinU  of  .^UOO 
fet t  abovu  the  li!Vil  ol"  tlu'  hpu.  On  the  deelivily  of 
IhcHi-  mminliunii  the  vine  ii  cultivated,  whii-li  prtnlucis 
till?  f.iniontt  Miidiiia  wine.  The  coiiiinfrce  ol"  the 
island  eonsiitH  iilmiiHt  entirely  in  the  expoit  nl'  itH  wine, 
the  aii'iiiiil  amount  of  which  ix  abnnt  10,0UU  pipes. 
The  populitti'iii  i*  psiiniated  at  OO.OOO. 

Canaries.  Tlit;  ('miaries  are  a  |L;roupc  of  inliuiiN  ly  • 
inj;  »omh  uf  MuleirA,  near  t!ie  AlViean  count.  The 
iirincipiil  are  T-neriifpi  (irund  ('anury  and  I'ulina. 
The  cliiniite  ii  delit^hii'ul.  and  (he  prodiii-tinni  arp  wine» 
aui^ar,  ^ruiii  and  frniti.  The  eeUliraled  peake  of  Ten- 
eriif'e  ik  more  than  12. 000  feet  high,  and  visible  at  sea, 
at  the  ilMlHiiee  of  1^0  ini^es. 

St.  Ilflma  iH  a  Rinall  inland,  10  miles  long  and  6 
broad.  Thenhores  are  lined  with  hii;li  uleep  roekH,  and 
Ihe   i"lerr,.-  \%  aceetsible  only  through  a  few  narrow 

CaKsex,  which  are  utroni^ly  foriified.    Thi§  inland  is  cele- 
rated  as  the  prison  of  Ntipoleua  Bonaparle,  wliu  \\9a 
ikCMl  here  iu  AuguBt;,  1815. 


VNDS. 

ndin  ffnoili,  iir»  drwii, 
:(1  Hor«tv<l  enpit)  i!ic 


\NUS. 


iiila  Are  I^Inilcira  nitd 
irlli»e«(  ;  t'api'  Vtitl 
le  wcMt  ;  M.  Ili-lvna  in 

ide  of  UuiiiboM,  niiil 
in  (he  luudieaHt  ;  and 
I  tlie  cntt.  To  (hcie 
cm  iitluiitU  \ym,i  in  the 
f,  Africa  and  Amcrlia. 
eira  and  Cupe  Vird 
'anarim  to  Hpniii  ;  Ht. 
lish  {  (he  i»le  uf  Uour- 
to  (III*  niilives. 
I  iitlaud,  only  i)i<  milert 
r  R  colleclioii  <if  lol'ty 
ritti'M  npwiirdit  uf  .^uoo 
.  On  (tie  dt't'livi(y  of 
ivalL'd,  tvhi(^h  pioduci^ 
I'ht*  coinineicf  of  thu 
(he  expoit  of  itH  wine. 
JA  altnut  10,0UU  pip(!9. 
0.000. 

a  iLjroupe  of  isliiiulH  Ij 
n  African  coaH(.      The 

('aniiry  and  I'ulnia. 
(>  prodiii-tinn>«  are  winv, 
k'ltrad'd  peake  ttf  Ten- 
igh,  and  visible  at  neu, 


10 


miles  long   and  6 


h  hii;li  Hieep  rockH,  and 
through  a  few  narrow 
ed.  'I'liie  island  it  cele- 
la  Oonaparle,  nbu  na^ 


APRICAN  ISLANDS.  m 

Miulaf^agi'ar  ii  mora  thai  8oo  tnijf*  long,  and  i<  onv 
of  the  lar^eit  Ktland*  in  the  world.  It  i*  ifiiaruted  from 
the  eaulern  coaNi  of  Africa  by  (he  channel  of  IVIo>iani. 
bi«|oe.  ihf  |iopululion  it  variounly  rilimated  from 
l,»oa,«ioo  to  4,0(10,000. 

I'lie  IsU  if  Jhiurhon  liei  cail  oiT  Madasaiear.  It  en- 
joyi  a  fine  climate,  and  nrodurra  eorn.  eoffee.  rice,  lobae- 
CO,  aloe*,  &e.  in  abundance.  The  jiopulution  in  18(0 
W'n  «o,ooo,  of  whom  70,000  were  •tavei.  The  i*land 
belong*  (o  France. 

Alauritius  or  (he  Inle  of  France,  liei  *Utl  further  eaut. 
It  it  itron^ly  fortified,  and  wu«  formerly  the  chief  iiaval 
•(a(ion  of  the  French  in  the  Indian  lea*.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  RritiNh  in  18(0,  and  (hey  M(ill  retain  it. 

The  Azores  conHiil  of  tt  inland*,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Ht.  l\Iirhap|  and  Fayal  The  A/ores  enjoy  a  de- 
lightful climate  and  are  fertile  in  corn,  wine  and  fruit*, 
llie  grea(m(  inconvenience  i*  (hat  they  are  subject  to 
violent  carthriuakes,  as  well  as  to  the  fury  of  (he  waves, 
which  fremiently  rush  over  fhe  low  grounds,  and  sweep 
oft  whole  fields  of  grain,  and  folds  of  catde. 


G MINERAL  VIEVVlS. 


ft 


3 


AKMUIAL  VIKWb. 


I.   OF  riiK  i\vm:n  hv.ites, 

FxrrKT  ANi>  l*"PtLATioN.  Tli*iffon«l  column  in 
till*  ^l(llllMl||^  Itiltli-  ftliow*  llir  <iUi>  <if  the  <tin(>rpii( 
•lul««  I  tltD  lliinl  klioM*  ilic  pnimlatiun  in  IHlii  i  (Iip 
foiirili,  llii>  iUn»Uif  uf  iiiipulutim,  or  lli«  iivfr«(<i'  immbur 
(if  iiilnthilMMl*  oil  rvifry  «quarR  mile  t  ihe  lifth,  (hr  vutn- 
*•)•  iij'  »/aivj(  ill  1 110. 


«/«/«*. 

Sauart 

Pup.  m 

irlio. 

/V- 

1     lHnu$ 

4.    Mnili4 

ai.f»o 

<t«,7oa 

m 
t 

■'""NoBt. 

0.   .N.  Ilumpuhlrt 

f,  Itt  t 

ai4.4no 

None. 

a.    Vfrinoni 

tiMlJ 

aiT.hUD 

None. 

4.    Mii><iHrliii«rtl« 

7,iao 

4  T  3.0 10 

Nouf. 

0     Kli<ii|i>  IkIiiiuI 

I.AHO 

Tfl.UiJI 

los 

II.    ConnecliriU 

4.TH4 

jni.uM 

aiu 

r.    New  York 

III.OUU 

ttA9,0»tt 

10.017 

M.    N»w  Jrrifjr 

H,S«U 

«is,on4 

lO.H.U 

U.    IVniiojIvuiiiii 

411,000 

M  10,001 

79» 

lo.    I)rln\tari> 

i,l:i0 

:i,«74 

4,177 

11.    MHrjIiiiiil 

l.'),U3U 

aHO,SIA 

111,002 

i3.    VifKiiiia 
lU.    N.  L'Hralinii 

« 1.000 

»74,flJi 

SUt,014 

4M,000 

•aA,noo 

1A(1,S34 

14.    H.  Cttrutina 

a  1.000 

410,111) 

IU0,3«0 

in.   Urorifin 

ftO.OOO 

aa-3,*3d 

ioa,«ia 

m.    Alubnma 
17.    Mii«NiMi|)|ii 

44.000  > 
40,000$ 

4o,aff]( 

17,0Hi 

Ifl.   LouikiKiiiii 

4n,ooo 

r«,snrt 

M 

34,0«0 

l\t.    'IVnni'ifce 

40.000 

«fl  1,797 

0 

44,A30 

SO.    KMiltivky 

4i.0U0 

4on,oii 

0 

H0,061 

31.    Ohio 

MIt.Ono 

:i30,7flO 

fl 

None. 

au.    Iiiiliniia 

30,000 

3t,3«'0 

1 

None. 

2p.    Illiiioi* 

O'i.OIIO 

14,38  2 

\ 

inn 

Hi.    Mii^KUiiri 

«o,uoo 

1U,788 

\ 

3,011 

...   .„ 1.  Which  if  Ihe  Itrffcititetc 

3.  How  utanv  ilnlei  contain  uiorl  than 
ao.iKMi  »(juiiri'  mile*  ?  3.  Whiil  nre  their  nninet  ? 
\,  Whieli  in  ihvimnlleal  KlMle.^   0.  >Vhicli  are  ibe  three 


Oin'tlitiiif*  un  ihe  Tuhle. 
in  ilti-  I'liinn  ? 


I  i:\Vtt. 


M  HT.riES, 

lit  •ffnn<t  eoliimn  in 
niif  <if  ihe  (liHiffriit 
iiilation  in  IHlii  i  lhi< 
tr  lliu  iivfraKf  tmrnhnr 
It  I  ihe  tiflh,  the  uutH' 


'lip.  in 
IMIll. 


/(Inrti 
irt  I II 10. 

N«n«». 

Nonu. 

None. 

None, 
ins 
no 

iB.uir 
«,!7r 

111,003 
SUS,01« 
1A(1,S34 

1O0,«1H 

ir,oHi 

34,0AO 
4»,A3S 

Ho.oei 

None. 

None. 

inn 

3,011 


hich  !•  Ihe  Itrffcit  ilBtc 
Ales  ciuilain  uior^  than 
I  Bre  llicir  nninet  ? 
>.  >Vhicliare  the  three 


S,7()i"» 

- 

i.ino 

r.hoft 

9.010 

A,tl.ti 

1  ,(l  %i 

9,0  H» 

S.OAI 

0,001 

A«T^ 

O.SIA 

»,«J.J 

A,1U0 

a,iiA 

3,4Jii 

i),»nu 

J 

«,!»«« 

ll 

1,797 

0 

n,aii 

u 

o,7flo 

fl 

t»,3W0 

1 

V.JHJ 

\ 

U,7a3 

1 

AL  VIKWt. 


«mitllrtt  r  fl.  How  m«nv  •i()t«ri<  inilctin  Ma««K*hii«<*ll«  i 
7.  In  .M«rirUnil  f  N  In  ,\»Mr  llitinpthira  i>  u.  Whi4l 
iHn  «iAi«i  h«v«  (he  Urgi-«t  |iii|imUiiiiii  f  in,  Mi'Mliun 
lhi>  <ii  neit  in  Iho  nrilcr  iif  thftr  |iit|itiUlian.  tl.  Wliitli 
iif  Iho  alaO*  10  moil  (hifkly  ivlilnl,  llmt  U,  Mhich  r«n* 
iHtn*  Ihe  i(r)*iiti'«i  nninher  of  iiihalitlanU  nn  m  ii|nAre 
inilf  r  tJ.  Miiiiion  the  Iwn  null.  N.  NVhirh  *ii  ari» 
m<ut  ihinly  «rllUil  ^  1 1.  Ilnw  m»ny  inhMbiUni*  un  A 
M|mire  mile  in  N«««r  Vurk  f  ii.  In  l'rnn«yUiini«  ^  It. 
In  Virginia  ?  17.  In  HoulhCarolina  i'  in.  In  M nine  ? 
lu.  Wliiah  itMlo  hit*  ninvt  dinvM  t  ao  Huw  many 
■lMli*4  h*v«  mort'  ilmn  iito.ooii  «Uve«,  ami  whet  nru 
(h«ir  nemot  ?     .'1.  \Vhii;h  alntvt  hnvc  nn  iliivri  ? 

iNORKAtr.  or  I'opKi.ArinN.  In  the  fullewing  Ubie 
the  eeeiiml,  third  end  funrlh  eoluinnt  nhuw  ibe  |MipulA« 
lion  Ht  tlirtVrfiit  |i«>riodt  \  the  flflh,  (he  inrrea»p  ofeHeh 
itnlp  between  l*uo  and  tmo  ;  and  the  titth  ahuwi  how 
niitiiy  ii»r  eeiit.  vaoh  *l«te  f^ninvd  «n  IIir  pnpiiliiiinn 
•  hirh  il  had  in  17U0,  ana  of  cour*«  thor*  tthirh  italee 
iiiorea*i'd  raileel  in  prn|iorliun  lo  Ihfir  popnlMtion. 


S,.u„.     'Jjf^- 

IMW. 

i^p  in 
1110. 

Int.  in 
QO/r: 

Jf»nh. 

S\v.         ltii,5IO 

irii,7i!t 

2211, 70:i 

132,105 

1  .)5  pr.  e|. 

N.  11.    1  1 1,11)15 

lo.'vtj" 

21  l,4ti0 

72,575 

41» 

Vt.        t)r.,'.»«iii 

1  &:),!ioil 

2l7,13!»r) 

1  12,027 

J. 55 

SUnt.  ;»0(I,7V7 

I'i2,0i:> 

472,040 

fi;5,2l3 

22 

K.  1.       r)8,8^f) 

tJO,IW 

7(J,l»:tl 

18,100 

31 

Tonn.  ?.»7,!)|0 

•J&l,OI)^ 

2»51,«42 

2J,!»!)0 

10 

N.  V.  .110,1  W 

6Hi!,0.jO 

0.j9,0I!» 

0l8,02!» 

lf!7 

N.  J.    ll!l,IO!t 

211,149 

245,602 

01.373 

33 

Henn.  .».t»,:»-;3 

602.64:i 

1110,091 

375,710 

CO 

Del.       6!»,0!U 

ti4,2rji 

72,074 

1 3,580 

23 

Md.    :tin,7'^ii 

3I1),(J1)2 

;iU0,,'')4« 

0(t,71li 

lit 

Vir({.    747,6 10 

[180,200 

"J7  4,022 

227,012 

30 

N.  (;.  :J!i:»,7.'.I 

47U,10;> 

5.-).'»,r)00 

101,74'.) 

41 

H.  «j.    2 10,000 

;t46,51»l 

415,115 

175,1  If. 

73 

iiviu     ii2tr,m 

102,(582 

252,4  r*.*) 

IO!).8U5 

205 

Ten.      ;J0,000 

l()6,t;02 

201,727 

231,727 

770 

Ken.       7:l,(i77 

220,Uf."J 

100,511 

332,83 1 

456 

0|ii«         2,000 

45,Jti5 

230,700 

227,700 

1,00U 

'^il'i 


OENEflAL  VIEWS 


({ueittions.  i.  What  wus  (lie  pupulaliuu  of  New 
York  in  tr90  ?  9.  Wlml,  in  J810  ?  3.  What  »»»  the 
pojMilulioiiol'Coiinecliciil  iti  irao?  4.  What,  in  IslO? 
0  Whut  untt  till'  iMipulHtion  of  Ohio  in  17U0  f  6. 
What,  ill  1810  ?  7.  Which  utate  incrcated  most  be- 
tween 1790  uiiil  1810  f  8.  Which  neit  ?  9.  Which 
next  ?  10.  Which  three  stiite*  inerea»etl  leuit  ?  11. 
M'hieh  Htaie  iiicreuHed  fiisileHt  iii  proportion  to  \U  pojiu- 
latioii  ?  12.  Whicli  statei  iiiernnsMi  more  then  100  per 
cent.  P     13.  Wliieh  Htates  increaned  less  than  40  per  eC.k 

The  popiilatioH  of  ths  whole  United  States  in  1810 
was  7,-i»9,903,  ui'  Wk.irh  number  1,191.364,  or  one  hixtln 

fiart,  wcie  iilaves.  The  population  increases  very  regu- 
arly,  at  the  rate  of  iboul  3  percent,  per  annum:  no 
that  if  tlie  pupula'iou  now  is  10,000,000,  i.  may  be 
<aieiy  ^'hI^'uIuIcJ  thut  next  yptr.'  ir  will  he  about 
'10,300,00'),  aitd  the  year  ntli-r  10,600,000,  and  so  on. 

(^ueslions.  1.  What  was  the  population  of  the  U.  S. 
in  isio  ?  2.  How  large  a  portion  w»re  slaves  f  3.  At 
what  rate  does  the  populaliou  increase  ? 

Classes  of  Ihhabitants.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
United  Htuiest  rauy  be  divided  into  three  classes,  viz. 
uhiles,  negroes,  and  Indians.  All  the  whitis  are  of 
Kuropcau  ori(;in ;  prineipally,  English.  The  New- 
KiitjIunJers,  Vir^'^iuians,  and  Car'>linian8,  are  almost 
pjrt'ly  Knglisli.  Next  to  the  Kngiu-h  are  the  Oerraans, 
who  are  very  numerous  iu  the  Middle  States,  p«r- 
tieulurl?  iu  Pcnsylvauia.  Next  to  the  Germans  are 
the  Dutch,  who  are  most  numerous  in  New  York. 
The  French  are  very  numerous  in  Louisiana.  The 
lri»h  and  Scotch  are  found  in  Pentisylvania,  New  '*.'ork, 
and  New  Jersey,  i>nd  in  all  ihf;  prii""'  al  cities  of  the 
Union. 

ItuUnns.  Very  little  i*  knov  out  the  Indians 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  4  p  ci'vil  tribes  on  the 
fast  of  the  Mississippi,  are  the  Cre-ks,  Choctaws,  Che- 
roki'es,  and  Chickasaws.  These  tribe  livft  iu  Georgia. 
/Malmma,  Mississippi,  «nd  Tennessee. 


0 


EWS 

;  (lupulaliuu  of  New 
0  ?  3.  What  WHS  the 
)?  4.  What,  ill  IS  10? 
f  Ohio  in  I7lt0  f  6. 
te  incrcated  most  bc- 
ich  next  ?  O.  Which 
iiierea»ei(  least  ?  11. 
proportion  to  itM  po|)U- 
M-.ii  more  than  100  per 
ed  less  than  40  peret.i 

United  Stat?a  in  1810 
1,19l>364,  or  one  hixth 
[III  increases  very  regii- 
r  ecnt.  per  annum  :  «o 
10,000,000,  u  may  be 
'tf.'  ir  will  be  about 
,uOO,ooo,  and  so  on. 

lopulation  of  the  U.  S. 
u  w»re  slaves  r  3.  At 
ircase  ? 

Fhc  inhabitants  of  the 
iito  three  riasges,  vir. 
Ml  the  whiti'S  are  of 
English.  The  New- 
ar<>liiiiKn8,  are  almost 
giu'h  arc  the  Oermans. 
Middle  Slates,  par< 
;t  to  the  Germans  are 
lero'Js  in  New  York. 
8  in  Louisiana.  The 
iKtsylvania,  New  '*.'ork, 
priifi'-al  cities  of  the 

!  <  out  the  Indians 
p    '  ci'-'il  iribes  on  the 

Irfks,  ChoctawR,  Che- 
tribe  livft  iu  Georgia. 

essee. 


i)V  TIIK  UM  ll.l)  STATUS. 


•2\)\i 


(liirstmiif.  1.  From  wlntt  liiiropcaii  n.ition  are  Iho 
while  itiliabitiints  priiii-ipiilly  iIi'sccmkIciI  r  2,  Where 
are  tlit*  (Germans  moil  niiinenitis?  ;).  the  IhiUlif  {■.  ihe 
I'Venrh  ?  3  the  Irish  itiid  ."Ji-otrh  ?  t».  NVliiir  are  llie 
4  principal  trilics  of  Iiitiiiins,  i>asl  of  tin;  Missisftippi  P 
7.  Where  do  thL'se  tribes  live  i* 


Canai.8.  The  prineipiil  ciinnls,  wliitli  have  been 
ellluT  annmfViTil  or  comjtlcti'd,  in  the  Uiiiicd  Slates  are, 
•1.  I'lie  Mi:ldi(>s.x  crtnul,  which  iiinincli,  .Mcrriniac 
river  with  lVi»tiin  Imrlior.  2.  The  Nnrlliern  oiinul, 
which  e(inii>'cN  Luke  Citamplain  v«iih  the  IIimIson. 
.3,  Tin-  (iraiid  Caiuil.  eonneciint;  Lahe  Krie  with  the 
lliitlH.dt.  4.  riie  canal  i-oiincclin^  Dtlaware  and  C)it.4- 
apelike  liavs.  !i.  Tiie  eiviiiil  \\  hit  li  coniitcls  Chesapeake 
liay  Miih  AHiemarlesiiiiiid.  ft.  'I'he  Wanlee  canal,  whicli 
etiMiiecls  Saittee  ri»er  willi  Charloslon  Iiiirbor.  The 
frst  of  these  canals  'rrini^s  the  Iraile  of  llie  iiilcriur  of 
New  ILiin|ishire  lo  Uosino.  1  he  sei-oud  will  briiii^  that 
of  ll;e  eounliy  on  liuk<'  Cliumplaiii,  to  i)ie  cil}  of  \ew 
York,  riie  third  «ill  brio!^  llmi  of  a  large  scciion  of 
(he  woslcrn  eoiiolry  lo  the  same  city.  I'lic  fourth  and 
fifth  cooiplt'te  an  inland  water  connniinicaiinn  IkIwccii 
Philiiilelpbiii  and  North  (lurolioa.  TIk'  si.i-th  draws 
the  lri»dt?  of  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina,  lo  llie 
city  of  Charleston. 

The  most  impjriant  eanal*  which  have  liccn  prnpostd, 
and  which  are  llimi^hl  praelicabic,  but  h!il  yel  coiii- 
jnc'jcL'J,  are.  1.  A  canal  lo  roniuct  liurnilable  Hay  »iih 
Iiii//.ard's  liay.  2-  A  ean;il  from  Uariinn  river  lo  ilie 
Delaware,  lo  conneel  l!ie  eiiiesof  New  York  ami  I'liila- 
delphia.  o-  A  canal  connecting  .(ames  river  with  i he 
Ohio.  4  riirf-e  or  four  canals  have  been  proposed  lo 
coniiecl  the  rivers  which  emply  into  Luke  Kne  and  Lake 
Aliebi^aii,  w'th  those  which  empty  into  the  Ohio  and 
'.he  Mississippi. 


(l.t^atioiis.  i.  Mention  the  six  prineipal  canals  in 
the  Uiiiled  Stules,  and  ih-.'  places  wliirh  lliey  eiiuMecl. 
Z  What  cQecl  has  Ihe  Middlesex  canal  on  the  iradf;  at 

<■>r,^ 


«()'» 


liliNKRAL  VJi:\V>. 


New  ff«inp«»hiit' f  8.  What  eflect  will  li*  proilufPil  by 
♦lie  Nnrllierii  ciiititl  r  •».  Iiy  the  (Jruuil  Cnnal  ?  B.  Wlmt 
cllVft  in  proiluei'il  by  llie  SSatilcc  euiml  ?  «.  Wliul  are 
ihf  iiiMjit  iinjKiriHiit  cdtiHlii  \v|uvh  iiav«  been  pruposed, 
but  uot  yet  coiniiu-iieed  f 


IlivRnr,,  The  preat  riverii  of  Ihe  United  Suiei,  in 
re«i|»f«M  III  the  f^rtin-al  course  in  which  they  run,  may  be 
di\ii!t'(l  iiilii  0  elii!t!t>.>!4.  1.  ThuHe  uliii'h  eniply  iiitn  (he 
Alliinlii;  frniii  the  eitxlern  and  middle  iitates.  2.  Those 
vhirli  i'm|)iy  into  (he  Atlantic  from  (he  aonthcrn  state*, 
a.  riiui^e  uhich  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  4. 
Tii'isc  uhich  empty  into  (he  MisHivHippi  from  the  east  ; 
and,  s.  Those  which  empty  into  the  Missiiiiiippi  from 
I  he  went. 

The  first  class  inrliidcs  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec, 
C'onnccticiil,  Iludison,  Deluware  and  Siisquehunnali ; 
all  of  which  run  from  N.  to  S.  The  second  class 
includes  (he  Pulomae,  JameN,  Uounoke,  Cajie  Fear,  l*e- 
dee,  HaHtee,  Havannah,  and  Altamaha;  all  of  which 
run  from  N.  W.  to  h.  K.  The  third  class  includes  the 
Appalachieola,  (he  Mobile,  and  the  Missisnippi,  all  of 
which  run  from  N.  (o  S.  The  fourth  clasns  includes 
(he  Yazoo,  Ohio,  Kaskaskia,  Illinois,  and  Ouisconsin,  all 
of  which  run  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  The  fifth  class  in- 
cludes Ked  river,  the  Arkansaw,  Missouri,  Moiues,  und 
St.  Peter's,  ail  of  which  run  from  N.  W.  tu  i$.  E. 


The  following  table  shows  how  far  tfome  of  the  prin- 
eipal  rivers  are  navigable  for  sloops. 


Hi 


Place. 


Penobrcot,  to  Bangor. 

K<?nnel/ec, 

Connecticut, 

Hudson, 

Delaware, 

VnloniDC, 

Mibiouri; 


Augusta. 
1 1  art  lord. 
Troy. 
Trenton. 
AVashing'o. 
Urcat  Fiills. 


River. 

James,  to 

Havannah, 

Alabama, 


Tlaee. 

Richmond. 
Savannah. 
Fort  ('laihi)rn(*. 
\nlliony'p 


„.    .    .      .est   Ant 
Mississippi,  <     j.^11^ 

Ohio,  Vittsbujj^ 


>t  uill  1)1*  proilucnl  Ijv 

puud  Cnnal  f  B.   Wlmt 

eiiiml  ?    «.  Wliu)  are 

I  lmv«  been   pruposed, 


'  the  United  HtHtei,  in 
vhirh  they  run,  may  be 
t  uliii'h  cniply  iiitn  tlie 
ddle  vtates.  2.  Tdoae 
om  (lie  aotitlicrn  itate*. 
•  Gulf  of  Mexico.  4. 
sinHippi  I'roiD  the  east  ; 
the   MiKKixiiippi  from 

Pennbgcnf,  Kcnncbee, 
'    and    Siisqueliannuli ; 

S.  The  second  claHs 
luiiuke,  Cajie  Fear,  I'e- 
lainalia;  all  of  which 
third  class  includes  the 

the  MiHsiHitippi,  all  of 
fourth  cIhshs  includes 
mis,  and  Oui«<cotiiiin,  all 
iV.  The  ftfth  cluHS  in- 
,  MisRouri,  Moiues,  and 
ai  N.  W.  to  S.  E. 

w  far  tfonie  of  the  prin- 

DUpS. 


River, 

es,  to 

tnnah, 

bamu, 


T'.acc. 

Richmond. 
Savaniiuh. 
Fort  ('luihi)rn(*. 
\iillioiiy'p 


est   Am 
Bissippi,  J      f^„^ 

},  Vittftlujj^. 


OF  THE  UMTKI)  STAIKS. 


2U^ 


((ufstiuns.  1.  In  whnf  direction  do  the  threat  river* 
of  the  eastern  and  iniil(lti>  HhKest  run  ?  J.  ilie  river-*  of 
the  Hoiilheru  Allnnlic  SliHen  ?  a.  ihc  river*  whioh 
em|ily  into  the  MisKiH.4i|i|ti  from  the  east?  i.  thi»<ie 
witieli  empty  into  the  MisHi^nippi  from  the  wcHt  ? 
6.  those  which  empty  into  lh>4  (iiilf  of  Mexico  ?  «.  To 
iviiiit  place  is  the  Connecticut  naviKible  lor  siniipi*  ?  the 
Delaware  ?  the  K-nobscot .-  the  MiMitsippi  ?  &c. 


Roads.  The  following  (able  ihowi  the  principal 
(owns  on  several  of  the  great  road*  of  tlie  United  Staled. 
The  towns  are  arranged  in  geographical  order. 


Frnm  Eaiipori  to 

New  Orleans. 
Kiistport. 
Wiicasset. 
Bath. 
1'ortland. 
Porlsmduth. 
N'ewlinrypurt. 
Salem. 
Bustun. 
Worcester. 
Hurt  ford. 
Nuw  Haven. 
New  York. 
Trenton. 
Pltiliidelphia. 
Bultiinore, 
Wttshiii2;lon. 
Frcdt'ricksburg. 
Richinoisd. 
Petersburg. 
It>ilei;{ii. 
Kiiyeiieville. 
('olumbia. 
Aiignsla. 
Miiledgeville. 


Fort  Hawkins. 
Fort  Stoddart. 
Mobile. 
\ew  Orlenog. 

Boston  to  Detroit 
B').ston. 
Worcehter. 
Northampton. 
Piltstield. 
Alltany. 
Utica. 
Auburn. 
Canandaigua. 
BiiHdlo. 
Cleveland. 
Krencbtown. 
B.ownstuwn. 
Detroit. 

PhiUidelphia  to  St 
Louii 

Piiiladelpliiu, 
Lancaster. 
Harri.ibiirg. 
Pittsijurg. 


ZHnesville. 

Cbillicolhe- 

Lexinijiun. 

Henderson. 

Hhawneetown. 

Kaikaskia. 

('abokia. 

M.  liOiiis. 

Miu  York  to  ^1.*^ 

biT. 

Vew  Vork. 

Hudson. 

VIbany. 

Plalisliur!;. 

Moutreiil. 

Quebec. 

Button  to  Montrtal 

iiiision. 

Concord. 

II  mover. 

H.iverhill. 

Montpelier. 

liurlinglon. 

Muutreal. 


«9ti  OENKUVL  VIKWS 

Oneslioui^.  1.  Mention  ill  onkTllu-  P'-''"''M»'»; "'«"«"" 

„^       l"  ,„u  pa.,  in  traiellini,  from  tin* •'.  netrm,  r 

8    |"o.«  Ailallclplu.  t«  St.  LouiH  r  I  from  Now  \«rk 
eiiy  10  Quebec  ?  3.  from  Uo.tou  to  Mcnlrottl  f 


Vapk  oi-  ri.K  couNi  iiY.     The  most  reinarkal.  e  f.-a- 

(ure  in  H..-  lou  eou..lrv  of  llie  Soutlu-rn  Ht.»l.-.      It  rem. 

U,H  of      ila.   ..uuly  plain,  l.n.  liulf  H.vuh.J  al.ov..    he 

v'Vof   ho  nooan,  eitemiins  "1""^  the  ooa.t,  «r»m  .ho 

I.M1..0  .0  .he  M..Ms*ipp.,  a.jiH.Hneeo.  I?'"' ;';''^-;;/;  J" 

in  nsoallv  from  .00  to  2oo  mil.-H  ui.l'.'.      1  he  i  •«   ol  .he 

v"iH!.l  State,   i.  u.rotahly  .livorHif.eJ  u.lh   h.ll.  and 

niniintaiiis. 

«„.'s/;r,n.<!.  What  is  .ho  most  remnrkahle  feature  in 
,  J  l'.;.'  of  the  coun.ry  ?  How  far  .loo.  .he  low  ccuu.ry 
of  Ihe  Soulhcrw  State,  ex.enti  ? 


iMvoBTANT  LINKS.    Thc  linc.  in  t  .c  ITm.cd  Slat 

„l.i.l,  it  ii  ino.t  important  '?  r*-'"'''""''"  "'^*-  . /•;,,, 
Tivvr  Misdssipin,  heeau»c  it  is  a  houmlary  ol  6  ..«le» 
a  ,1  3  .orri.or./,.  2  The  Ohio,  heeause  .1  .s  a  houo.  a  y 
of  5  «.H.e*.  3.  The  Ihlau'cre,  heeau.e  .1  .«  «  boundary 
n  •  I  ,l»  <•«  4.  The  I'otomac  and  the  .Snvanna/u  beeause 
tV       J-nlr.V   -iver.  .hroush  ..hei.   -hole  eourje^ 

y  Vhe  parallel  of  ar.o  '''^!-'-"^« '\;^" .'':"';''';; ^...t; 

.ta.es  and  1  .erri.ory      .„    I  he  ,Mral iel  ol  •^•'  •'''.'' "^', 
't    is  a  boundary   of  fi  slates.     7.    I  he  parail.l  ol  4^ 
beeauso  ..  is  the  nor.hern  boundary  ..f  ~2  slates,  and  not 
far  from  .he  northern  huundanes  ol  3  more. 

Onestlons.  I  Wha.  s.a.es  amlterritorie.  border  on 
the  M  sisi.pi"  ?  2  Wl""  suites  on  the  Ohio?  3.  on  the 
i)  I'l  a;3'i  ..n  the  P-omae  ?  5.  on  jhe  Savannah  r 
J.  VV(,a.  s.Htes  are  bound-  d  by  .he  pa^alle  o  3(1  30  ? 
r.  >Vliai  s.ates  are  b.iund^d  l>y  the  parallel  ot  3& 
»'.  Wiittt  by  the  parallel  ot  ii"  ? 


lie  prliiclprtl  lowiis  on 
L-w  Orli-ant?  2.  What 
iini  liii>«liMi  to  Delntii  r 
r  ^.  from  Now  York 
}  MoDlrottl  ? 


moHt  reinarkaltic  fca* 
itluTM  Hliiii'H  It  «■""• 
(ill-  I'lcviilitl  uliovf  tlie 
US'  tlio  cna*!,  from  tlio 
mipi'  of  iSOdiniles.  and 
will".  Tlte  rent  of  the 
rtiil'iuJ  with   liilU  and 


remarkable  fi-uliire  in 
,r  ilotn  tlie  low  ccuiitry 


%  in  tlic  United  -Elates 
remember  arc  j    1.  'I'l" 

rt  houhtlary  of  6  tdates 
hecttHse  it  is  a  l>oinidary 
Iif«au8i(  il  is  u  boundary 
d  tlie  Savannah,  beeuuse 
"Il  tlieit  wliole  course. 
aae  it  is  a  bcin'duiy  of 
iMiraliel  of  a.-'".  bJeaiise 

r.  The  paraihl  of  4i' 
lary  of  2  stales,  ttn«l  ""^ 
.■!)  of  3  more. 

lid  territories  border  on 
•H  on  the  Ohio?  3.  on  the 

?  5.  on  the  Savniniali  ? 

the  puiallel  of  3b°  30' ? 
,y   the  [larallel  of  35"  ^ 


OF  THE  UNITMO  8TA  I  K8.  ij? 

n.-**i^'     'I't ':•"""' ^^'?""   ""^^'"    IHIO,  consisted 
ol  *  shi]..  of  the  lino,  H  fr.gHies,  and  numerous  .mailer 

no.  Lake  Krie,  and  Luke  ChampUin. 

The  mv;,.;,ard»  of  ihe   Unit.d  S(aiP«  are  at  the  fol- 
m!!"?  ':'T  '  i;  "••"••r-oulh,  N.  11.     2.  Charleslovn, 
Ma...    3    New  Urk  city,    y  l'hil«del|,hia.    6.  Wash 
JHslonciiy.     6.  Oo«port,  in  Virginia. 

Qup^tiom.  i.  Ifnw  many  ships  of  the  line  in  Ihe  U. 
Slate,  navy  in  isi«  f  -j.  Mow  many  frigates  r  3.  Where 
are  the  navy -yards  of  the  U.  S.  f  '       ^ 

.OM."'"'"  T'T  '/«"''"•  army  of  lh«  Uniied  Slutes  in 
18l9,cons.»(edof«,oi9  men.  They  are  suiioned  at 
he  various  foru  and  pn..,  alonij  the  maritime  »„d  in- 
land  Ironl.er.  The  followi-,^  siutemeni  .how.  th« 
number  of  men  at  the  priueipal  posts. 

Fortsin  Portland  hi^'-^-^mf  Plultshurghf'^/^S 

Port»moulh,i,.H.10«  S«ckell'«  harbor,  3H1 

B-mon  harl.ar,   360  Detroit,  so* 

New  York,  do    413  Aliehilii-mckinae,208 
Charleston,  8.  c.lisr 

The  United  States  Lave  2  armories  ;  one  at  Spring, 
field,  IVIass.  and  one  at  Harper's  Ferry,  on  the  Poiomnc. 

^^ffons    How  many  men  in  Ihe  regular  army  of  (he 

r/.fe.?    Where  are  (hey  «(rt(ioned  f    Which  are  (he 

princmal  g(at,„n8  oo  ihe  maritime  frontier  ?    wliieii  on 

I.e  .nfand  frontier  ?    Where  arc  the  urmorie*  of  (he 

'■oited  States  ? 


Hemgion.  The  followinf?  (able  contains  (he  number 
of  consreijadons  of  the  (i?er'  nl  religioug  denouiination.. 
sceordini?  (»  (he  latest  j;,i(j  (rtation.  * 


200 


DKNKIIAL  VlliWS 


I'lOKliytfriaiii 
C'ni).;i'i*i{nliuiiali«t« 

Illi'lUt 

Qui*kci'ii  (ir  Frivnds 
lOlii^iHipaliiinii  aiiitiil 


Cons'''!!"'''""  • 
'.',111 J 


rj'.T) 

•MM 


C'ongrcjaiiaHj 
niMcli  Ilcformeil 

IJhiircli  nlioiit 
A-tnociafc  Uirormcil 

I'n-stliyti'rinim 
(Jcrmaii  llalviniHl* 
Mor«vi(l!i!»  ttbtMil 


150 

1(10 

100 

[,0 


ncM.loH  .I.e  al.nve  .len«mination»,  the  MellM..l.«H  arc 

Clermai.  Lulheran*,  Univer.ali.U.Sal.l.alhd;*)  Uai.titt», 

The  Dapli.U  n.id  Mc»1.o.rnlH  are  foiin.1  in  nil  parti 
«f  the   IToiU-.l  Stale..      The    Congresalmna  .* U    «ro 

almoHt  «l,.,lly  in  New  En^UnJ.  ,  rh^'  ^'^''^S.y' .  . 
an.  Hcut-rea  over  ti.e  MM\*  and  HoiKhern  Stale*.- 
Tl.e  Qnakern  ure  m.ml  num.-ron«  in  I'em.iylvan.*  and 
the  adjoiniuj?  Mate*,  and  the  Kp>*c-J"»' "»"•'»  ^ew 
Ynik,  l'..nnec..i.ut.  Maryland  and  VirK-ma.  >»'•'""- 
mnu  DalviniHlv  Herman  Lutl.erant,  Moravian*,  DutoU 
H.torm.Ml  and  Associalo  Il.-formed  Pre.byler.an.  art 
princii.ully  confined  to  the  Middle  italei 

Questions.  4.  WImt  are  the  prineipal  denomir.alioni 
of  Cl.ri«.i«n,  i»  11.0  U.  H.  ?  2.  Wlu're  are  .I.e  C«..,re. 
^alio.ialist«  mo,t  nnmerou,  ?  3  I  I.e  W.end.  or  Qua- 
ker*  ?  4.  The  Kpl.-opnlianH  ?  B.  Where  are  the 
Presbyterians  ?  6.  I'l.e  lUitU^i»  nnd  Methodists  ?  . 
The  Associate  Ref.irmed  IVebhytcnan*. 

UEnnious  Chahitable  Societies.  The  principal 
reliKious  oharitahle  nocieties  arc  *•  .V';^ '^'»f '"'.''"" 'v; 
6/.  Society,  whose  sole  objert  is  to  publ.sh  and  p.rc.,  ate 
the  Bible!  without  note  or  comment.  2.  Fhe  Jlmerican 
Colonixation  Society,  whose  object  is  to  colonize  the  iroe 
people  .f  colour  of  the  United  States.  A  colony  ha* 
llready  been  planted  on  the  we.t  coast  of  Africa,  sou  h 
of  Sierra  Leone.  3.  The  American  Board  of  Commts- 
sioners  for  Foreign  .Missions,  whose  obinet  is  to  convert 
the  Heithen  to  Christianity.  They  Lave  m"V""*7„ 
stations  and  missionaries,  at  Bombay  and  Ceylon,  in 
lodia;  at  Smyrna,  in  Asin  Minor;  and  amsng  llii 


0 
Ji 

ai 
fi 
C 
In 
ti{ 


n 

th 

M 

th 
tic 
th 
sic 
Bg 


pa 

ted 

Art 


1< 

1 
1: 

U 

it 

u 


150 

1(10 

IdU 

fjO 


,NV8 

Cnngrcffalioitj. 
I  Ucfornu'il 
iircli  nlioiit 
;iatc  Ui'tormcd 
■!tliyti>rinii« 
ail  t;alvini»l« 
viftti!*  ubdiil 
«,  (he  IMcllM)Ji»li  arc 
isiilfrahle  iiumlier*  of 
8aljlmlhd;»)  Hn|»ti«ts« 

ire  fniinil  in  nil  parti 
ongrpfi;«tinnaliiit!»  aro 
rhc  Prettbyterinni 
nd  8(»ii(liern  Siali'* — 
1  in  I'pniiiylvanii*  and 
!pi»coiialian«  in  New 
I  VirKinitt.  I  h?  Her- 
ns, Moravians,  Dutch 
led  Presbyleriaiu  ar« 
c  stales 

rineipal  denomination! 
iVIiere  are  (lie  Con^re- 
riie  Friend*  or  Quu- 
>  B.  Wher«  are  the 
g  and  Methodists  P  7. 
crians. 

ETiEs.  The  principal 
;  1,  The  Jinp.rican  Hi- 
n  pultlish  and  circulate 
lent.  2.  The  Kflmeriran 
St  is  to  colonize  the  free 
Slates.  A  colony  has 
t  coast  of  Africa,  south 
icnn  Board  of  Commh- 
hose  «l>j««t  is  to  convert 
They  have  missionary 
Jomhay  and  Cejion,  in 
rliuor;  and  ainsng  tli* 


OF  TIIK  UMTKD  STATES.  JOd 

Ohcrokec  and  Choctaw  Indiuns  in  the  U.  H.  .»  The 
llaiAist  Hoard  of  Foreign  Missions,  who  have  mission, 
arie*  in  ihe  Uiriiiaii  empire,  and  Minoiig  the  American 
liHlians.  5.  Ih.it'ure  Ediiaitiuu  .Societies  mmna  tho 
«  ongre-atioM.tlistN,  IVeshyierians  and  Bapliils.des'ignsd 
to  asMst  iMiliKiht  young  men  in  preparing  for  the  Chris- 
tian  ministry. 

llihir?'""-";  >*•  '^\':?*.".""  '•^'J'*'  "^  "•«  American 
IJihle  Society  ?  a,  Oflhe  Colonization  Society  ?  [i.  Of 
the  Amerivan  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreiirn 
Missions?  •*.  Of  Kdncation  Societies  ?  .r  Where  is 
the  colony  of  free  hiaiks  established  by  the  Cdoniza- 
loii  Society  t  6.  Where  are  the  missionary  stations  of 
the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 

nTJ  f  w  ^\''"*,  »"'."'«  niissionaries  of  th«  llaptist 
Hoard  of  l*oreigo  Missiout  ? 

CoMMRRCE.  The  following  table  tbcwa  the  nriBei. 
pal  artieles  of  domestio  produce  exported  from  the  Unl- 
ted  States  id  Ibir,  arranged  according  to  their  value. 

Article!  exported.  y^f^^ 

«  wl.'"".  «  ^ . .  8a2,«a8,ooo 

a  vy  heat,  flour,  and  biscuit  ih,432,noo 

3.  lobaceo  <•      9,330,000 

4.  JLumbir  (viz.  boards,  staves,  shingles, 
hoopg,  hewn  limber,  masts  and  spars)  8,196,000 

«•  foi  and  peurl  ashes 
?•  Indian  corn  and  meal 

8.  Dried  and  pickled  fish 

9.  Beef,  tallow,  hides  and  live  eatll*^ 

10.  Skins  and  furs 

11.  Rye  and  meul 

12.  Pork,  bacon,  lard,  and  live  hogs 

13.  Herses  and  mules 

14.  Soap  and  tallow  candles 
i!i.  (iunponder 
10.  Tar,  pitch,  rosin  and  turpentine 


i,fl«r,ooo 

1,389,000 
1,328  000 

H-1'a.ooo 

088,0(JO 
627,000 
537,000 
432,000 

337.000 


'MO 


UENEUAIi  VIKWb 


T 


Ariiiln  tteforttd.  '''«"'•♦ 

17.  Wlmle  uil,  wliale  hone  »ml  •permaccti 

ciiiiillca  g.UJ.ooO 

Itt.  BuUcr  and  cliecie  ai3,ooo 


Uemarkn.    The  eoHnn  wtii  rnini'il  alcnoit  entirely  In 
the  i.ti»teii  iioulli  of  Vimiiiiii  himI  Kt-ntiiiky.     'I'hc  uhtat 
wan  fHiseil  (iriocipiilly  in  I  he  miil«ll«*  bihI  wcjiern  »lttiep«; 
mill  tlic  ii)harni  in  M.«r)!Hiitl  mid  Vir^iniH.     The  lum- 
her  wa*  ml  chiefly  it>  the  I'orentii  of  Maine  and  the  low 
coiHilry  of  the  CarolinH*.     The  rice  «;r«'w  iindoiihlrdly 
in  the  s\viun|M  of  Ihe  Carolinnn  and  OooihIh.     The  put 
and  p'ttrl  nshm  ciimo  from  Ihe  new  coiintrici,  wlierc 
Ihcy  wtTc  biiniint;  wood*  lo  elpHf  (lie  laud*  for  eulliva« 
tion.     The  Indian  corn  mine  from  the  «tate»  north  of 
Huuih  Cnroljn*.      The  dried  fsh  are  cod-fiih,  the  pick- 
hdJUh  are  herringn,  nhad,  »almon  and  mni-kerel.     Al- 
moti  all  of  them  were  caughi  liy  the  fHhermen  of  Mai- 
«ai'hii«ettii.      The   beef,   tallow,  hidef  and   caltle   were 
rai«ed  principallT  in  the  panturun  of  New  England — 
T'he  »kin»  and  /urn  were  pnrehaiisd  from  the  Indian 
hunter*.     The  rye,  pork,  hurnes,  mules,  soap  and  eandlei 
came  chiefly  from  New  Kn^land.     The  tar,  pitch  and 
h(rpentine  were  obtained  from  the  Carolina  pinen.     The 
uhaU  oil  and  9>hale  bone,  were  the  fruit*  of  the  enter, 
pnte  of  the  Nantucket  whaUmea. 

Questions,  i.  What  are  the  nine  principal  article* 
of  export  from  the  United  Siaten  ?  2.  Where  <»  '!»« 
cotton  railed  ?  S.  Where  in  (be  wheat  raided  ?  4.  The 
tobacco  ?  ».  The  lumber  ?  0.  The  rice  ?.  7.  Where 
did  ihe  pni  and  pearl  ashes  eome  fioni  ?  8.  Who 
caught  the  fi»h  ?    tt.  Where  were  the  cattle  rained,  &?. 


DestituUion  of  the  Exports,  The  following  (able 
fthowN  the  ciionlricu  lo  which  the  exports  of  lbl7  were 
carried. 


(I 

ri 


KW8 


I  tprrmacdi 


FfUiu 


IT 


R.iiJ.OflA 
8t3,UU0 


infd  nlmoit  entirely  in 
Keniiittky.     'Vhe  uhent 
«ile  niiti  Motlern  nUie*; 
A  Vir^iniH.     The  lum- 
of  Muiiie  and  llir  low 
ricf  «;rew  iin«l<»iil»lr<Ily 
hikI  Uoiii'niH.     'i'lu'  /)t»t 
new  count rioi,  where 
r  tlie  lauilit  tor  eultiva« 
nni  llic  ulaleii  north  of 
h  are  co(l-G<ih,  the  pick- 
ion  anil  nini-kerel.     Al- 
f  the  ri«hermen  of  Mai- 
hide*  antl   cattle   were 
•en  of  New  Kiiglaud — 
haiiHd   from  the   lodiun 
,  mulfn^  soap  and  candles 
A.    The  tar,  jntch  and 
le  Carolina  pinen.     The 
Iho  fruits  of  (he  enter* 


nine  principal  article* 
ten  ?     a.  Where  in  the 

wheat  raided  ?  ♦.  The 
,  The  riee  ?.  7.  Where 

eome  fioni  ?  8.  Who 
^re  the  cuttle  rained,  &?. 


.     The   following;  table 
he  eiiiorls  of  1(^17  were 


OK   rilE  UMTKD  STATES. 


:oi 


Whithtr  txparltJ. 

Kn^ll(^d 

Hi'iiiliind  and  Ircliinil 

Bril.ih  W.  Indii>« 

Uriti^li  Ami-rirun  C'olnniei 

Other  Oritith  Coloniei 

France 

French  Colonics 

Hpuin 

Wpuni»h  American  Coloniea 

i'oriiK^ai 

Hni7.il 

Portuguese  Coloniei 
Uuima 

Swedinh  and  Danish  domininni 

NethrrhuulH 

Dutch  Colonics 

Oermuny 

Northwest  Const 

Italy  and  Malta 

China 

All  other  countriei 


Amouni. 

837,HU»,r)l3 

3,Hri,flrt7 
3,riH,nio 

8,tiu.r«r 

i,ntA,04t 

7i3,ona 

7,0H|,0U0 
6iO,303 

,    3,3ta,n3i 

1,110,N3U 

l,433,7t« 

018.660 

«.6fi7,023 

8S7,67l,009 


ntmark.  The  amount  of  exports  to  the  various 
eou„fr,e«  is  very  different  in  dift«renl  years;  hut  the 
Uriiish  dominions  always  receive  the  lareest  portion  of 
our  domestic  produce,  purticularly  cotton.  France  i« 
usually  next  to  Knijland. 


Amouut 


im.     What  three  countries  received  the  larceit 
ol  exports  Iroin  the  United  Stales  in  <8ir  f 


J"<^rye  wd  Vecrease  of  E.x'iwrt,.    The  followini? 
ai.Ie  slio«sih.«  quantity  of  cotion.  flour,  tobacco,  and 
tue  cx^iortcd  at  dinerent  periods.  ' 


se2 

IHOO 

tun 

1H|7 


CiKMiUAL  ^  IKWt 


Co  I  ION.     I 

i(io,ni)o 

t,.IOO,lMMI 

n,rhu,s().j 


I  'VnnK 


1 


MIO.IIIIH 

t,l7'J,tUN 


1 


//Af/d. 


I  IMA!) 
A  1. 0.10 


IIV  ll.^ll 

ru,vua 


Tifniinr.'i «.  'I'lir  lliiiii^  niniil  unrlliy  nf  nntnrk  in  tM< 
r.ililf  14,  ill  kt  the  ninninii  orrnMiiit  i  ii|iorl('il,  Iia*>  iiirrruHiil 
rrtfiilml}  rnitii  lon.oon  pniiriilt  lo  ni)ii'i<  iliiiii  K.'j.oi  o.ono | 
so  iIjuI  il  14  now  fill'  |iriiirinitl  nrtirlt*  nf  «'X|inrl  I'rimi  llitt 
I'liili'il  Mliil(>«.  'I'hu  iir«(lii(iiHi4  iiirron*"  wu*  owin^  lo 
Hie  iMMiilioii,  liv  IMr.  \Vliitfirv,  ni'ii  ni.irltinr  for  rleuiit- 
i'l^  ii|iliuiil  iMiliiin  ri'Diii  itit  itM'iU.  Mpfiirc  (lu*  iiivrnliou 
«il'tli>il  iimcliitu*,  il  Miio  Moitilliciilt  to  rltmiiic  iIip  rnllnii 
JVom  iU  iioril>i,lliiil  lliH  riiliivHiiiMi  nCil  \\h%  nut  |tr«lilHlile. 
Hut  niiu,  it  14  riillivutt'il  in  itll  tin*  rfiiintrv  uniiili  of  Vir- 
ginia, ulifro  III*'  I'intI  will  ndiiiil  (il'ii.  'i  li<>  fourlli  uii'l 
lil'lli  coliimii*  »\v)\\  lliiti  iiii.'  umotiiit  nT  Inliiirrn  uml  ri<'i< 
li.ii  (li'ireiiieil.  'I'liii  uiu  nwin^  In  (lio  incriniic  in  iLc 
nmotinl  »f  rutlnii  ;  for  \«lK'n  (lie  vnliivnlinn  »i'  cntlitn 
lirpamu  prnlitulilc,  llit  jtldnkTii  nc^U-rlrd  lolinrpn,  rirp. 
in<iii;o,  unil  i'vi>ry  olhcr  Prii|i,  nnd  rni|)!))Ti-il  llieir  ilarvt 
ulinMit  i'sclu«ively  in  ruiitini^  coltnii. 

({uestlnun.  i.  Whicli  of  lb«  rxporU  of  (lie  U.  t^.  hat 
HicrpaHed  mo*(  nIucc  ITOO,  rnllaii,  flnnr,  Inltacrn,  or 
rici-  ?  3.  Wliieh  iiexl  .'  .1.  NVIiich  liiivc  ilecreaied  f 
4.  Wlint  oocnuinned  llie  inereiikc  in  (lie  cnJtivalion  of 
rntton  P  0.  What  occationcd  liie  dccrciitc  in  ihi*  cuiti 
vatiun  of  tnbttcvu  uud  rice  .- 


Kjrpoi'h  mill  Sliippiiig  of  llw  (HJfetful  Slater.  Tltr 
lollowin,!;  tnlik'  slinws  tlic  amonnt  of  dnmoiilic  and 
foreign  iirnduce  eiporled  fruin  tl'.o  ditferfnt  klalci  in 
IHlT.  'i'lie  fil'ili  column  «Iiums  ll.c  niiinlt'r  of  Ion-*  vf 
j))ii|)pin|;  o'.vitod  in  lytO, 


MN.irtii 

NO,«»»rt 

n  1.0,10 

ijH.f>^n 

ra.flso 

HV  Oitlt 

N;<..n; 

:h.;)h3 

<W,.IOJ 

ru,««(» 

rlliy  nf  iintnrk  In  tM< 
xiiorlcil,  liiik  iiirrruti  il 
11)11  i<  iliiiii  K.'),i)i  o.ono  I 
irif  iif  t'«|inrl  I'rnni  llio 
iiirioiMi'  \\u«  uwiii^  lo 
fa  ni.irltinr  fur  i'lemi<t- 

llpfiiro  (III*  iiivrnliou 
t  111  rit mmr  llie  rntloii 
nt'il  \\»n  not  |iri<lilulilr. 
■  riiiitilrv  noiiili  of  Vir< 
il'  i'.  '{lif  roiirlli  him! 
Ill  nf  tnliurcn  unci  rir" 
In  (li(>  iiirnanf  in  iLc 

i-iiliivalion  III'  cnllitti 
il^U'ClPil  lolintpn,  ricp. 
ciiijilfiTi'd  liieir  »lon'i 
111. 

[poru  of  (lie  U.  $^.  hat 
an,  flour,  tnliaccn,  or 
lich  liiivc  ilppreaned  f 
>  ill  (lie  ciiJtivation  nf 
?  (Iccrciiic  ill  ibe  cuili 


(Hpmif  Stales.  TIip 
Hint  lit'  ilnmoslic  enJ 
ll'.c  tlinVrrnt  K'.alci  in 
llic  iiiiinlicr  of  IxnM  vf 


OK   run  I'MTIlli  'SlAlK!*. 


.■futrt. 


trtilHtf 


M.    ILiinimiilia 
\  iTITtHnl 

IIIiiiiId  lulitiul 

IJoiliiO'tictil 

NewVoik 

MtwJtuBy 

l't:hiii)lvitiiia 

IklttwaiM 

^iarylaiitl 

Ili«.  ot  (julum. 

Virgiiiin 

N.  C4i'oliim 

8,  (juriiliiu 

(ico'^ia 

Ohio 

/.oiiUitm 

•Icr.  ol  U.  1. 


91 1.  JO  I 

5.'I0».4I  (J 

1J,060,7JJ 

5,(I4'.> 

J.4  5H.(J0  i 

.1,HH7.Hl4 

i,  .61.M8 

von, ail 

r,7'i'j 

lOH.IU 


nPSTiiXiJu 


fin  'it,  ••, 

fl.OJ'J.WI 

r.7.M!rt 

*ow.:oo 
.■,i9r,.iHi) 

3,0>«.04ii 

4  M.j;o 


~I07,»    k 

01  I,. '01 

ii».ror.4i:i 

5.84'J 

8,7,J.».1«J 

4t.8J4 

8.9.1J.9J0 

3,1.' 1.44  J 

io,;r.,',ti  J 

B.ruo.n4 

r,r4tf 

0,034,81'J 

u>,i<7i,3ci» 


SUfifiinf 

j6,4l't 

4 13, -7  J 
.l.'.7,i.l 
TJ.«4l« 

;iw.'J9(i 

3.UII 

IOj,47i 

lii,('>j(j 
70,.1(il 

;;7,«i4 
u.rti 

i:?,3<)» 


IltmnrkH.  ,.\'ew-Jenft)  lia»  a  vpry  dninli  anioiini  of 
f X|iorl»,  liecatiKp  iilmo<ii  ull  licr  itriiiliifc  i*  exiiurloil  Iruni 
Ne^v  York  ami  l'liil.ii|p||iliiii.  Lmtismna  fin*  n  luri^a 
iiniount,  tiepaiMC  il  iiii'liulcii  (liu  |irn<liK'u  of  iliv  ui'tli-rii 
•tntt'4,  MJiipli  it  (loiileil  iluwii  llit*  jMi4»iii«ip|it,  anil  px- 
porli'ti  IViiin  New  Orli'iiiH.  TIip  PX|MirU  of  wVViu  York 
nrc  I  lie  |iroiliiPC  not  only  of  lliut  »litti>,  liiit  liulf  of  IVi  w 
Jtrtpy  and  llin  wfvlprii  partH  of  Now  Knicland.  Thu 
export*  of  tMassaehusettn  ure  the  prodiipp  ol  Maiisarhu- 
kPttit  and  piiria  nf  New  llinnp*«liire  uiid  Vprmont.  JS'eiv 
England  and  wVVw  York  own  about  two  lliirdit  of  ull  i!je 
ahippini^  of  the  Unitpd  Htalpii.  'I'he  atatei  luulb  uf  the 
Futuinite  own  only  oic  eighth  part. 

i^itf<itions.  i.  Which  state  ii  the  fir^t  in  the  amntint 
of  i-X|iurU  ?  8.  Mi-ntion  iIm  neven  next.  H.  Wjiicli 
fltnte  owni  moat  ahippiiii;  ?  1.  Which  npxi  P  A.  Which 
next  ?  6.  How  larii^e  a  portion  il  ownpil  in  New  Kii^- 
land  and  New  York  f  7,  lluw  large  a  portion  ii  owned 
south  of  the  Potomac  ? 


i! 


/* 


t^     ^^ 


m 


AL  VtlHi 


tmporlt.  Thi"  fiill.mins^  laUlf  »!»«»♦»  the  prSnfipnl 
nr»ii|i'«  impnrifil  iiitit  i|ii>  IL  M.  in  l«ur,  vrrNu^tU  ««. 
Cwrtlitig  1)1  (li«ir  vuluf. 


I.  nritidi  mKnuranturti  citinaud  «t 
9.  Hut^tir 

4.  Kiirriirn  HuirtU 
T<  Moluttei 


iw.iro.vir 

10,AUH.Ha» 


ffi»m«rfr.  Tfi»  »HoT^  nrtlclf*  w««r«»  not  wit.illr  fon. 
iitni«-il  ill  ihr  IT  H.  Iim  n  <Miniiit**rulilf  |inriioii  of  caeb 
nmt  vi|i'iririi  to  vnrinui  |nirl«  of  llttr  wurltl. 

flufttinn.  Wlut  nrp  (h«>  A>p  principiil  nr(icl«»  in* 
portvil  itilu  (he  U.  N,  I'runi  [urn^w  cuuiilrics  } 


3  riiirr  TowM».     Tht  fir»t  rnliimn    in  th**  tn\\ns*\nfn 

%  Inlili'  «how»  iln«  rhiff  tonus  niiil  (i7«fn  in  llu-  T    M.  \  the 

f^  leriiiDl.  till'  iiopuliitiim  in  iSdO  j  ilii*  llntil.  ihe  impuUilion 

in  IHto;  ihi'  I'mirth,  /i«;<'  matii/  ufv  cftit.  rack  imrvunvd 
hi>twp»n  ttu.t  Hiitl  tHlOi  the  Hiih,  l!>e  nuiuhfr  of /onu 
(>f  Hlilppiiiff  i.u'HfU  ill  17(1  n  thp  nixlh,  the  shififting 
umtfii  in  IHt.l  I  thp  hpvi'iiiN,  Imw  mniiif  per  cent,  tin: 
»fiipping  ihcrfas«d  between  17»»  aii«l  isia. 


Cities. 


I  MX). 


N.w  Yii.k 

Pliil.t<lel|>hia 

Utiiimore 

iiiiitrleiiton 

Nc-w  Orleitni 

Salt-m 

Providence 

Itichmond 

.Vorlutk 


rtr  «'• 

36,WI4 
24,917 

ao.4.jr 

10.(/00 
9  457 
7.61* 
3.7:19 
6,746 


!  n>b.  In 

'Inc 

Shipping 

Shippwf  1 

j     HiO. 

Arffti 

in  1794. 

in  Ulll 

[iKvif? 

6q 

94,'-! 

,^yj«il7 

'  ■•■-.■i'^ 

zc 

74.I68 

101, 830 

^a515 

77 

24,'25.1 

lOl.'JfiO 

.•i;3,J50 

3:l 

(W.961 

I4,'5.4'.'0 

•24,711 

21 

40,552 

:J«,47.') 

17i'42 

7i 

|;5,V99 

r;,6ij 

3.1 

23,623 

34,4A4 

10  071 

.12 

12fi03 

U4C5 

9.73$ 

/O 

9.943 

V,1U.? 

27 

17,59 1 

31,6V8 

Int. 

Him 

37 

3.^0 

112 

None 

40 
U 


Hi 

'  »l»o»»  fhe  prinfip'tl 
ill  l«ur,  vrrniivtcd  no. 


ltd  at 


^10,000,0(10 
tO,nuH.H9» 


Wfrf  not  wholly  fnn- 
ritldf  itnriioii  u(  eacli 
III'  uorUI. 

prinripiil  nrticltt  in* 
ruuulnct  f 


mn  in  tli«>  hWnwlnn 
tift  ill  ilif  II  H.  (  the 
1'  fliiril.  ilif  impululum 
rr  c¥nt.  rack  incri'aHfd 
I,  l!>e  niitulifr  of  tont 
ni«lli,  llie  nhipfiintf 
V  HirtMy  per  cent,  //»»• 


Sfiif)6in/f 
n  1794. 

Shififiiiiif 

in  U;lv 

r>ie 

94,' '.t 

UbS)^? 

2UH 

r4.ifiH 

10l.8"0 

37 

24.'^5.1 

loi.yfio 

3'.^0 

66.961 

143.4..'0 

U2 

40,5;2 

:J6,47.') 
|3,V»9 

None 

23,623 

34,4.14 

40 

12  603 

144C5 
9,943 

U 

ir,59i 

31,6V8 

»' 

01'   IIIK  I'M  I  HI*  MTATli^. 

i{n-,i!intt      I.   Wiiieh   ciiy  *(it   lUci   V.   N.   Iiat|  i||9 

'^r<t.ti,*l  p>i|ii|luliiiri  ill  txio  if  j  Whii-lt  Imii  ilitf  |rtM« 
i'<t  ill  iHlii  .'  .1.  iMfiiiiiiti  ihv  live  piiiiutp.il  rtltrt  in 
ili»  unl«r  ul'ilit'ir  pufiiil'kiiiiii  III  |itt>i  r  i,  .Meiiiiiiiiititf 
ii\«  ritir«  vvliiih  iiifi'i.-,k«iM|  frttir^l  liviuii'ti  lioo  nimI 
t^in  f  A.  VVliirh  fii>  litiil  llip  iiHKi  oliiitpiiiif  ill  i<ti,i  ? 
6.  Wliirli  Ihriu-  >itv  mtt  tilllir  .Ni»*  >  <.rk  ?  r.  Which 
oily  incri<i«««>i|  i'untvi  in  iiiiiuunt  nl'  ihippi.i',^  lirinrim 
17u»  itiiil  iHi.i  ?  N.  Which  iicul  ?  tt  Which  ncii  P 
10.  Whut  ciiy  ilecrciticil  in  ihe  niioutit  uf  it*  ihipping  i^ 

'I'hf  rnlltiwiM'^  liililc  kI.imv*  iiniir  iif  ilic  ot*ii<r  princi- 
nil  iiiwua  wiih  ihvir  iiitpuiAlioii  in  l4io.  nuU  ihiiMiinse 
III  l«*i«.  "     '^ 


A/»  /<•  1810. 

Mlwi.y  9,3  Tft 

\Vd<liiiiii^(i>t)  0,2U'i 
Ncwliiir)nui't  7,037 
Alcxaixliii*  7,277 
Hnrihtdd  T.16> 

New  ll.i\eii  6,';ft7 
I'lji'Uniuuili     6,v;4 


Shl/'p!rs\       Ptfl  in  \9 10. 


?4.69l 
ll.HU 
3'MI7 
1 2.42'> 
'0,411 


N'lih'iickct 
(,<o(irf>it(.'r 
\|;ilbli-li«u(l 
New  IKc'Kir.I 
I'cU't'Kbiirg 

l'l>  n'.o'iih 


"te 

X"l, 

ll,i).':U 

:>,Vv't 

1.5,A3,S 

S.Til 

23,732 

S,C6n 

5.7,54 

.A  \'4J 

IC.7r« 

•i.-^H 

i«,itr5 

RfinfJiL.  Thn  (uwn«  on  the  iii>A«niiit  of  Sew  Kiig, 
Uiiil  u«vii  a  likri(«  miiouiu  of  nhippintj,  but  thu  •oulhttril 
eiiiia  own  very  liltlu. 

^ueitionx.  Which  Una  iho  mo»t  nhipplnt;  \ew  Oi^. 
kail*  or  Nvw  Ucill'urd  r     I'l^  mouth  or  Uuhinuud  i 


Coi.LKORi.  Tn  lh.»  ftillowlnsf  (ahlc  the  l«f  rnluinn 
shuw«  the  nnmi'>t  of  the  principal  cnllttjcH  in  ilip  IJ,  8.  j 
the  Wil  iihow*  the  year  when  euch  ««■•  irirurpnrutrd  f 
the  3(1  iihowi  the  niiinlier  ufdfitmni,  tliut  in,  the  nunihei 
tvhu  have  been  ediiralcil  at  euch  cuilcge  sintc  its  ciiitb" 
liahinent  ;  the  Mh  »howH  how  iiiuny  of  the  ulnmni  wcro 
mini^terH  ;  the  aih,  tin*  number  oV  ttliiinni  In-iriff  /  the 
'»ih,  (ho  numhvr  i)f  ministers  Ih-inff  s  mikI  thi- rth,  ii«^ 
period  to  which  th<'  »tatimtnls  ere  broimht  (/c,(> 


¥\ 


■  i 


ifi 


ill 


300 

Niime. 

Hiii'VArd 

Yule 

I'riiiccton 

Ciiluinliiii 

Brown 

l^UI'tlDillltll 
'  J)ilkill!«riu 
M'illiainii 
Union 
ItowiloiM 
Middlt'liiiry 
>?.  Cnroliua 

Total 


OKNEftAL  VIEWS 


Incnr. 

Alumni 

IG.i.l 

ITj^ 

17(10 

3,;5u() 

n-ip 

1,1'^,^ 

1751 

1)011 

Hiil 

O'iit 

I7(i!l 

1,1 ',Ki 

i-ns 

27.: 

MM 

47a 

171)'1 

291 

171M 

J!  5 

ICUU 

2(i0 

1G02 

276 

Io,i50 

Mini*- 

Alumni  1 

tera. 

^tl<K^  . 

M'.tu 

1.701] 

on 

1,B78 

-Z'dl 

l,02;i 

G7 

Mil 

1l5 

2I)J 

!)y2 

fia 

213 

112 

434 

3;< 

200 

2 

«0 

55 

250 

5 

20O 

3,U'J0 

7,013 

Mill. 

living. 

206 

1818 

357  1 

1817 

147  1 

1815 

1814 

130 

18  5.7 

228 

181G 

58 

1813 

107 

1317 

32 

1813 

2 

181ti 

55 

1817 

5 

icic. 

1,40G 


(iHfst'.ons.  1.  Which  is  the  oldest  college  in  the  U. 
S.  ?  a.  Whieh  has  llie  (;n!iitest  iJiimber  ol' ttluiniii  ?  3. 
Which  next  r  4.  Which  next  ?  5.  Which  has  the 
greatekt  number  oi'uluinni  livinjj  ? 


Revenue  AND  ExPENDirunE.  The  fnliowing  table 
shows  the  whole  umonnt  of  the  revenne  luid  cxpendilure 
of  the  United  States  for  26  years,  from  Murch  17SU  to 
March  1819. 


JReceiflt. 
Customs,  S  222.530.374 
Internal  revenue,  U.01G.342 
nirepf  taxes,  4.470,820 
Postage  of  litters,  747,388 
Sale  |>ijb.  lands,  8,658.3iVJ 
Miscellaneous.      1,590.001 

247,019,302 


E  Xpert  Jtturet 

Military  depart.  97,t.28,979 
Naval  depail.  47,818.303 
Civil  list,  i4.'J40,G95 

Foreign  interc.  10,078,015 
Indian  depart,  1.338,010 
Miscellaneous,    12,315  301 


184,719,330 


Bemarka.  More  than  nine  tenths  of  the  revenue  is 
derived  from  the  customs,  that  is,  froii  the  dnfiei*  jmid 
on  furcign  goods    imported   iato   the  United   btulc». 


1 


IEW8 


I- 

Alumni 

Min. 

. 

lirli.g  ■ 

living. 

In 

1.71)13 

ailu' 

17 

1,«78 

357  1 

J  7 

1,02a 

147  1 

07 

1 

III 

■715 

l.'iOl 

tiJ 

DltL' 

£•20! 

(12 

213 

50 

l'2 

434 

107 

3;'' 

200 

32 

ii 

80 

2 

bb 

250 

55 

5 

'Jf)(» 

5 

iio 

7,013 

1,40G 

1818 
1017 
1815 
1814 
10  5.7 
181C 
1813 
1017 
1013 
181ti 
1817 
1C16 


oldest  college  in  the  U. 
It  number  ol'  uluinui  ?  3. 
xt  ?      0.  Which  I1&8  the 

11a  ? 


fiE.  The  fnilowing  table 
■  reveniio  hihI  expendilure 
ars,  from  March  17SI)  to 


Exfienditurtt 
lilitary  depart.  97 ,t.28,979 
aval  depart, 
ivii  li«l, 
f»rei:;n  interc 
iditin  ilepart' 
li;iveiiaueou8, 


47,010,303 
14.040,095 
10,070,015 
1.338,010 
12,315  301 

104,719,330 


(  tenths  of  the  revenue  is 

if  is,  froii  the  duties'  piiid 

into   the  United   btulc*. 


UV   ri[K  UNITED  STATES. 


m 


Rvery  p»»nnd  of  nortVe,  inipnjted  into  the  United  Rlatpii, 
yii'hl*  5  cenl^  to  ihe  Treuiiirj  ;  i-\iry  ptiniid  of  brown 
»Ui5:ir,  3  eenls;  every  pound  of  loiii'  siiijar,  J2  eenm  ; 
I'viTy  ^ullou  of  Aliidt  ir<i  wine,  one  dollar ;  in-.  The 
internut  reviiiiie  ami  direct  taxes  on  Iioiisch  and  lundur, 
yield  very  little,  became  th"y  are  only  resorted  to  in 
cuse.H  of  enieri5eney.  The  revenue  from  the  sale  of  pub- 
lie  landft  is  very  rapidly  inereasini;. 

The  expenses  of  the  .Military  Department  ineliide  llio 
support  of  the  army,  ereetins;  lorlilicationn,  the  purehafie 
of  cannnii  and  inusktis,  armin!>  the  militia.  &.c.  The 
expenses  of  the  civil  list  include  the  salaiius  of  the 
onicerit  i»f  government,  &c. 

Questions.  1.  What  i»  the  principal  noureo  of  rcv- 
enuo  to  the  United  States?  2  How  lureje  a  portion  of 
the  revenue  is  deriveil  from  the  custom'.*  ?  ::.  What  are 
the  ottjer  snureen  of  revenue  P  4.  What  are  the  princi- 
pal  items  of  expendilure  ?  5.  Which  is  most  expensive, 
the  military  or  uaval  cstublishmcut  of  the  United 
Stales  ? 


Tnchease  ok  the  United  States.  The  followin- 
table  will  illustrate  the  increase  of  Ihe  United  Stales  in 
shippinj?,  exports,  revenue,  and  p.ipulation,  between 
1790  and  1815, 


1790 
lrir» 
IHUIJ 
1805 
1810 
1815 


\_Shif>p!ng.  I    Pom   Ex.   \    For  F^   |   JTrnvi^f.    I  Pgf,, 


4tt6,0'y0 

747,961 

97.2,000 

1,443,45) 

l,4'24,781 

1,37.2,-^3 


For  F 

'ou,9  OS  i.ii.. 0.000 


£14 
1»  064  050 
31,840,90,5 
4.',J!,7,00- 
4:,i66,fJ\^ 
45,97'\40j 


29.791,506 
,59  ico.ir- 
53.179,0.9 
'.'4  391,295 
6,5tiJ,35U 


S'A4l0,,i'J0l3  9293-'6 

.'i,9.54..->34  4.500  900 

10  777.70915.105  666 

13,560.69316180  000 

9,354,214  7  239  903 

"7,656,436 1 8  40 J  000 


Itemarks.  A^he  increase  in  all  the  abovctnenlionei! 
particuluis  is  astonishing  The  shipping  and  foreign 
exports  were  very  great,  and  increased  rapidly  between 
n.i5  and  ISob,  becuu«e  at  that  timi?  the  nations  of 
Europe  were  at  war,  Kud  the  United  Slates,  bein-'  tL« 


1.1 


''j' 


luS 


OENHIlAr.  VIEWS 


Si  I 


only  npiitrni  nnlinn,  cnrrifd  on  ilie  (•oin'^iprcc  of  (lie 
bi-liigtTi'iiiH.  The  revemje  was  uiiintuitlly  lur^f  in  iho 
year  181 "»  This  wa«  just,  after  ihe  close  ol'  ilie  lliree 
ycari^  war  widi  Great  llrttHin.  During  llmt  war  the 
Uriiish  navy  excludtil  the  United  Stale*  from  inler- 
coiiTHC  with  foreign  nations,  airl  of  course  there  were 
few  importti  and  lillle  revenue  ;  but  immi'iliult'ly  on  the 
return  of  peaee,  fi)roi:^n  goods  were  imported  in  large 
qitantilies,  and  the  revenue  was  eonsequt-ntiy  inereaseJ 
lo  a  very  unusual  amonnl.  In  ordinary  yeari*  ihe  rev- 
enue may  now  be  reckoned  at  about  BIOjOOOjOUO. 


Post  Offl-efi.  The  following  tahle  shows  how  much 
the  number  of  post  ol^cis  and  post  roads  has  increased 
in  ihe  United  Statex,  since  1793. 


179.) 
1797 
1603 

mil 

1C17 


A'tf.  cfPo.-t  Of.::*,    Length  of  Post  Roads. 
Mittt. 
QOD  5,642 

554  16,180 


1,'ioC 
2, 10.3 
3,439 


£5,315 
36,406 
51, GOO 


7?.  mark:  The  length  of  post  roads,  that  is,  of  the 
roads  on  which  tlic  raliil  is  carried,  h/'s  Increased  nearly 
ten-fiild  since  1793;  and  the  number  of  post  offices 
nearly  twenty-fold.  This  is  a  great  improvement,  be- 
cause' it  fiieilitales  coiTo-ijxindence  and  intercourse  be- 
tween dificrcnt  pails  of  ihe  country,  and  promotes 
<;(jintnerc'. 


iKVVS 

I  the  eowiiprcc  of  l!ie 
uiHMunlly  liirt;t*  in  iho 
r  (he  close  ol'  ilie  llirue 
During  llmt  uur  the 
tetl  Staled  f'-otn  inler- 
'I  of  course  there  were 
bin  immeiliiilt'ly  on  the 
ivere  imported  in  liirge 
1  eoMseqiicntiy  increnseJ 
ordinary  jearft  the  rev- 
)out  Sltj,OUO,OUO. 

was  tlic  revenue  of  the 
At  what  period  was  the 
p  greatest  ?    3.   In  what 

produce  the  greatest  ? 
icrease  of  shipping,  and 
|)orts  hetwoou  1795  and 
e  great  amount  of  rcv- 

tahlp  shows  how  much 
lost  roadj  has  increased 

-f,     Lcn:;th  of  Post  Soads- 
MiUt. 

16,180 

36,10G 
51, GOO 

it  roads,  that  is,  of  the 
ed,  l;.>"*  increased  nearly 
number  of  post  offices 
great  improvement,  he- 
nce and  intercourse  be- 
country,  and    promotes 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  800 

({Hestions.  I,  How  much  did  the  length  of  post  roads 
increase  bet  ween  17;U  and  HUT?  2?  [hnsun^^U  the 
number  of  p,,,,  on,..e.,  ?  ;$.  \V|.y  is  the  increase  of  nont 
oUicc«,  aud  the  length  of  post  roads  an  improvemeni  \ 


PuHLio  I)EnT.  The  following  slalcment  shows  the 
amonoi  ot  the  J-bt  cf  the  United  Slates  at  diQerent 
periods. 

In  1791  875,403,467 

1C12  66.t)')(),l).{2 

1317  11 ',',107,86',' 

nmarks.  The  original  debt  of  g75,4C.J,467,  u-a» 
ooiilracled  in  support  of  the  war  of  Independence,  which 
lasted  <'""i  1775  to  l-l),3.  During  the  long  peace 
^'tween  1703  a„d  1812  the  country  was  pn.spenMM,  and 
the  debt  was  gradually  reduced  to  less  than  one  half  of 
Hie  original  amount.  The  war  of  181  i'-.' 13  nnd '14 
increased  it  again  more  than  threefold  :  but  I  be  present 
debt  IS  much  more  moderate,  compared  uiih  Hie  iiopu- 
lation  and  resources  of  the  country,  than  the  debt  ia 

(In^^thns      1.  What  was  the  amount  of  the  debt  of 

he  Uoiled  States  in  1701  :    2.   „„,,  „,^^  „,; ,,^  ^^^^_ 

trae  ed  ?  3.  How  mueii  was  (he  del.t  reduced  in  11)1 .'  ? 
4.  H..W  much  was  it  inerensed  by  the  war  with  tJreat 
Bri.ain  in  lOlS  ?  6  Is  the  present  debt  as  burdensome 
as  the  debt  in  1791 P 


Revenub,  Manufactures,  and  Militia.  The 
farst  column  ol  the  following  table  shows  the  amount  of 
revenue  received  fro.n  each  stale  in  1P15;  the  second  the 
eslimatod  value  of  MmuJactureH  for  1810:  and  the 
third,  the  number  of  militia  iu  1818, 


9tO 


nKNKUAT-   VIEW3 


/?<  vrnue. 

Ma'nifac'i. 

Miliiiu. 

g       U'2V..\)hl 

9,  5,lU7,i.'nO 

2O,'J03 

'.).',;ho 

5,..'2r),OI5 

2j,701 

5,7  71,607 

■V  11,110 

yi,il'.t5,5'2« 

7C,C3G 

■J;<.1,02 1 

4,l<>t*..071 

0,350 

2;u,r.H3 

7,771,020 

'20,573 

ii.iviw.jj 

'2rj,;no.28!) 

111].4'JU 

i;),t;i'j 

7.or)i,r)'Ji 

3.5,1 6'J 

7,ll'i.at;{ 

3;»,fi!M.lM 

110,010 

:u,(iun 

1,7.'..».7U 

•7.443 

4,U'')(),o()» 

ll,IOl!,7!H 

32,18f) 

1,1',";,  N,  I 

ir>,'2t!:5.»7J 

85.7ia 

.•nr>,'.Mi 

c,Gj:«,i.v2 

f)U.307 

l,l2:t,irtli 

;<.(;2.5.r>'jrj 

3'2,203 

);ii'2,-ir,.i 

;3,HulJ,lol 

20,101 

12,2i7 

419,073 

10,30!? 

i)Cl,0O'.» 

1.222.357 

9.891 

3.«ll,U20 

29,193 

G.ll!l.()2l 

62,913 

2.!i^M.2;U) 

01.938 

:uRi.(i(n) 

15,171 

1 2a,uoo 

2,123 

200.000 

6,502 

.102,4215 

1,100.000 

2,252 

•l.Mll 

50,000 

«:57.i;rii!.iiu; 

Vrrtnonf, 

\i'\v  lluiiipliirp, 

.Miiirif,  } 

MiisHni'litmelts,  $ 

liliodu  Islanil, 

('(inneodi'iif, 

Npw  York, 

\»w  ,Firscy, 

IViiiis)lvunia, 

Di-hiwuio, 

M  ndiinil, 

Vir^iiiiii, 

Norlli  (.'aroliiin, 

Sdiitli  l.'unl'iia, 

(jitM)rt;i<i, 

Afiibtiiir,), 

MiHAisHi|i|ii, 

l.iiiiisiiina, 

Kentucky, 
Uhio, 
liiiliiuia, 
llliiHii'i, 

t'ltliimliiii  ni*i. 
^liiliis^un  'IV  r. 

ToIhT, 


Ilpmarkn.  'I'lio  revoniic  nri>r<  from  tluties  pniJ  on 
foniijii  t;oo<l!»,  itiipiiitetl  into  llie  Uiiilfd  Sliilea,  and  llie 
dm  ill!*  are  puid  in  iliosi'  purls  wlun;  the  goods  ure  lirst 
liindid.  TeniiP'ssiee,  Ki-nlui-ky,  &c.  u«y  no  revenue, 
beciuise  llit-y  are  interior  slales,  an<l  have  no  ports. 
IVew  York  pay*  a  great  revenue,  heeaiise  the  foreign 
j»ood*  consun»ed  in  New  York,  half  of  New  Jeriiey,  aud 
the  western  part  of  New  Eiii^land,  are  lirHt  landed  in 
the  eity  of  New  York,  and  pay  duties  there.  The  j^oodf 
eonsnmed  in  the  western  »t  «ies.  pay  duties  in  Philadel- 
phia, Bdltituore,  New  Oileiiui*,  Sky. 


IEW3 


Afami/ac'i. 

Miliiia. 

f 

«  :>,«u7,i>no 

■JO.OOJ 

t 

r),'J2r),oij 

'Jj,70l 

' 

.•?,7ll,IUi 

->i,;!it-),rv2« 

70,030 

\ 

4,l(>t*.07» 

0,350 

i 

7,77 1,0  JO 

■20,1)73 

) 

Qr),;no/.'8i) 

iin.jou 

1 

7.05  »,r''.> » 

35,16'J 

5 

3:i,r,!M.iM 

110,010 

! 

i,7.i.».7H 

^.410 

I 

ll.(tJl!,7!H 

32,1  Of) 

t 

ir.,'v'i!;.t.»7J 

85.760 

I 

c,Gj:«,i.v,' 

f)U.307 

i 

;<.(;2.5.r>'jr> 

3'2,'J03 

1 

;3,Hult,K;i 

20,101 

7 

410,073 

io,30iy 

.» 

1.2'.'->,;557 

9.894 

L3.fill,Ui.'0 

29,193 

f..llll.()'2l 

62,913 

'.'.ofM.JtU) 

01.938 

;Uiii.(i(li» 

15,171 

120,(100 

2,123 

20l).0U0 

6,502 

I'l 

1,100.000 

2,252 

1 

r)0,ooo 

G 

isr«  from  tluties  pniJ  on 
e  Uiiili'il  Sliilea,  uiul  llie 
wlu'i't;  the  goods  ure  lirst 
y,  &c.  p«y  no  revenue, 
i'tes,  ami  have  no  ports, 
me,  liecjuise  the  foreign 
,  half  of  New  Jersey,  Hud 
;liin(l,  lire  tirHt  landed  in 
dm ieri  there.  The  >;ood9 
x.  pay  duties  in  FliiladsU 
,  JScv. 


OP  AMI'.RICA. 


vUl 


Qiirstionit.  1.  From  wUal  ninio  doc*  (lie  general  gov- 
ernnieiit  derive  moM  revenue  .=  ,'.  Why  doen  j\ew  York 
pay  ho  iniieli  more  (hiui  other  ittuteH  ?  3.  Why  i»  tliere 
no  revenue  from  the  wfulern  Htntes  ?  4.  Where  do  (he 
goods  eouMumed  in  (he  weHlern  stntes  pay  dulies  ?  d, 
Whieh  Diiite  is  (he  firM  iu  (he  vulue  of  i(H  munufuc- 
lure«?  (!.  Which  next?  7.  Whieh  are  the  greatest 
inaiMiraeturins  states,  the  AllHnlie  or  « eniern  flutes  f 
«.  >>hieh  are  (lie  greatest,  (he  cag(ern  and  middle 
states,  or  (he  liouthern  ? 


II.     OF  JhMEllICA. 

Extent   and   Popim.ation.      The   following  (uhle 
shoMs  the  extent  and  population  of  the  priuviral  coun- 


tries in  America. 

Countric 


Si/uare 
Mites. 


Canada  and  > 
New  Uritaiii  j 
Nova  Seotiaand 
New  nrun.swfck 
Newfoundland 
United  Slates 
Mexieo       ) 
Ouatimala  5 
West  Indies 
N\w  Grenada? 
Venezuela       5 
Pern 
Brazil 


Pi'pulalion. 

500,000 

100,00(1 

Gt)0()0 

70,000 

2,000,000  [lO,000.(«00 

C.OOO.OOU 

1  fiOO.OOO 


1,260,000 

40,000  ' 
I 
44,000, 


■  enos 


Chili 


Ayres 


3,000,000  ! 

I 

95,000 ' 

1 ,000,000 ! 

1 ,000.000 

2,250,000 

l,3(JO.00O 

100,000 


1 .( (JO.OOO 
72iJ.OO() 

1  ,ona,(K)o 

2.0O0.000 
2,000,000 
1 ,20C.00o 


Remnrk.  The  extent  and  popnUtion 
cftunlries  in  America  has  never  heoe  a 
much  accnraey,  and  for  this  rcuson  Iho 
niade  in  round  uuitibers. 


CfiitfTuwis. 

Qu"bec. 

HaUfax. 

I'Vederieklon 

'^r.  .John's. 

Washini'ton-. 

Mexico. 

(HMiiimala^ 

iluvana. 

Quito. 

('araceas, 

Lima. 

Ilio  Janeiro. 

IJuenos  Ayres.. 

St.  Jago. 

of  most  of  (he 
seertainii!  with 

alrn:oii!«  nn 


OENEHAL  VIEWS 


America  ronlaiiiH 
:».  WImt 


Jit 

lluesthm.  i.  Which  counfrv  in 
the  ^icalett  pnpulttiion  P  ii.  Whirh  ncxl  ? 
14  the  |ifipulalion  of  Hcru  ?  l.  Of  NcMfoumllttnil  ?  B. 
or  BrHzil  ?  e.  Which  country  conlaini  the  greatest 
nuinlM'r  of  t((|iinrc  milt'M  P  7.  Which  next  P  H.  Which 
next  ?  9.  Mow  niHTiy  »qiiAre  milen  in  llie  United  Wt«lc«  P 
10.  WhHt  in  the  chief  town  in  Canuda  P  H.  In  Nova 
Seetitt  P    14.  In  the  Weit  ludie«  P    13.  In  Venezuela  P 


k 


PniNPirAi.  TowN«.     The  following  (able  shows  the 
princiitai  eilie»  in  the  order  of  their  iio|)ulttliou. 


40,000 
l>;}.250 
3S,000 

:}2,ooo 

30,000 

r.(j,ooo 

2').000 
21.711 
24,000 
17,2-12 

1 0.257 


Mexico, 

137,000 

St.  Jago  in  Chili, 

Kio  Janeiro, 

10U,OUt» 

R<i»li>n, 

I'olOMi, 

100,000 

Znctiieuai, 

New  York. 

1)3.1)  1  1 

t'nsco, 

PliilHilel|thia, 

92.:M7 

('nraecas, 

PnehiK, 

80,000 

Ht.  Fe  df  nogota, 

St.  .Htvlvudor, 

70,000 

Montreiii, 

Quito, 

C^.OOO 

('liiirlcktnn, 

Gnnnaxunfo, 

60,(»00 

('uinaiiii. 

Buenoii  Ajres, 

co.ouo 

New  Orlt'uns, 

Lima, 

52.000 

Qiii'liec, 

Baltimore, 

4G.55G 

Halifax, 

15,000 


(liifxlions.  1.  Which  are  the  five  larsrost  ciliei  ia 
AmiTtcu  P  2.  Mhat  iit  (he  |iii{)iilaliitii  of  Mexico  P  3. 
of  New  ^  ork  ?  4  of  Qmlier  ?  ri  of  Mimlreul  ?  G.  of 
BalliuioreP    7.  ol  Quito  P   U.  uf  Philadelphia  P  &e.  &c. 


lIisTonv  or  Setti.fmf.kts.  The  first  ('oliinm  in  the 
foilowin:;  labie  exhihitx  the  |iniicipul  rtiiivhiif:  in 
Ameriea,  uirniiged  according  to  llie  oider  of  time,  in 
which  (he  firsl  pernmnent  »;etilt  meiit*  were  made  hy 
Europeanii :  tlic  necond  nlmws  rvhen  they  were  setU'dj 
and  the  third,  bv  ivhat  mtiou. 


n 


lEWS 

y  in  America  rontaitiH 
fh'u-h  next  f  .'».  Wlmt 
[)r  NewrouiKllunil  i  a. 
t  contain!  the  grputett 
liicb  ni'xt  f  H.  Wliirh 
I'H  intlielJiiitvilMtatviiP 
L'anuila  ?  U.  In  Nova 
I  ?    13.  lu  Venezuela  ? 


Iluwing  (ahic  rIiuw*  the 
liuir  iii)|iulatiuu. 


Jngo  in  Chili, 

40,000 

Ion, 

3:}.250 

■ttteuai, 

33,01)0 

*co, 

32,000 

nu'pad, 

30,000 

Fc  (If  Rngota, 

r,o,ooo 

utrciil, 

2.').000 

irlckion, 

21.711 

IDlllll. 

24,000 

tv  Orlt'Utis, 

17,242 

mIicc, 

1  r).2fj7 

lii'HX, 

15,0U0 

lie  five  larafORt  cilie*  in 

piiluliitii  of  Mexico  ?    3. 

5    of  Moiilrt'ul  ?    G.   of 

f  Philadelphia  ?  &i-.  &C' 


Tlip  first  ('olnnm  in  the 

|>niit'ipul    nnivhii'ft   in 

lo  III*-  oi<li-r  of  tiiii«',  in 

liliment^   \\«ro  nmilp  liy 

ivlien  ihey  were  setUi «l ; 


w 


OK  A>ii:uic.\. 


Ji;i 


t.'aunntei. 

Mi'xivo, 

IVni, 

MiH'iioi  Ayrco, 

(Jhili, 

Mrn/il, 

Virginia, 

CaMiiilu, 

New  ^'ork■, 

MimaeliimcKn, 

Di'luwar*'  ainl    I 

!'•  riim>|\Hiiiu,  j 

Marylund, 

(•uiuiia, 

Carolina, 


W/ieii  tctlUil. 


1521 
I  :>  12 

I  .).J.-> 

ir,io 
ir,it) 

It,u7 

Il'.t  t 

I  t(  i'O 
I  I(i27 

ir,.ti 
Id.!  I 

Hi7i) 


By 
»y 
»y 
liy 
Hv 
l»V 
»y 
Hy 
Hy 

»y 

»y 

Hy 
Hy 


By  lih.it  lu.liuH. 

till-  S|iuiiiariU. 
Iiir  S|iiiiii.ir<N. 
the  Npaoiai'iU. 
the  N|iitiiiarilii. 
the  l'oilii->oe!«e 
I  he  Kii^li<4h. 
the  French, 
the  Diiieh. 
the  Kni^lJHh. 

the  SweJei. 

Irish  Cathnliofi 
the  Kn-^lijth. 
the  Englinh. 


i"  tr'it,,  •  Jl'"  - '•"r  "'•*  •"•.-""  '"  ^"'••'^  ■"  ^-"eriea 
I"   leMN  than  ,i()  yearn  aljer  il«  JiHroverv  •  il...  i.'..   i-  i 

"'.«  till  70  years  Inter  than  the  ^^Z^,;    'L  ^  f," r.' 

«n<    .ontherr.   seelion*  of  the   Ij'.ile.l   S,u,e      ^7e1ir  ' 

the^Kuropea„H.,Ms..„|..?   ,.   u  ,,..,   |.:,n.,M.an   .'".ioj 


n....e  niejir.,.MMe„..,.nn  ;.„;;■:;:  vit:;.;;'';;:; 

0      Xnienead,,!  ,he  Kn.^h,!,   (irMHeltle?    »      I  ^  C 
n..nt  ««s  „.a,|.p    5.   ILv,  loo^  l...|We  thrii/     Sh 

c^yuiaPcaroiu..Ai„^,:.u^^::rL'r';c;S' 


if 


i!ft 


'fii'tr 


Jit 


<;ENKUA1,  Vli:NVf* 


I 


HI.     OF  KVllOVH. 

KxrrHT   ANn   rovn..T.ov.      Thr    following   fuMe 
iliii-r  inwni  of  ull  lla-  i-ounUicii  in  hurope. 


Cvunlrin.  Sq>  MiUt 

Xoiwav  I3J.6'<0 

SwcilcTt  tHH.4 
lliihsia  in  Emopc         C.OOO.ljKi 

llcnmiirk  V0,9;,0 

final  Hritain  88,56^ 

XiMlieilaiuU  2J.3..7 

I'runce  21J.0W) 

Switzfilund  ll!,o(yO 

Austria  i'fiO.OOO 

I'nuk'u  llO.Of-0 

lUvaria  2H.(>()<» 

\Viinrnl«rg  7.-'2f' 

ll.iiiovtr  12,1<t<' 

D;ulcn  f>.'K»'< 
Siiullcr  Cicrm.  Pt.-itcH  24,i'0<' 
l\ii\fM!n'ri  (,i  .s.iT(li!iii4        2'1,0 '** 

Km  f-t  Tvo  Slciliis  44  .'S-^ 
SinullcT  lialuill  SlutCd        2M.«00 

Vpain  l'J.'i.M;0 

Tiiiki-y  in  F.tiropr  20u.(K.O 
l'o(ul                 j.r-lS.lJii 


Pipulatinn- 

2,.i'^6  ."-'<' 
3li,(»<i<*,iii*(. 

J  ,f)  t3,M'" 
tC,ii2,144 

4,30(),(K>() 

■^'j,32r.''<'<> 

l,.i<>.5.4fi2 
l,3"3,:J3l 

1. ':;<':."<«' 

4,2l6.i<'i' 

6,766.i"J( 
4  C>2S}Mi\ 

:;,5.ii;,7i2 


f 
1 

1<) 

77 
141 

14H 
2<'A 

m 

10(1 


Capital. 

Hcrptn 

siucliiio'm 

St.  I'turslnirj; 

tjdpinhantii 

Uiiittoii 

Diililin 

AmiiUuUm 

I'arit 

IkTnp 

Vi'Tllltt 


<)5  III' rl 111 
Munirli 
htiitrgaiil 
llaiiovrr 
Drosilon 
Sanliciir 


quFitlim.  i.  Which  Htiilo  in  Kuropc  li(i«  llic  laig  -. 
•rriitoiy  r  'J.  WLul  n\n\v*  foiilain  more  llian  200,000 
»i|iiiiri'  uiilt'H  ?  a.  Whui  states  coiiUin  lii't«t*cn  lou,()«o 
and  -2  (1.000  r  1-  Mfiw  niiiiiy  »(iiiiiri'  tnilps  in  IVnsnia  ? 
3.  How  main  in  Sjiiiiii  r  «  llnw  iiiaiij  in  (ireal  I>ituin  f 
r  How  lua'I',  in  Iii-lautl  ?  s.  W  Iml  is  llie  extent  of 
(iifui  Hiitaili  anil  Irelund,  taken  tom'llier  r  9.  Which 
I'lmr  ntuic!*  hmc  tin-  t^rcalcol  |iniiiilu.ion  ?  iO.  V  hat  is 
the  |iiipiilali(in  of  Groiil  HiilMiii  and  Irtland.  taken  to- 
Selhcr  .-     11.  What  i«  the  |ini)uIutiou  of  the  Aether 


.ll»"^  ••^p»^^>       •  -..»«i«^ 


••.\v.<» 


ni'K. 

Thp    following?   liiMe 
«iiy  of  pn|iiiluti(ni,  nnJ 

Capital. 

.  Hcrpin 

l.'ijsincklio'm 
St.  I'lUrslmrB 
Copiiilunt" 
Uiiittoii 
Diililin 
AmiiU'iilam 
I'ariii 
lliTiie 

Vi'Tlllii 


Muiiirlt 

hliitt|;aiil 

llaiKiM't- 

Drrsilcn 

Sanlieiir 


J.OIJO 


Kiiropc  lift«  llic  Itirg  -. 
lain  more  tlian  200,000 
oiilain  lii'tMfen  10U,0()0 
|iiiiri'  fiiilPH  in  l*rn»nia  ? 
iiiaitj  ill  (ileal  IT^ituin  f 

\\  littl  \*  llie  exU-nl  of 
ti  lo-^ellier  r  9.  >Vliieh 
|uiIu.ion  ?     iO.   >Vhat  is 

anil  Ireland.  t<iken  to- 
iiilhttou  of  llie  Aether 


OK  KimOPK. 


»tft 


l.iiiiU  ?  1.'.  What  pinht  •(ate<«  liive  more  inliiiliifanU 
lliini  llie  NeiiierUnilit  P  |.i  \Miai  m  the  |ii)|iiilalion  of 
Mw.dfn  ?  II.  or  llenmark  ?  11.  (»f  Ireluml  ?  in  Of 
Mwii/.eiland  .•  r.  <M' l'..rnii<al  ?  IH  OC  Franre  f  l\». 
Of  |'iii».in  ?  .•().  or  AiiHiriu  ?  li.  Wlueli  i<  ilio  mimt 
tliiekly  ittftilfil  eounlry  in  Kiir«|»e  ?  ^J.  Wliieh  i<«  mont 
lliinly  •elileil  ?  J.I.  >Vlial  ttlale*  have  leM  Ih.ni  liio  on 
u  i(i|iMre  mile  }     a.  \S\\»\.  ntulei  have  le^*  than  ,••)  on 

A  •<|iiHr( If  }     sj,j,   W|„a  yn  ilii,  ra|,ii,||  „f  \urway  r 

M.  Of  .-j«t.hn  f     27.  Of  Uu»»ia  i  &e.  &e. 

Hei.I(,io\  and  (iovKusMKNT.  The  following  lahio 
«hoM*  ihti  ri'lii{ioii  iiuil  gtiverumeul  oJ'lhe  variiin*  *l.ite)* 
of  Kurope. 


Statu. 

Uumia 

Stvi'iJeii 

.Norway 

Denmark 

Ciroal  Dijiaiii 

Irelunil 

I'rusviii 

.•laxony 

Hanover 

Wir'i'nilicrg 

Rdvnriu 

ymalier  Germ.  Slates 

Aiiflri.'i 

NflherlaniN 

rtrtil/.erlaml 

Kraiici) 

Spuiii 

I'«irliii»ril 

Sardiniii 


Sir  taw  Church 
jl'mlentanf } 

I  Pro  ten  I  ant 
'l^rok'ttanl? 
jl'utholic     5 
jl'rolosiaiit 
'Hrote»lunt 
I'l'rolehtant 
lVoif»(ant 
Tuthcdie 
I'rol.  &  r.ih 
IV.. t.  &  t'alh. 
I'lot.  it  Cut h. 
IVol.  &  t'alh. 
t'lilholie 
•  -'.iihoiiiJ 
|(.'alholiu 
iCailiiilic 


Two  Sieiliet  [Calholie 

.Smaller  llaliaa  Slates  (.'aih<ili(i 
'I'l'ikey  l-Vluhoirielau 


GiVi'rnnitnt. 

.MonarcJy 

Limited  Nfonarchy 
VImoIijIo  .MmiVhy 
(..iniited  Monarchy 

AlMolnle  .Mou'ehy 
Aljshluie  .Mun'ehy 
.MDiiareliy 
Miiniin-hy 
Vhsohiio'.Mon'chy 

Monarchy 

liimiicilMoiinichy 

IJepnlilienii 

Limited  .Monaj  chy 

Monarehy 

Vh.i(ilo(e".M.,n'ehy 

Misolnle  Mon'ehy 

Mtnirehy 

Vhsolutc  .MonVhy 


Gniernt  Jlooiark:     The  (lireek    Uelinion  prevail-,   in 
Uuttiia,  and  the  MaUooietau  ia  Turkey  j  in  lh<3  rest  ol* 


vH 

■B 


$m 


(JINKUU.  \IK\VM 


Kiirnpc  «lie  in«)»l  iinrilirrn  riMiii»riM  Hri>  IVoImUhI,  ll"» 
tniKi  ■iiiidicrn.  i'tiiliflic,  nidI  ihote  in  llie  niiiMIe  |iurll} 

I'loltrittaill  itliil  piull)  ('KllhiltO. 

i(imHiiu».  1.  >V|i»t  four  formi  of  ri'litninti  nrc  mo<i» 
i»n'Vi»l»itl  in  Ktiro|n'  r  i  Wln-n-  <Iim-«  (In-  M-iliium-liin 
r«'lii;i'in  |ircvnil  f  a  \Vl,.ri»  it(»«'<i  lhi«  (J«fk  nlijuioii 
privuil  r  I  NVIt^ii".  ilie  I'lulclrtiii  ?  n.  WliiTf.  ilio 
riiilmlic  r  ft.  ^\  l(ui  14  <lif  fOli'V't't  •••'f'«««lfii  ?  r.  Ol' 
l».nni;»iU  ?  S.  Hf  !S|iuiii  ?  «.  0»"  Kr«iii-««  ?  U).  «»f 
■rmki)  r  n.  or  l»iti.Hi«  ?  I.',  or  An»ii.«?  «:«. 
>\  lull  i*  ilu'  ^l•v••rll^lM•ll'  tif  l-'nutif  r  •  t.  <»r  s«ii/.<'r. 
Iii.ii!  ?  1.1.  or  (Jrf»l  Uiiliiin  f  IH.  Or  Tiirkr.v  f  17 
Ul'situtliU  t 


Navy.     TIii"  follow  inn  '"'''*'  '•''"^vd  ll  f  nnviil  fcrce  nf 
ult  ilif  iiiuiiuiiM'  •mil's  olKiinnie  in  isu.i. 

Sv  .riitn 
|81M)00 


iiluiti  Uiiluiii 

|''|iUH'« 

irt«Hiiv 

Tiirkcy 
])ri>m  irk 
ll.itlntii 
Sm.'iIi  n 
lluliiiii  Sialt'i 


•ID 

iv: 
2t 
lit 
1'. 
1.' 
I 


40 

in 
).' 
|- 

1(1 


:v»  i 

r> 

fiO 

'.'ill 


'.t7>' 

ail  I 

2tJ 

»t)i 
'I.' 

(1) 

Iti 

2  III 


.'II.OI'J 

n.(KHt   6.j,iit!'.> 

(l.tlitn 

i.r.';i 

l.ti.Ml 

2.i;t' 

l..'»7l» 
2.7i'.l> 


Ol.'.'lWJ 
'.'(».()( »o 

ri.oiKi 
(i.ouo 

II.IOR 

H,U(JO 


Pi'mtirh-!*  'III.'  iiftMcf  <Jrpol  Britain  in  IHOS  mhh 
inoir  11  XMirni  iImiii  .«il  "I"'  "''"'•■  ""»''"  '"  ""'  """,' 
irktii  l":-'.'tli.r  !  lor    iIh'   iil'ow   i-ainlo^iir   fdiilaiin   nl 

III.  nu>if^  ii>  ll"'  ""••'•'•  '^'•'•1''  ''"'*•'  "*'""'  ^'""V,' 
HiiMf*.  "IhI  iIm-  kiia'.Ioin  ..r  llr.»/il.  «lii.li  urc  v.-ry  «ii.dII. 
.rdu'  I'lii'cd  ?^l!ii»'4  III  l-^os.  ciiiui'.lfil  ol  ••Illy 
t„|  s(t  »inrtlli'r  voittoU.  iiifliHliiii;  L'liit-lioiil*. 


'i'jii'  n»*  J  <• 
10  I'linrtlt"* 


•II..-  i.av>  or  Uni/.ii.  .'oii-i^n.i  or  10  .i.ii."  ..r  III.- 1. IK', 

null  Id  ti"ii;.ili.i.     'tlio  lulioiis  (if  Ahiii  Hi"!  Mih'iv  '"i*.' 


Ilu  iiii>  i*'"- 


WH 


OK  i;i'U(H»K. 


»11 


«  iir««  I'rotMloiil,  lit* 
III  I  lie  niiiMIe  |turll} 


of  r«'liu?i"fi  i»rf  mo<t» 
i|iM-«  the  M>iliiilllfllill 
I  ihi>  (in-rk  rflii;i»ii 
Ml  ?      0.    U'luTf.  ill" 

II  nrhiwiifii  ?   7,  or 

M"  Kmiicp  ?  lu.  Of 
.  or  An*' till  ?  t:<. 
•  ?  II.  or  Swil/iT- 
ft.  (MTiiiKiv  f     ir 


\\»  il  f  iinviil  fcire  nf 

11  1S08. 

Tciil 

.?i(M(n.n 

Sf  .turn 

It:.' 

iiJIO'K* 

ISlMiUO 

•  a<ii 

»t.(KUt 

bi,iW.> 

21. • 

(1. «»;•!• 

\)i.'2M\ 

»ii> 

4.r.':i 

''•it'il^y 

'»-• 

l.tl.'.U 

'.>(».()(  10 

111  1  2.1:!' 

r).t)>H> 

•;.i      |.,'.7lt      li.ODO 

2111     '.».7i',(>    11,100 

43 

1       tJOO 

1    o.uuo 

Rritiiin  in  lHn8  wni 
r  iiii villi  ill  till'  world 
iiMilo^iir  riiiitHiii*  nil 

iIkki'  t)f  lli<>  Fniliil 
.  \Uii<'li  iiri"  vi'i  y  «iiidII. 
l-^os.  I'liiuiileil  of  only 
•t.  ini-lnitiiit^  tfiinlioiilH. 
r  t>)  «lii|io  of  tlif  liiii', 

\».iii  hihI  Miii'iv  Imvf 


i^iif»lionH.  1.  \Viiii>ii  nfi»  ilic  four  |iritici|iiit  nnviil 
poMtT*  in  Kiiropc  r  J  Whirli  i«  ilo-  m  t^i  |I'im<  rfiil 
nulioii  ill  llif  luirlil  on  ilic  opimii  r  .1.  II  iv«  nitii>  acA* 
Hifii  in  iliv  llriiiOi  n<«>(  in  isiis  r  4  llnw  Hiun}'*liip« 
of  the  line  ?     0.   Haw  hihii^  fri;{itU'«  r 


riTiK*.     'I'lii*  fi)llnMin:<  IiiIiIh  «Iiom«  nil  ilir  riliet  ill 
Kur»|ie  which  contain  nion-  ilmii  Iuo.imhi  mlnibiliini*. 


Ciiift.  A^ 
I     l.nnilon,         l.noii.ir, 

'-'.    I*.iri«,  "idtiitu 

:i.  4'<iii«tiiiiiiiiiiV  .'ino.M'i 

Ntt|ilr«,  tl.'.iKli) 

M«i«i'.iM,  :»iio,(h)w 
!^t   l'«'i(T'»hijrir.  .'ii,'»  iiiKi 

riiliMii,  jiii.ti'M) 

^  ii-nim,  '.'.'l/d!! 

\in«lcril<iin,  Iii.J.hkk 

Dtililin,  llMi.iMiii 

UitImi.  |«;(','I'Ii> 

4MiiiJri(J,  ltiii,t)uu 


I 

r.. 
»> 

7 

(1 
!», 

|() 

II 


it.  II  I'oliiiri;, 

I  t.  U'liiir, 

l.j  \lilun, 

lii  l'iili*rniii, 

IT,  VfoiiM', 

III  llnrci'lonii, 

h).  Olit<t(iitv, 

.'ti  ValfiiciH. 

'^1  ('o|ii'nliiij{cn, 

.'.».  K'lin'Hir^ii, 

.'.}.  Ii>iiii*, 

,'|.  Ailiiuuu|ik>, 


I'M.7.I'J 
I  «;».«•(  to 
1','il.onu 

I'J'l.tUM) 

IID.niK) 
Ill.'titU 
ll'i.  lilO 
10...  .10 
lO.'i.llOi) 
I<i.'.!t(l7 
loi.ooo 
lOOjUUO 


(fiiPHtionii.  I.  Which  i*  tin-  ((rratcat  cily  in  Knrnpi'  ? 
'2.  Wliich  OCX)  f  :i.  Wlidl  niicM  liavn  mori-  ilnui  'JOii.uoO 
iiiliiiliiiiinin  r  I.  llot«  m  my  rilii'o  hmt*  more  iliin 
150,000  iiihiiliii lint*  P  5  llo«v  niiiii,\  inori>  iliaii  100. otto  p 
II.  SVIiiii  li  till'  |iii|Milii  ion  of  .Mo*iM)\t  r  *.  of  I'.nii.? 
'<.  of  hoinlon.^  'I  of  \ri|ile(«?  10.  of  til.  IVlciaburij  r 
n.  ufliuinu  P    1,'.  of  Vii-uu4  P    &.C. 


KoHKioN  Po*sKii8i()N5.  The  following  tiil.Ii>  nhnwa 
ftj  one  vinv  tiic  jiriiuiiial  Fori-ijju  l*o»»(;«»io^»  of  ih» 
I'luropcan  iiuIiimim. 


M 


'«.' 


m 


ttv.sm\i.  viF.W)^ 


i 


Oniat  Hhit^in.  * 

I    />!   Kit  mil*. 
Mulin, 
iiilir«liur, 

fl.  In  thf  Kn»t 

ItlllifH. 

lliiiiliinvUtii 
Htiinnlrii,  <|icir(  of 

Nl'tV    llollltllll,  (lt» 

Morfulk  itUnil. 


0.  In  HonlS 
nrilUh  liiiikiia. 

I.  In  Jmrrfcrt. 
|Mr«icn, 
Oiiiilinittliit 

New  (IninatiM, 

IVrii, 

Ct.ili, 

\  VlltKUvlH. 


:\.  In  JifiUa. 

C'lip''  nf  U.  Mt'pi". 
hK  lldfii.t  UIaihI. 
Hu-rrn  lifiiin", 
MtkuriiiiK  iilmiil. 

4.  In  JSytrlh 
t'hnfriitt. 

ItAWrr  ('MtUlllI, 

l'|i|ier  CmiHd.i, 

Ni-M  Hruii»\«ick« 
Ni'««r<i'ii)ill<iii(l, 
New  llrituin, 
Berinuiia*. 

6.  In  Ihf  It'eHt 

Indiet. 
JninHiru, 
DiiliniitHf, 
llnrhiiilueK, 
Aniiifiiii, 
Doiutnirii, 
riiitMliiil, 
nraiiudtt,  S<o.  &e. 


i.  /h  Ih*   tt'itt 
iutlln. 

rii»»u. 

I'nriii  Uioi. 

».   In  ,'IJ'rirn. 
(!itiiarj>  i^hkiHU. 

I.  In  lilt  Ka»t 

Inilifs, 

l'liili|)|iliif  i»liiiitl* 

N  r.  Ill  K  HI.  AN  DM. 

I .  In  thf  Ea»l 
Inities 
Ihvii,  (|iiirl  III'} 
Miiicc  utuiiil*. 

•i    In  the  ire»t 
Iniiys. 
Hi.  KuNiulia. 

:\.  In  S„uih 
,hnvri(  'I. 
Uuicli  Ouiaon. 


fllAMCM, 

I.  Ih  wifrifii 
l»la  nf  IViiirlion. 

.'.   In  tht  It'ntl 
Imlitt. 
\liirliiiii'», 
(luitili«l<iu|ti>. 

X   In  S„ulh 
,imfriiit, 
Frt-neli  (iMiaiit. 

DrNMARK. 

I.  In  Kuropr 

Krri'i)  ikiiintti. 

.'.   In  JS'urth 
Jlmerka, 
(irrviilitiitl, 

J.  1,1  thv  n'tit 

I  iitivt. 
MiinU  i'ru-i. 

Uc»iu. 

I     In  ,hia. 
Uii«<iii  ill  AitiH. 
V.  In  J\),rth 

HuHtinii  nftlle* 
nioiit*. 

TuRKKIf. 

I .   In  Jjiiii. 
Tiirkfy  in  Atia. 
'.*.    In  Jifrictt. 


(I 
b 

a 


II 
I 

«< 
I 

H 
t 
I 
I 

V 

ii 
I 

ii 
> 

J 


•I 

0 


m 


fRANeR. 


I.   Ih   v'^r/i-a 
l»ltf  nf  ll»iirliuii. 

.'.    lit  tht  tt'i>»t 
/h'/iVi. 
\liirtiiiii'<>, 
Uuit<l4luu|)P. 

.1.    In  South 

Fri-neli  (iuiuiia. 

Uknmark. 

I.  In  Kuropf. 
Irrlmiil, 
Kf  rrii  inliind*. 

'.'.    In  Xurtli 

(irrrnlHiiil. 

.).  In  thv  n'tit 
I  iilU'$, 
M«nli  Cru/. 

Ul'stlU. 


I.    In  mlnia. 
I     'Uti*«i)i  ill  Aniii. 
'^.   In  »M»r(/i 
.Imi-riia, 
|{u»»inii  iicllie< 
ni«'iilt. 


»t 


TuRKItV 

I .  In  ,'lsia, 
Tiirk^'y  in  \»iB. 
'.'.    In  Jfrica. 
KjjMif. 


OP  /\H|A. 


m 


H^Hinik,     Hnvt-mi  fiflhv  ^|iiini«li  Ainfriciiii  prnvinrct 
hu»v  ill  fl.«rtMl  ilu'iiiartti'*  imli'iMMilful  i    Iml  u*  ihry  uru 

•  I  til  flAiiiiiMl  by  M|iiini,  Mini  ilirir  iiiili'|MMii|fiirf  Iiii«  mvcr 
hern  nekiinMlt'ili^ril  hy  iiilifi  nitliuii*,  Ht*  ltu«r  iiut  lli«iit 
«niiinif  lliv  S|)Hni«li  |i04tp»«iiMi«. 

(^iii-ntiiint.  I.  Whnl  po44i>4»ion<  ha<  (<rrnl  Hriliiin  in 
N'orlli  Amcrit'ii  ;<  .'.  Wliitt  in  Mmiili  ^mcricA  /  t  WI14I 
IN  tliM  Wfiit  lmlti'»  ?  I.  Wliiii  Ml  Al'iii-nr  .'»  W Iml  in 
Kuriipr  i"  li.  Wlial  in  ||ii>  Kit^l  Imlicar  7  Wliui  piM. 
ii»«»iiin4  lull  Hpittii  ill  iIik  Wi<«t  liiilit«  f  II  U'lmi  mi 
ilic>  Ami'riciin  i-nnliiicnl  /  '.),  Wlml  pniKinainni  lint 
:^|min  in  lln*  Ivhi  Imlir*?  10.  WImt  pii>M><4iiiii«  Iim 
Kmnfc  in  Hu'  Wi'«l  IimIii-h  r*  II  In  Moiiili  AniiricM  P 
\i.  WliKl  p(iH«f«iftnii  lii'loii^  lo  ili>'  iNi'ilirrUniU  in  (lit 
V,»%1  Intlir*  ?  I.)  NVhiit  in  Aonlh  Auifrici  ?  II.  'I'o 
wlinl  nAlinn  ilitf<  Irfltinil  Uvlimnf  Ifi.  I'u  wlul  n«« 
Jinn  tVylon  f  M.  Nfwruunilliiir.l  ?  17.  ISIciii-n  .^  IH, 
rii«  itlnniU  or   IMurlinirit  anil  Oiii«i|.iloupf  P    I:)    The 

•  Klund    oft'itliiir      tfil.     Tlic    |'|iilip|itiK>    iilutnN  ?     '.'|, 


.^l••)l^iliult    i«)itnii  P    .'.'     IVl/iitii 
Juvtt  }     Jb.  Urvculauil  i 


W3,  OibmlUr  f  iti* 


IV.  OF  dSU. 

KxTKNT  Avn  PoPUL^riow.  The  fnilowind^  (ah|e 
•hoM"*  llic  extiMit  anil  popuUliuu  of  (tie  vanou*  euiiiiirie* 
«f  Alia. 


1 


Cuinlriei  

K'li^iti  in   Vint, 
('liincni*  Kmpirp, 
Fiirilicr  liiiliii, 

lIllllliliMtllll, 

liwlepenii.   Turlary 

IVroiH, 

Tiirki'jr  in  Alia, 

Araliiii, 

^i(i<in. 


(.',0  10 
|,|IM.IMI(I 


•.'MO.OiMil   j|  \,iruclittflu 
liil.ono.uoii  IdilVkiii. 


f;0O,i,HM),    U'.iKlK  inK>  ri^lirniinernp. 


1. 1 iV »,(i(i()  (1)0,000,. MJii 

7t(0,o(Ki|    :i.(>oo.uo(> 

WliO.OOOl    V^  OOO.UOu 

:»J.i.O)0!  ii.oou.ooo 

!i:il  oooj  io.ooo.ooo'io'Mci'c'h 

it>J,OUUl   15,'JOU,UUoib0!jetldu. 


l|  '«»ni  »rp'il. 
l'M<ititli,iii. 
.'.'J|  ;ii>ppii. 


H2H 


(JKNKUAL  VIEWS 


Ilfuiark.  More  thiiii  liaJf  the  terriiory  of  the  Cliinent 
empire  is  in  ()liiiic«e  Turtar),  but  only  a,0UO,O0()  of  llio 
piipulittioii  ;  China  IVoper  futilaiii!*  iipurly  the  whole  of 
thi-  |iii|)ulation,  uikI  in  (he  ino»t  ihickly  nettled  part  nt' 
Awia,  liuviti:^  on  an  average,  more  than  HO  to  eavli 
ti(|iiiire  mill'.  Nearlv  all  the  |Mi|M)latioii  of  KuitMia  in 
A«ii.  i*  in  the  HouihneHtern  part,  in  the  provinces  bor- 
dering on  Europe. 


Questions.  1.  What  nation  hnn  the  Iar;!;e8t  territory 
III  Asia  i  '2.  W!iat  nation  has  the  next  largest  r  [i. 
AVIiat  eiMinlry  is  ihe  nrtsl  tliiekly  settled?  1.  What 
country  is  most  iliinly  stetlledp  5.  What  countries 
liave  more  than  :>()  nn  a  square  mile  P  (i.  What  coun- 
trieK  have  lexH  than  M  ?  7.  W  hat  in  the  ehiel'  city  of 
A.aliiar  ".  ofChina?  !>.  ol'l'er»ia?  ID.  ol'ludepen- 
diiii  I'artar)  .''  11.  oi'  IliiHloostan  .^  1'.'  of  liu!i<ia  in 
Asia?   li.  of  Japan?    1 1,  ol  Turkey  in  xVnia  ? 


it 


CniKs.     The  following  table  shows  the  most  popu- 
lous cities  of  Asia. 


Cit:i'S. 

V  kin, 

N'ltkiii, 

Ciitiion, 

Ji  lido, 

Cali-ulla, 

Aria, 

Benares, 


Piifndation 
3,0110.1100 
1,/)00,000 
i  500.000 
1,  00.00  t 
fi.'iOdOO 

coo. MOO 
5UO,()0U 


Cities. 

Smut, 
.♦leaeo, 

1'iltM.I, 

Ifipalinn, 
M.Mlr.'is, 
Aleppo, 
Ummerapoora, 


Population, 
OOII.UOO 
600,000 
300,000 
400.000 
300.000 
2i>0.000 
176,000 


(lupstions.  i.  Which  is  tie  most  pupnlnus  eity  in 
A»ii  r  i.  NVhi  li  (liiee  stand  n.xl  ?  i.  Wli»t  is'  the 
p.ipiil  tmii  kC  I*,  kin?  1^.  of  Ninkiii?  5  iii'  I'anii.n  ? 
6.  o'  .lidio  r  7.  Il'nv  ni:»iiy  eilifs  eoiiiaiii  500.0  0  and 
ujiwuiis,  and  wli.ii  are  ihiir  names  ?  8.  W  httl  is  ih^ 
populaliouul  Ispuhau  ?    ^.  ol' Madras  ? 


rriiory  of  the  Chinese 
only  a.OUO.OOO  of  the 
i<t  iipui'ly  the  wliolc  of 
hickly  nettled  piirt  nt' 
ore  tliiiti  HO  to  eu-'h 
pulatioii  of  KuH^iii  in 
,  ill  (III*  proviiiuL'tt  bur- 


s  tfie  largest  territory 
tiiL*  next  liir^iMl  r  [i. 
ly  si'ttltd?  t.  What 
5.  What  couiitrieg 
nili'  ?  •;.  WhttI  foun- 
Ht  in  tlif  c'hii'l'  city  of 
*'in  ?  U).  of  liulepen- 
II  ?  I'J  of  Uusiia  ID 
rki'v  ill  Alia  ? 


sliows  tlie  most  popii- 


Pijpulatiun, 

It, 

OtId.ijOO 

(;o, 

6ou,ono 

'•»» 

SOll,(IOO 

Imn, 

41)0.1)00 

r.ii*, 

3IH).(.>00 

»|I0, 

2i)0.()()0 

nerapoora, 

176,000 

most  pupiitniiH  eity  in 
XI  ?  i.  Wlnl  in'  I  he 
■  kill  ?  5  of  I'anii.ii  ? 
it  t-oriiaiii  (301). 0  0  and 
nie*  r  8.  Whul  is  the 
,dia»? 


OF  TIIK  WORM). 


3ii 


V.  OF  TIIK  (roiiLn. 


I'XTKVT     AM)     I'oi'VI.ATIOV  Tilt'     fnllfiuinjf     lal)In 

•tli(M«s  lilt'  I  \  I'll).  |i'.j)iitHii()ii,  uiiil  <!fiivii>  <>r  |iiij)iilitiiiii| 
ori!ic  ^laail  iliviiioii^  of  the  ctiitt,  uci-ordiii.;  In  ll.i>i»i'l. 


S,.  Milct. 


Kijriipi', 
Asia, 

A  111  rr  if  a, 
Ati.lr.il.uin,  V(>. 


I'jui'i!), 


,1 

.iH7 

.lOU   1 

tn 

r-^iH.oo.:  ! 

It 

n-jj 

ii-> 

10 

.)()^ 

.'U 

1 

t() 

l.'C 

.'j.' 

ij.i 

137  1 

I'  pii.at'nii. 
IhOj  DO.OOil 

.r.o  ouo.oon 

tltf.ODI)  0    0 
Vl.f.lii).'  l>0 

J.1M)!I  -'i".   I 

riS«,ocu,ooo 


I-t.S./.  M. 


3i 

8 

1 

\_ 


Il>!nnrl,s.  Th<.>  most  iLii'kly  hcIIIpiI  piulu  of  llie 
Miiilil  iiic  (he  Hoiiilit'iii  iiiiM  of  Kuiope,  uiid  ihf  ewuii- 
tiK-s  in  llie  s')ullii.'usl  of  .Asia. 

(>iii'!itii>iix.  i.  ^VIlioIl  in  the  largest  division  of  Mie 
i^loln' .'  ;.'.  Wliii'li  iii'M  f  3.  Wlii'li  is  till- siJiulliM  .'  -t. 
Whii^h  foiiiiiins  the  i;rcHi*.'Hl  |iupulatiiiii  .*'  0-  Wliirli  in 
mist  thickly  M-I'lcd  ."  fi.  W  hicli  i-i  inn. I  thinly  st-ltlid? 
?■.  Wliii'li  iii'Ki  f  !J.  What  is  the  pitpiiialion  of  thf  vvr»rld 
apcordioi;  to  H.*-."!-!  r  t(.  What  is  the  pupiilatioii  of 
Kiiro|)c  .'  10.  Il<i\v  many  million  <<(|Uiivc  iiiik'si  in 
KiiropL- ?  tl.  How  inuiiy  in  A>iu  ?  1;^.  How  uiuny  in 
Ainerivii  f 

Canals.  The  countries  in  wlii'h  cansN  are  most 
niinieront  are  China,  Holland,  and  Kn^htnd.  In  many 
parts  of  ihexe  eounlrics  they  are  alinosi  as  coininoii  u.s 
roads  in  other  toiinlries.  The  following;  taldo  allows 
the  most  remarkable  canuU  iu  the  world,  with  the  pluee? 
which  lliev  conucet. 


I 


922 


GENERAL  VIEWS 


Royal  Canul 

Caiial  of  LanRiiedoc 
Cunul  of  Kli-i 
Clyde  and  Forth 
Neva  and  Voljja 
Grand  Canal 


Country.  Placet  connected, 

China  IMii'i  « ill'  Cunion     [Uiscay 

France  Mc;lilCMrani;an    svilli    Hay   ot 

Denmark  Uuhlc  with  llie  North  Sea. 

Scotland  North  Sea  wiih  tl,c  Atlantic 

Russia  Bidiic  with  tlie  <'iis|)ian. 

Sovt  Yolk  Lake  Erie  with  ilie  Hudson. 


AIouKtains. 


Cauriry. 


Ilemarks.  The  Grand  ciinrtl  is  commpnccil  hut  nut 
pomplcti'd.  Tilt'  niii>.t  iin|>(»rUnt  crtniils  wliiili  liiive 
been  i»i(>|iose!l  and  dernicil  pinciicatile  are.  I.  A  eanal 
ucro*»  Ihe  isllnniis  of  Darien,  lo  connect  the  Allunlie, 
willt  the  I'acilic  Ocean.  '2.  A  canal  across  ihc  iMhinus 
oJ'Snez,  lit  connei't  llie  Ked  Sea  with  the  Miditerraneau. 
Either  ol'  iliese  canals  would  very  uiiith  nhorleii  the 
voyage  between  Europe  and  India. 

(lueniwns.  l.  In  what  countries  nre  canals  most  nii- 
uieriins  ?  2.  Which  arc  the  most  rental kalile  canals  in 
the  world  ?  3.  What  places  are  conriecled  by  the  rovul 
eanal  ot'lJIiina  ?  •*.  Wh-fvlaees  are  connected  by  the 
canal  or  Liiomiedoc  in  France  ?  5.  What  plnces.  by 
the  IJraud  Canal  in  New  York  f  6.  What  places,  by  the 
Clyde  and  b'orth  canal  ?  7.  What  places,  by  Ihe  canal 
of  Kiel  }  8.  What  places,  by  the  Neva  and  Volgi 
canal  ?  ».  Whitt  are! he  mo^t  important  canals  which 
have  been  projto.ed,  and  deemed  practicable  ?  iO.  01' 
what  advaniai;e  wonld  it  be  to  cut  a  canal  through  the 
isthiHUii  ol'  Llarieu  ? 


Mountains.  The  foliowin:;  table  shows  af  one 
view,  the  heit^hl  of  ihe  most  celebrated  mountains  iu  the 
world  ;   above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


Uawalajftr:,  lii^iiest  peak  of  llimmaleh  nits.  'liLet 
Chimhorazo,  hi(?li(  st  peak  (if  the  Amies        New  Granada 
Cn'opaxi,  a  volcano  New  (iranatid 

Kaah,  higlitst  peak  in  I'acidc  Uecan  Owii^licj  I. 


Hehh 
in  jilt. 

'27,677 
21.440 
18Si<8 


M. 

J'. 
M 
M 
Ml 
IM 
HI 
I'e 
M 
M 
Ml 
IM 

n 

St 
Vt 

M 
M 
1)1 
M 
01 
M 
Re 
M; 

Ta 
Sa 
Ol 
V( 
T{< 
Sr. 


«e 

II 
11 
II 
Hi 
II 

H 

II 


Pliicd  connected' 

lin  with  Cunion     [Uisca> 
ailciraiiuan   willi    lluy   <il 
tic  with  llie  North  Sea. 
•th  Sea  with  tlic  Atlantic 
tic  Willi  tlie  (,'iis|)i;in. 
ie  Erie  with  tlie  Hudson. 


.4  eoinnipncctl  Init  nut 
t  ciiniil.^  wliirli  liiivc 
icatile  are.  I.  A  caiiul 
coiiiiPCt  the  Allunlic 
jial  ucrnsH  ilic  iMlliinus 
itii  tltt>  Mi'dilerraiii'ttti. 
LMy  uKicti  klioi'tcu  the 
t. 

e»  nre  eaniiN  mont  iiii- 
t  ri'iimikalile  raiials  in 
coiitii'CtiMl  liy  llii-  rovul 
f8  are  corinecled  by  the 

5.  What  iilncea.  hy 
6.  What  places,  hy  the 
!iat  places,  hy  the  canal 

tlie    Neva  and   Volgi 
mjKirlaiit  niinuls  which 

pracliciilile  ?     iO.  01' 
ut  a  cuiiul  through  the 


table   shows    af   one 


OF  THE  WORLn. 


3«S 


bratcd  muuiitains  ill  the 
.'a. 

nits.  'I'iLet 

i>        Nt'W  Granjula 
New  (iraiiada 
OwJijIit'.'  I. 

27,677 
21.440 
18fc98 

Maunta'tni, 


Mount  St.  Elias,  liiKlii'sl  mt.  in  N.  America 
J'.)|)(icatep(:il,  hi^licst  nit.  in  .Mtyico 
Mont  Blanc,  hi^liest  mt  in  Kiimpe 
Mont  Uona,  a  liuminit  ol'tlic  Alp'* 
Mount  f'airwcailiiT,  in  N.  America 
Mount  (ipliir 

tliKlns*  s'.mniit  oftiie  Atlas  mountains 
Peak  of  r«.-nei4fle 

Mount  r,  rdii,  highest  in  (lie  I'jrenet'S 
Mount  St.  Ileinard,  u  summit  o't  the  Alps 
Mount  vllvtia,  a  volcano 
Mount  Lebanon 
Mount  .\rarat 

St.Ootliard,  a  .summit  of  the  Alps 
I'eak  of  licmnitz.  Innlitst  of  the  CarpaO 
tliiHU  mountains  ^ 

Mont  Vtllno,  hitliest  «.f  the  Appcnincs 
Mount  I'ico,  higliest  in  the 
Dofrafu'ld,  highest  '.f  the  Uofrafi'ld  ranfje 
Mt.  Washlnifton,  hi^jhest  in  the  U   Slates 
Olympnii,  famous  in  fabulous  history 
Mount  llecia,  a  volcano 
Ht-n  N.'vis,  hifflest  in  iireat  Itrilain 
Mansfield  mt.  highest  ot  the  G.ctn  mts. 
Table  moinitain,  Jiiehcst  in 
Saddleback,  lii^hcst  in 
Otter  peak,  highest  of  the  Rlue  Rid|^ 
Vciuvins,  a  volcano 

Hound  Top,  highest  of  the  Catskill  mts. 
Siiowdon,  liij^hcst  mountain  in 


The   followin:*  fable  shows  the  Leig!it.s   in   feet  of 
neveral  other  interesting  objects. 

nijjhesi  flight  of  a  liaMnnn  22,900 

Highest  Hii^hl  of  the  Condor  21,000 

H'l^lii'sl  spot  where  man  ever  trod  tO,4on 

Region  of  perpetual  .snow  nnder  the  equator  13.207 

lli^hc«.t  Npoi  inhabited  by  man  la.+UiT 

Highest  limit  of  pines  ui'der  equator  12,S00 

Ilit^hest  limit  of  oaks  under  equator  io,r>oo 

Q"'<o  9,630 

J'he  pyramidii  ,'50o 


Country.  • 

IIfif;lit 
ill  /icl. 

N.  W.  Coast 

~'l7,li50 

Mexico 

17.710 

Switzerland 

1,5,665 

Switzerland 

1.5,53^ 

N.  W.  Coast  . 

14  \)IH) 

Sumatra  1. 

13,842 

Morocco 

13,0IH} 

Canaries 

l'J,176 

France 

11.265 

Switzerland 

lI.Ull 

.Sicily 

1(',950 

Syria 

9,ir,S 

Armenia 

9,^10 

Switzerland 

8,y30 

Hii'igary 

8.640 

Italy 

n,30o 

A/iires 

7.016 

Norway 

7,fi,'0 

N  llampsbire 

C,6U 

r.reece 

6.3(10 

Iceland 

S,(tUi. 

Scotland 

4,370 

Vermont 

4.279 

b.  Carolina 

i,wm 

Massa. 

4,(m 

Vitpinia 

4.(H)0 

Italy 

3.935 

Now  York 

3,804 

Wales 

3.668 

OENKRAIi  VIEWrJ 

»;(/'sM'«n<.     1.  Wliifli  is  Ihe  \\\i!,\>.*t  niot-nlniii  i"  tl»e 

;r>r.n.  Ulan..  ?     .i-    Whi.l.  in  .he    n« he..   7'''"''';''     » 
"le  UniUMlrtr.leH?     7.  Whu.   i«  ihe  hel^h.  ol  Mount 
WK.hinU...  ?     8.  NVhu-h  i.   .he  hi^he^.    moonum  •« 
«,;:.   »r.n.,n  ?     «•   ^Vhu.  i.  ;he  h.M,h,  «.'  1  e.,  Nev. 
10.  >\  I  u.  ..  .I'.-  hrij.!:.  ol  >i..„.  yT.-...H  r     li-    ^^  \«; 

r       .  V  h.i;i.  u  .h.  hi^he..  .,"••  ;•«'  '"V'"'  "^^  '■'"'  ?i 

mH„  1.1.  How  hi^h^...  .he  M.le.  «f  .nnnn.a.n.  w.U 
^i:;;,n.w  Hn..er  .h'e  e,u.aor  ?  t«  low  n,h  a^ove 
the  leJ.1  of  the  sea  i*  ihe  city  oi  Quito  ?  17.  How 
bigli  are  the  pyramidii  ? 

roMMKnrE.  The  folInwinR  tahle  exhihiU  at  one 
Tiew  .iie  |,iinei|.al  exporis  of  .I.e  varioim  eountne*  of 
(he  world,  urrraMged  iu  geographical  order. 


Countries  ■ 
Greenland. 

Hudson's  BnV' 
N'ewi'uundltind. 

Canada. 

Nova  Scolia. 
New  England. 

IMiddle  Hta.eR. 
Suuliiern  Stales. 

Mexico.  ' 

Buy  iif  Tampeachy. 
We»l  Indies. 


ICxporlt. 
"NVhale  oil  and    whale  hone,  the 

produce  ol'lhe  fishery. 
Vur*.  purchased  from  .he  Indians. 
Cod-lish,  eaught   near  the  shore, 

and  on  .he  hankn. 
Flour  from  Upper  C  ^nada,  and 
furs  from  .he  Indiun  country. 
Lumher  and  linh. 
Lumber,  beef,  pork,  fish,  pot  and 

pearl  ashe*. 
Flour  and  tobaeeo. 
Culton,to  an  immense  amount,  and 

rice. 
Silver  and  gold   to   an  immense 

amount. 
Loi«wood. 

biiiijiir,  mm,  mnlassea,  coflee,  cot- 
ton, and  iu!,^o. 


c 

c 

K 

Ji 

0 

A 

II 

P 
A 

K 
C 

^v 

M 
M 

A 

K 
T 

II 
F 


WsJ 

i.»t  niot'iilniii  in  the 
I  in  Atnt'i-ien  f  3» 
?  ♦.  W  hi  til  ik  ll>e 
WliHt  itt  I  he  height 
hii^hi'Mt  mountitin  in 
hf  \\v\i!,\t\  of  Mount 
lit^hi'Ht  nioiiniHi"  in 
-ii-ht  of  I'fit  Nevi*  i* 
Kiiin  ?  11.  or  Ve- 
Hitc«-ntl  «i  lli^•'  "* 
ijviT  flv  a«  hi!j;h  f 
I'  eailh  ever  Irod  hy 
i!<4  of  inonnlainii  will 
fi  Mow  hi^h  ahove 
f  Quito  ?     17.  How 


nhle  pxhibiU  at  one 
vnrioUH  countries  of 
^ul  urtlcr. 


anil    wlirtle  hone,  the 
re  oi'lhe  fisliery. 
medfroni  ihe  Indians, 
lught   near  the  shore, 
lie  hankn. 

Upper  Canada,  and 
in  Ihe  Indian  country. 
I  linh. 

L'f,  pork,  fish,  pot  and 
lie*. 

iiliaeeo. 
I  iinnicnHe  amount,  and 

gold   to   an  immense 


,  molasses,  coflee,  cot- 
iiu'lijjo. 


Carnccns. 

Ouiaiin. 
Uruxil. 


OF   IMi:  WOUM). 


im 


Buenos  Ajrcs. 
Ciiili. 

Peru. 

Columbia  river. 
NiirihweHt  eit't. 
Kamtuchutka. 
Japan. 

Ghina. 

Asiatic  islands. 

Iliudoostao. 

Persia. 
Arabia. 
Kust  AiViea. 
Cape  G.  Hope. 
West  Al'rica. 
Morocco. 
Madeira,  and  the 


Coena,  the  ehief  ingredient  in  choco. 

lute,  iiiiiiijo,  and  coflW'. 
Sui^ar,  rum.  eotton,  and  eofVcLV 
Colloii,   Kiigar,    roHee,    and     tohofco 

iriiin    ilii.   northern  pruvinees  ;  t-old 

and    dlHinoiidf,    from    the    uiiildle  ( 

Miieal  and  cattle  I'roiii  the  southern; 

d)e\\.oodM  Ironi  (he  tDrcils. 
Silver  and  gold  ;  hides,  beef,  and  ta|. 

low. 
Silver,    gnid,    and   copper  from    the 

nurlhern    proviiiee*   ;     \»hcut    and 

hemp  from  ilic  suulhern. 
Hilvcr  and  s^old. 

Furs,  pnicured  from  the  Indians. 
Kuis,  procured  from  the  Indians. 
Furs. 

bilk  and  cotton  goods,  japan  ware  and 
porcelain. 

'lea,  silk  (^oods,  cotton  goods,  and  por- 
celain ware. 

Pepper,  cloves,  ginger,  nutmegs,  and 
cttinphor. 

Cotton  goods,  silk,  raw  cotton,  and 
diamonds. 

Beautiful  carpels. 

Cortee,  aloes,  inyrrli,and  frankincense. 

Gold,  ivory,  and  negro  slaves. 

Wine  and  brandy. 

Gold,  ivory,  and  slaves. 

Leather,  goat-skins,  gums  and  fiuits. 


Canaries. 
Algiers. 
Kgypt. 
1  urkey. 

Italy. 
France. 

Spain. 


28 


Wine. 

Ostrich  feathers,  wax,  and  liidcs. 
Kiee,  linseed,  grain,  and  fruits. 
Carpets,  muslins,  sivords,  corn,  wine, 

and  fruits. 
Silks,  wine,  corn,  oil,  and  fruits. 
Silks,  woollens,  linens,  wines,  und  bran- 

8ilk,  wool,  wine,  and  fruilg. 


3S0  UKMiUAI.  VIKW.S 

<  •>'  Wiiip,  fruits,  wnid,  mill  «nl» 

.'^  »    '.    -iBdi.        Kill"  liin'ii,  liu'i'u,  woollen*,  ami  ojler 

nianurui-liireit. 
Cicrmnny.  j'/liienH,  vartou'*  mmiiifudureii,  anil  onrn. 

Uuitsia.  Ilt'miJ,  tail  cl.illi,  tallow ,  iron,  corn,  and 

I'liri. 
Sweden.  Iron,  lumber,  copper,  train  oil,  and  Iter- 

riiiif4 
Norway.  liiimlier,  fioli,  furs,  nml  copp«>r. 

Ureal  Britain.     SVoollen*,  cottons,  iron   ware,  tin,  and 

elegant  earthen  ware. 
Ireland.  Lim-n,  beef,  mllow,  butter,  awd  hidci. 

RemarJcs.  Maniiraetured  Roodn  eoinc  rroin  tliiekly 
geltled  conntrien,  ii*  l.'hinn,  India,  .Inpan,  <Jre«l  Hiitain, 
and  tlie  Netherlar.d*.  Tliinly  tielllifl  cnnnlries  eom- 
monly  export  raw  maleriaU,  the  produce  either  o|■a^r|. 
culture,  mine*,  or  the  forest.  The  bem  iurii  come  IVom 
cold  climated.  Tlicy  are  exported  froDJ  the  northern 
part*  of  Asia,  Kurope.  atid  America.  Hni<ar,  cotton, 
coffee,  ipiccu,  wine,  &c.  require  a  hot  climate. 

Qnestinm.     1 .  What  cnnntric*  doe«  Hilver  eome  from  ? 
2.  What  countries  export  gold?    ;}.   What  eountrien  ex- 
port fur*  ?    1.  Where  does  sugar,  rum,  and   molasKM 
come  from?     r,.    What    countries   export   coUon  ?    6. 
What  countries  export  woollen  goods?   7.   What  coun- 
tries  export   cotton   goodn  ?    8.  Where  «1"   •*««.;,"«'« 
from  ?    y.  Where  d«  silk  goods  come  Irom  ?    10.  >>  Hat 
countrT  exports   sailflolh?    11.   Where   do   the  most 
heantiful  carpels  come  from  ?  12.  What  country  exports 
(ill?    IJ.  What   countries    iron?     It.  >Vhat  countries 
are  famous  for  diamonds?    15.  Where  «>«"  <ea  come 
from?    16.    Where  does  coffee  come  from  ?    17.  Wliere 
dnus  wine  come  from  ?    10.   Where  do  spices  come  Iro.n? 
19    What  country  i*  famous  tor  myrrh  and  Irankmeensei' 
80    Where   does  ivory  come  from?    21.  Where  does 
i.nuarecomefrom?   22.  What  countries  export 
r:mbt?%^Wrt-n»tiies  export  flour?   21.  Where 
doTsl"^"ood  come  from?   25.  What  country  ..  famous 


,  nmt  %n\t~ 
woollciiii,  ami  oll'er 

uiiifiioiiirci',  ami  corn. 
ullo\s  iron,  cum,  and 

icr,  trail!  oil,an«l  Iter- 

I,  anil  copjcr. 

,  iron   uure,  lin,  and 

I  ware. 

ow,  buUer,  ami  hidei. 

«  pomc  from  tliiekly 
,lit|ian,(iri-H(  Brilain, 
miUmI  cnnnlrieH  «'(im- 
iroiliice  t'illuT  of  ai^ri. 
a  lu'nt  i'lim  conii'  IViim 
;d  froDJ  I  lie  nortltcrn 
'rica.  Himar,  cultooi 
hot  climate. 

ilopii  Hilver  pome  from  ? 
;}.  What  eiiuiitrit'H  ex- 
r,  rum,  and  miila»!«M 
en  eiport  coiloii  ?  6. 
[>od»?  7.  What  ooun- 
kVhere  do  laces  come 
ome  from  ?  10.  What 
Where   do   the  most 

What  country  exports 
'  11.  What  countries 
Where  doc*  tea  come 
me  from?  H.  Where 
e  do  «picp«  cnme  from? 
lyrrh  and  fr«nkincen»f? 
om?    21.  Where   ducg 

What  counlripH  export 
l».irt  flour?  21.  Where 
Vhat  country  ia  famoui 


OK  Tin:  WOULD. 


H27 


for  the  rod  fi^lirry  ?  20,  What  country  U  fumou*  lor 
till'  wl'iilc  (i.li.Tj  f  '-'7.  WliHl  aiiicU-ii  are  ex|Mirtfd 
fr.nn  tin-al  HrnMiii?  <ili.  Wlml  from  Mexico  r  .'9. 
Willi  from  Cliinu?  ;i(,).  What  from  Kainl^ehulka  ? 
.•M  From  tin-  W.),t  Indies?  .\2  From  the  Capt- of  (Inod 
ll.pe?  ;tl.  From  Madeira  f  31.  From  tlie  Nortlivvcrtt 
ptii>i  of  America  ?  ;'.:.  From  I'eru  ?  :5ti.  From  Canada  P 
:*7.  F-iiiii  ihc -•.iilhernSintci*?  HI!.  From  \ev»  Kni;luudl 
3!).  From  the  Middle  Htate*  r   40.  From  Uu»«ia  ? 


l»HOTK<lTANT   MiSSlONSTO  TIIK   rirATIIEV The  fol- 

I'luiii.^  lalile  hImhv»  iii  one  view  the  varitm*  vocietics  of 
I'lOifHinntH  en^i<<rd  in  <«npportiiig  mi«<iii)U4  to  the  ilea- 
thiMi      The  lii>i  column  i^ivtn  the  name  of  (he  Hocicly ) 

O'l*  "< ••"I.  (lie   iiiuiilry  in  wliich   it    lit   imttitntcd  ;  the 

third.  i\n-  ifeitv  in  wliiih  it  cii>ninenccd  opnatiotiH ;  and 
till-  f.iiirili.  I  III'  iiumbi'r  of  inixsiinianes  and  teachers  in  its 
cmjiloy,  Htaled  jjcneraily  lor  ISIO. 


1    Clirislian  Knowled^.'*  Society 

2.  Duiisii  .Mission  Colli,  jfc 
t'nii.l  nrcthrt-n 
.Mi-tl»(uliHt  Miitionary  Society 
tl»|)  isi  Missiiinary  Socicly 
|y)n.il  111  Vl'S.ioiiaiy  Sue  cl'y 
scotrh  Mi.Miiiiury  Sucitty 
(yliurcli  .MisHionarv  *■    icy 
•■Vmciican  II  j.iril  nf  I     cign  Mis  .'.uns 
l;).  ni|>tiit  Iloiiil  ol  l-\iui).Ml  Missions 
11.  UniieJ  Foiei{{n  Missionary  bocitiy 


3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 
ti. 
9. 


Country.      1 

t-ar.  Mit. 

P.il;!Uti(l 

1701 

8 

Dermal  k 

1715 

2 

fitrniuiiv 
Kiijflar.J 

I7J'. 

85 

I7m6 

65 

Kii^'iHiid 

:7'j.> 

72 

Ki)),'laiid 

1  T^K", 

84 

"iciitland 

17% 

12 

Kii)r||iii<l 

1800 

74 

fniiLil  States 

laio 

ol 

I'nili'd  Stales 

IH14 

3 

tinted  bl'Ui's 

1817 

3 

Total 


440 


nemarlcs.  Besides  the  410  misMonarie.'j  and  teach- 
er<i,  ttbove  enumerated,  there  are  farnurs,  mechanics, 
pliy«ieiun«i.  unil  ilie  wives  and  cliildren  of  the  mi^tiiiiiiu- 
riid.  who  arc  Kupporteil  in  whole,  or  in  part  from 
the  fund*  of  the  .Societies.  The  United  Bietiiren,  ^onie- 
tini-M  culled  Moravians,  are  about  16,000  in  iiiiinber. 
T'lt'V  live  prineipuliy  in  Uermuiiy.  The  I'liiled  For- 
ciga  Missi'ju  Society  is   coiiiiiosed  of  the  PresbyteriaD, 


i 


tH 


,^2\i 


liH.NKUAL  VIi:W.S 


Diitcli   Uci'nrmi'il,  miil   Ao^ocinto   Uefurmed   cluiri-liei. 
'i'li«>  (tilit'r  iiiiiiif*  fxpl  till  ili«Mii<irlti-ii. 

At'ciiriling  in  ilic  hImivi'  ■tliitcmiMit,  Miir^tiiinl  •it|i|iiirl« 
.103  miMtioiiKric* ;  (ifriiiiti)},  8^1  the  UiiiUmI  Hltilv*,  <i7, 
&c. 

fliPstionH,  I.  In  wlint  piiiintripn  nri»  Socli'lir*  on- 
ti\lili<i)iril  I'lir  Hriiiliui^  !Sli><i'iM>irii'it  lo  ilir  lliiiilicn?  i, 
\VIihI  iin'  lilt  nnint'>«  ol'  ilu'  Mi^niotiuiv  So' iciic*  in 
Iii)i;i'iii«l  }  iJ.  NN'liirli  is  ilu-  olilrsl  I'ufc  it'll  Mt«Aioii  Ho- 
cii'iv  i'»  till'  lliiilfil  Hti)c<  ?  1.  Wlnii  tliil  ii  ••omiiii'iipe 
il4  ii[i  r  \iiiMi»  r  1I.  NVhii'h  two  Horiiiii*  i'ni|tliiy  nioitt 
Ali'-iiiiiirii'ii  f  ft.  NVIiPM  ijiil  tlif  rmicil  Hicilnrii  iMnn- 
mi'iu't*  (Ik  ir  niixsioii.trj  liilioi*  .*  T.  Wlit-ii  wh<t  ilip  I.nn- 
«li>'«  Mi»sioiiary  ^'"•('ii'ly  (•>«irtl>li»lii'<l  ?  y  N\  Iml  i*  lite 
wlioh'  inimlxT  iif  I'rnUMlaiil  Mi»i»ii»iiviru'H  to  llic  Ilcn- 
llienr  0.  Iliw  mmiy  ol' tlu^e  hit  i*ii|i|»  •riei!  Iiy  I'lng- 
liind  .'     10.  !li»\v  many  liy  llii*  UiiiKil  fSluU-*  ? 

In  l!if  fiil'nwiH'.;  Iiiltli*  tlic  fii*t  coliimii  uliow*  llie 
ftiitiitrii"i  ill  «liii*li  iiii«»ii)iiury  Kli«lion«  nie  «'»lulili*!ieil ; 
(lie  HPOoMiI,  I  lie  s'iricti/  hy  whiili  lliey  were  pxliiMiHlHMJ  ; 
(lie  (liinl.  (lie  ti'i'uber  nf  ,^f•H^'K)U(n•ieH  siipnnrleii  hy  each 
Sdcii'ii :  (lie  l'i);iii!i,  tlir  n-hnti'  iiidiiIht  nf  Jlis>:i(tiiniii's  in 
«•»:•'/  i'ltHnll'l! :  unJ  lI'L'  lillli,  llio  number  af  stations  in 
e\i|i  emintiv. 


•  Coiinhy. 

1 
1 
1             Soc'ivty. 

-1 

h 

n 

'*r  •' 
-  a 
.■  0 
:  3 

AVi^t  AlViea 

('Iiure!»  Mi<m.  Hoe. 
MelJMidisl  .Mi^H,  Hoc. 

17 

10 

Soutli  AJ'iictt 

Hoe.  l'ro|"  (iospel 
London  Misn.  Hue. 
Tiii'.ed  liiethreii 
.\iellii>di>i(  Mi<is.  Hoc. 

»1 

38 

\7 

Mauritius  I. 
Mudu^^uuear 
Malta 

liOhdoii  \li>ts.  Hoe. 
lifiiidnii  Mi**.  .Hue. 
CImmtIi  Mi-.*.  Hoe. 
lioiiduii  iMi«ii.  Sue. 

t 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

i 

^ 

H 
(i 


V 


C: 


Itfriiriiietl    cluirdii'i 

I'M. 

It,   i'lii^^tiiinl   titiiiiorl* 
III-  UiiiU'tl  .Slalvi,  ii7, 


i)t  lilt'  Iti'iiilii'ti  ?     i. 

i«i()tllllV    Sim  iclicA    in 

l''llMI:»ll   MtaAJllll   Si». 

Ill-It  tliil  ii  iMiiiMiifiire 
''in'irlio  rni|iliiy  iiiimt 
I'^iiiifrl  llriilmii  roin* 
.  Wlii'ii  wh<t  ilie  I.nn- 
il  ?  S  \\Un[  tt  lite 
niiuiuru"*  to  llic  lli'R- 
I'  mi(i|)  tru-i!  I»)  llng- 
iltd  !Sluli-»? 

•t  coliiinii  nhnw*  the 
\ol\%  HiL*  c^lalilittieil ; 
hey  wric  riiliililiitli<Ml  ; 
ries  siijinovti'd  hij  each 
iln>r  iif  Jlis>:ioiitifii's  in 
mmbci'  fif  stations  in 


hi 
-1 

»'.  »    n 

mi 

oc. 

.  Soc. 

« 

17 

10 

i>l 

ij 

oc. 

a) 

1 

13 

■    3B 

\7 

.  Hoc. 

4J 

OP. 

1 

1 

IIP. 

1 

1 

OP. 

ue. 

U 

3 

i 

I 


i'nunfry 


lo'<i  III  i^lrtlliU 

I'll'H.IIIU- 

Co  iH|untiiiii|)li> 
Hu«*ia  in  /\>ia 


ThiliPt 
('liiiia 
Fiirdier  India 

IliiidouslHu 


OF  IHK  WOULD. 


Huclt'tij, 


(Vjloa 


Artialie  iHlundi 

NVw  ZenUnil 
Sapii'iji  i'tiatiiU 
HHnilvvicii  i»lan<l« 
(■uittUtt 


Went  ladies 
Cherokee  Indians 


l<iMiiliMi  S\\->*.  i^iie. 
XiiiiTiniii  Uoiird 

('liiiiih  MinN.  ^wi, 

•<.iiip|i  M\ss   H.ic. 

rmlfil  Itrriltrt-n 

l.omlon  .Mino.  .Sup. 

(Miunli  Mi*pt   Hup. 

Ijtiiilnii  IMiit<«   Hue. 

liOiiflon  IMixM,  Hoc. 
\uipiipnn  ll.i|ilm(« 

Kiiglii«h  l)iipiii«l> 

('liurrii  MJHK.  Hoe. 

l.oiiiliHi  Mimt.  Hup. 

I ' Ii r in) i  III  K MOM  Ifiljjp  S<i>i' 

AiMi-riimi  Mitard 

Mi-iIioiImi  Mils,  Hoc. 

I)  tiiisli  \li«^ioM 

Mi-llioili..l  MiHH.  Hue. 

(Miiirpli  MniM.  Hue. 

Vincricuti  Doarii 

tlii^liali  HiipliHln 

KiitfliKJi  l)it|iliiit« 

liOiiilun  iMiH*.  Hne. 
Clinieli  Miis  Moe. 
li'titiliin  MiHN.  Hue. 

Ninpi'ipiiii  ])oard 
Uniled  Breiliren 
Luiidon  Mitu,  Hop. 
MiihodiHt  MiitH.  Hue. 
Methodiitt  Migs.  Hue. 
I'nitfd  Brethren 
<Miurp|i  iMiiiM.  Hue. 
ICiigli^h  Rn|iiiiti8 
London  Miii«.  Hoc- 
Amt'ripnn  Hoard 
Uuited  Breiltrea 


J?i» 


*1    i»l»i 


IH 


<0 


^Idl 


22 


11 


73 


b'     4) 


it 


I 


II 


•im 


Vutinli'if, 


(iKMlUAL  VIKWB 


Sofitty. 


ii^M 


1  J-V 


Clinelmv  ImliHiiD  '  Vmerivuii  lli»nnl 


Viiirru'uii  l'r«-»buerinnii 


1  iil.niil.ir  rniieil  Hrplli 


Uireiilidi)! 


ren 
U'liiU'd  Urrll.reii 


i 

5i. 

;> 

« 

0 

1 

a 

a 

1 

'■i 

a 

9 

lU 

\[> 

3 

11 

n 

a 

4IU  IM 


Qiipufhiti!*.     i.  In  \»li(\»   Minnlry  »r«   fherp  1!ip  nin»t 

mUMMtirtriHK  f     J.   WliHl    Siicitflj  fMi|iloj«   llu'   fjrj'ttfoisl 

iiuiiiImt  i»f    MioioiiHrii"*   in    Himliioniiin  ?      '4-    WItnt 

«oiii»lry  lhi«  niimi  Mi^ninr  nrjp*  next  lo  lliii»loosl<in  ?     4. 

W'liul  "iKXl  .'     ft.  Whut   StMirl)  liii^   iMosl   MtiiKii>urtiit'» 

ill  ilie    \Vi»i  liiilio  ?     n,   Wliul  .HiicM't)  ln«  mtiitt    Mtt»- 

KiiMiuriFt   ill   Si'Milh    AlVicaP     '.  \\hh\    Hucii-ly   m-iiilu 

Mi»»H)hariM   lo  (JretiilHiiil  hi.(!  Lulifttdorr     «,   Wlure 

»re  tlie  n»i»Hiiiiii»r)  niiiliiiiix  (tl"  ilto  Amerit-ai  HourJ  ?     », 

Wlii-ri*  tin'  the  Mi»*i«u«ri«»  fint  nul  by  ilii*  AiiieriraJi 

Rii|iii-il«i'      1(».   Wltv-re    Bit-   llic    Mi«*i..iiarit'«   of  ihe 

Amirii'ttii  Pri*l»yleri»ii»  ?     «t    NVh«t    MbiIiIj  cmiiloji 

MinMt.iiariiK   in' llif  Hoci«'ly  ixlanH*  ?     li.  \Vli»«i»' me 

Ibe  Muiitinttrii'i  oltlic  bcuictiMiMliUjary  Sotiely  ? 


WiKpn.  In  Mip  Ipmpcrate  «n«l  frigid  zones  flie  witnU 
%rf  vttimlilf,  blouin,^  irrp^HlHily,  juimelimeiJ  fimn  one 
iioint  oF  the  i'*iin|in«t)i,  and  Riinietiiiirft  fi'iin  nnoihcr. 
jBiil  ill  llie  lorriil  '/.»w  ibf*  uro  \ery  rf^u'tfr.  In  uU 
purli  of  I  be  Atlanii*'  aritl  Piioific  Oceaim  which  lie  ia 
tlie  lorriil  /one.  cxci pi  mar  shore,  ti.e  vriiuU  blow  con. 
•iuiitly  Hi  ull  m-asoiis  ol"  ihe  year  from  ihe  «?h»I  UihIit 
the  I'ljuuior  ibey  ure  due  eniii  j  aH  you  a|i|iroiti'h  luwurtU 
the  uurtherii  U:>l>>c  they  iui-liue   tu  aurllieunt,  and  tu- 


KW» 


•1 

ft 

e 

b^ifrian* 

a 

a 

>n 

a 

» 

II 

lU 

Id 

I'll 

11 

ti 

9 
'4 


410  IM 


ry  aft'  fhere  the  nio»t 
(  nii|tloM  llii<  f$rr«i(VKl 
imloiiittiin  ?  »•  Wlmt 
I'xl  10  lliii»lno»lttn  ?     4. 

Iiu^   iito^i   M*iii«ii>ii»iie« 

.Siir'f'l)  l».»«  intiHt  Mill- 
;.  WhM   Hiu-ii'l)    m-iiiln 

Lnbruilnrr  «.  Wli^re 
0  Aiiierictii  Uoitrd  P  i?. 
nt  iiul  Uy  llii'  Aiiieriraii 
IP    MiNnitiiiurii'i    or  llip 

What  Myciil)  rmiMoji 
Iniid*  ?     ii.  iMivrit  hit 


nil  frigid  zones  tlip  winiU 
riy,  oiimetiinei  i'loin  une 
iini'tiiiirA  from  nnoihcr. 
rp  \ery  rf^u^ur.  In  uU 
ilie  Oreaim  whiilt  tie  ia 
lire,  tl>e  vriiiiU  Lliiw  roiio 
*r  from  llie  east  Uiiilir 
aH  you  a|i|iriiai-li  (nwurtl* 
ue  tu  aurilieuxt,  and  Ui- 


OK  TIIK  WOUI.I). 


iJi 


waril*  )!n»  noiillirrn  frnjiie.  fo  ««ullii'««it  Thr**  winiU 
art!  Ciilli'il  Trudf  u-imh,  Ihimiii"i'  ih.  j  iiiiii'li  luiililiile 
tratlm^  wi}Ui<>">.  liiv  >|iiiiii<ili  iluiilim,  whidi  nail  aii< 
iMiiiti.V  from  Ai'iipiili'ii,  on  llti'  hi'ihmii  fuati  iif  Mi'»<i-4« 
lit  llu'  l*liilip|iMi  •  inliiitili.  lire  liiifif  ailing  li>  the  ir<i<le 
wiiiiiH  unit  iiiniiti'riU|i(i'il  |iriiii|ii'i  ily  ;  m*  itlli  iiUmi.  iiii 
skill.  i«  rr(|inii'il  in  uti-i'r  llifiii ;  li>i  nci'iiti-ni  i'^it  hcfiilU 
ttirin  t  ami  llii»  vny.ii[(i>  of  iifitrl)  liitli'ilif  dri-tiiiifi-rrin'e 
of  llii*  ^liibi*.  i'«  nl'ti'ii  iicrfiirmi'il  iii  Miiiy  i|ji)>«,  vvilliout  it 
chaugi' iif  RMiU.  It  It  tiii|i)t>i«il'li<  rtvr  lu  rt-luni  ny  the 
nanii^  track. 

In  llK>  Inilijh  Ofraii  tlio  r^^ll^\^  Irmli*  uiiid  |iri'vtiil« 
tj(*tUiH>n  the  KiMiliii-rii  lrii|)ii'  iiimI  liii*  toili  ilci(riM<  iil'miuih 
lalilii'li*  ;  iiut  III  llie  iiurlti  nf  ihii  I^hI  IxiuiiiUry,  JM^iiiit 
ttic  eiii|iiri-  iif  llie  m'jHHonuii.  Vur  *\t  miuiiii«,  Imin 
April  ><>  Oeliilivr,  a  itrmiij;  uinil  bluuii  euiiMtaiidy  irnnt 
(he  iiiiuth\vi>«t,  briit^iiif^  iviili  ii  ram  ami  leinpi-x  :  ilutin^ 
Ibe  r«>«t  of  iliL*  year,  a  iliy  anil  ai^reeable  uiml  lilmt* 
from  ihe  iiiirilieaiit.  The  ehall^t'  frmn  one  nwiii-xnii  lu 
thr  other  in  accompaiiieil  viith  violeiU  utorrnt  uiiil  Imrri' 
i,'an>'«. 

All  the  itlanil*  helut>ei)  the  tropien  are  refroiheil  by 
i\\f  sen  ami  land  breeze,  lliiriiiif  ihe  ilay  a  bree/.e 
ftivvity«  bloMH  I'rnin  the  Hoa  \  but  at  uigbt  ii  cfiaugev,  and 
biuMit  from  titv  laud. 


(Imstions.  i  In  wivil  parli  of  the  wortil  nri*  (lie 
»iiii!<i  variable  ?  i.  Ir  uliul  parti  are  lliey  reij^ular  P 
3.  Ill  uhal  iliretlion  lio  llie  Iriitle  Mindu  blow  P  4, 
Where  do  the  Iraile  u  iodfi  prevail  ?  fl  Winch  i»  ibe 
?atiie«l  voyage,  fioni  R'exico  l«  Ihe  I'liilijipine  ioiniiiln, 
or  from  the  I'hilippiiie  ulaiidit  li>  Mexieo  f  A.  In  nbnt 
direeliou  do  ihe  nioiiHi.nn*  blow  ?  7.  Wliire  ilo  lite 
ainiiiouiu  prevail  ?  8.  What  in  theitaie  of  ihe  viealhee 
during  the  iioiiliitvi'iii  nio(is(jiiii  r  u.  ilovv  i^  ihe  Miiuhfr 
during  ihe  iiiii'iheait  inoniiioii  ?  l(h  \\'\>nt  i«  t|,e 
weaiher  during  llie  cliangi-  of  Ibe  nioii!*itnin>  r  n. 
>Vhicl!  way  iIuch  ihe  imiuI  blow  om  the  i*tiund,t  of  iho 
tonid/.one  during  the  day?  12,  VVhicli  way  durinc 
tlie  iiitjUt  ? 


'Mt 


(iF.NKKAI.  Vlf.NNA 


rail)  run  Iruai  «■«•»  Iw  we»i,  rull.»»%in»<  !•••  u.iir«'  nf  ilm 
irKile  Miiiil«.  In  (laMinif,  Iiomwit,  al'ii'^  •••••  nliMfi-*  'ir 
riititiiuiii*  nnii  i»liiii)U,  ihc*  »rt  Mfun  iIhi-iM-J  from 
llifir  niiltir«l  roiirnf.  'rim*  lli«*  ^rt-ni  lurri-rit  wlinli 
vuniL't  mti)**  llii'  MUitlif.  Ocmn.  jKiH^-itU  liviwfrii  foiiih 
AnM-ririi  mimI  iIh>  Wi«i  tniliti  kUihU  ii«i<>  il)**  ^''il*  *•!' 
Mf»iri), Hnil  llun  ru«lif«  tmi  ♦»ith  nrful  *«i«ni)  Imhuih 
Culm  and  Klnriila,  aiMl  (T-urt  J*  tmrlli  nluii^  ilt«- niH.l 
oflhH  Itiiilfd  Huir*.  ttiiil  iinrihia*!  »«  far  nt  iIh-  •lion* 
of  If.  UimI  Kiirf  (Jr.iii  llriimii  lliU  ftirrriii  »»  ritll-it 
IIm-  UiilfMiriMni.     H«r.  i*  a  iiirrrni  »%hii'l.  iimih-h  f'"m 


ihf  Kro/i-n  <li'«aii  linwnii  NoiHrt\  mid  (*■<  iiiIhimI   i-ml 


/.I'll  <li'«aii  linwnii  iNoiHrtj  mid  l*nii 
,,^,...  along  ill)*  w^^iiTii  «iti.»i  «i  dr*"'  H'l' 
tliv  hii.nluli  rhHiiii.!  Ii  lI't'H  (iini*  »'ii»i,  mul  rti.liiMi 
llirout(li  Mir  •trail*  of  Dovir  iiiUi  IIm'  Nortti  xim.  In 
llu'  rrti-irif,  liiiliiin.  mill  muuilnfrii  AiluMiic  OtpuM*  ll»e 
euir«ul*«  v.uli  IVw  4'«f»|»ii<in«,  run  Imm  »•»»!  I't  w^■•'• 

liueitlhim.  «.  In  wlinl  •lin-t'iion  do  ihn  nirrPBli  of 
ihi'  oii-mi  KcnrriiMj  mn  ?  i.  Wlml  ncPii-.i  'n«  m  d.-vin- 
liiiii  fiorn  iliM  niiirn'  in  »<>iiic  ln»t'tMii»  ?     a.  Ui-orritte 

(he  .Miiir lili.  UiiirHirniui  r     4    NV  hai  in  ilif  pouii.e 

aCiIip  ttirniii  »«liiili  itinn.  inmi  lite  Frozen  Oeeaii  l»e- 
tvretiu  >urv»a)  and  Oivenland. 


Volcano**  akd  EAUTnqvAKr«.  Vnlpanopa  ara 
kiiiminii;  nuMuilrtut*  wiili  ..|.iitnrf<i  on!  nf  wlurh  ara 
Uiri»>ni  Willi  drt-Hdliil  «x|iln»ii.n».  ii-.lie«.  unu.ke.  mud, 
fiif.  rfd  Imi  olMiifo.  and  l.oa.  Mnri-  ihaii  aoo  vohanma 
|iu«r  Ik-i'm  diMO^pri-d,  ^r^iiiTid  nvt-r  llie  unrldCf  of  ilie 
iMirlt..  and  iliire  utf  iiridiil'ly  ni^  nj  oilitr*  in  pri-i  not 
^it  exiilori'd  Tlii\  nm  lif  rom|irtrrd  to  fliiinm  y«, 
tliioitiflt  wlieh  llie"  iniotpn«e  fiieii  »*liicli  raiji'  in  ilie 
how.U  of  llif  •'■'rill  liid  vi-nl.  Ilie  moul  celflirali-d 
voliHiinen  Hri«  Mouiil  iKiii.i,  in  Mi.  ily  ;  V«»u*iu>4.  in 
IciU  ;  und  IIimIh.  mi  li-i-lHiid,  The  lofly  \>*fnk»  of  llie 
Aiuii •«  in  SiHiili  Ani'  rifft  art.'  nm-  row  of  \oli'aiiot>s.  t'l- 
teiiding  througli  >c«  Ureuada,  IVru  nud  t'liili.    Tlie 


:nmi 

»iii«(  tl  •■  I  iiiirif  t>t  ili« 
r,  nIdii^  tilt'  utiwrt-*  of 
•  uritii  tliti'iit'tJ  friitn 
^ri'Ml  I'tirrrnt  wlmli 
iiiifi'i'iN  liviufrii '■•iMlh 
jimU  ikIii  iIii*  OoI*  •'f 
Kjtful  »j|i)rilj  Imumi'M 
iiitrlh  alalia  il'*-  •■(ii»«l 
•t  «*  fur  H*  iIh-  •lion  • 
rtiin  riirrciti  i*  phII'iI 
mil  whii'l.  fiiiin'*  f'lifn 
ii\  itiiil  (''  <  i'iiIhiii(  i>ii«i 
iif  (Irrio  IImihiii.  iiiiu 
liini*  I'll*!,  hidI  rii*lti'« 
III  llii'  Niirtli  ••i-H-  In 
rii  AiliHuic  Ocpuii*  llie 
II  I'llMII  VK»\  It!  »»«■■•. 

on  do  ihe  nirrrnii  of 
•nil  (icPtioi  iti*  M  tli'viii' 

kIuiiii'k  f  !i.  IJi-Mi-rilte 
4  Whnl  it  (III*  roui*o 
the  Fru«en  Ueraii  be- 


Krs.  ViilrAnoPi  nr* 
irf«  Hill  of  wliir.h  «r« 
M.  nolira,  •nioke.  mud, 
lure  lh*u  aoo  vol»«mii« 
iiviT  lite  mirldce  of  the 
;  II)  uilu-rrt  in  nnrit  not 
om|inrp«l  io  fliimn<  y«, 
I  I'll  mIiicIi  raiji'  in  ilie 
The  moiil  oeleliratftl 
Si.  ily  }  V««uviu>4.  in 
The  lofty  jimko  of  (he 
II'  row  of  \oli'«nioi'«.  ••!- 
,  IVru  nud  Chili.    Th« 


OP  TIIH  \UMU.». 


J^iiJ 


fiiotl   trirlhlc  I'mpijoii  of  n  vnlciiiin  nn  n'fonl,  i«  thai 
Mhi>'!t  hii|i|i-)i  il  III  HIJ,  III  MijiiiiiiinM,  oiii'  of  iln-  ^|iii-i< 

i*l4ll'l«'        TlK'  •  tjitixiorK  MlTl'  IliMnl    ' Il  llti'    llmlilMii'   iif 

nmri'  'linii  'hh>  mtUt,  uinl  lli"  ii«lii  «  I'lll   m  •>•  ili  i|ih«iili> 
li"»,  .!•  Ill  |»ri>'liii'i'  uiur  ilinkiivi'i  It*  llii-  tli<iiiiiv;u  ol'  liOO 

tllllr* 

lviiilti|ii  iki't  ari'  ihc  inVfl  III'  ihc  «iiin<>  Kiilitrrriutritn 
liri'*  uliii'li  iti'i'iiaion  ^iilriMMii**,  ami  h«mi«IIv  ocriir  mi  iIh* 
urtilM'  liilll'.  Tiny  Hfi'  •iiiiiHiiMilj  lirrCt'ili'ij  li_v  ii  '(I'liirrtl 
*til|ii('«<  ill  I  h<'  Mir  I  I  III*  «liiM'k  I'liiiii'o  DM  ^Mili  n  riiiiililinif 
iHii^i ,  liki'  ttiiU  III'  ciirri  i;{i'»  or  ol  (IimiiiIit  i  iIk*  i^rniiiiil 
h''n»i'«  of  ro'k*  IVikh  »;i|(«  to  oi  It*.  A  mii^li'  •hmk  nl* 
liii'ii  ln>*i  muri'  iIimii  a  itiiuiili*.  hiii  ihi'  ^hni'k^  fri'iiiifnily 
mM'crfil  cai'li  iiitiiT  iM  «liorl  iiili'iiiilt  I'ur  ii  I'ltiiviiUriihle 
liiDi',  AiMiil  «'fi!i>iiu  lui*  iifini  iii'nii'.  iViiiii  tvliii'h  tt,t> 
icr  h'H  lU  I'lirili,  iiiil  »'iiiir'liiiti'<  n  inii'H.  Tin'  I'hat  ii»  nrn 
tniiipiinii «  «ii  ttiilt*  i««  III  '•trnthi'lm  n|iii|i>  i'ilii-«  at 
oMPV.  (MU'ii  lln-  I'ltrili  ii|ii>ii4  iiuil  I'loi.t  ii'^tin.  uttnllou* 
iiiif  up  mirtii'  |irii|ilf  i'iiiiii'!_«,  uml  ■(|iii'i'/iir<  oIIht*  la 
liritih.  Hiiiiii'tifiii'K  iiu-M  liiive  lifi'U  iiuallu\M<i|  lip  ill  line 
(■li.iitiii.  mill  lliriikt II  out  aIi«i<  liy  iiiiolhri'.  Mfi;ni'iim''( 
hiiiMi-it  Hint  lariiiii  'irv  CHirii'il  lo  llii;  ili>liiiii'i>  ul'  hitH'ii 
null',  Hiiil  I'Vi'ry  il  ni;  Irl't  kiainliii^.  MiMiii'liini't  uhiil« 
iilMiiil*  Hii*  «iiiik  in  I  Iif  ii('i'>tn,  uii'l  ni'w  iiiii"t  me  rni4eil, 
III  l?iS.1,  lilt'  I'iiy  III' l<>>liiin  tviit  iilniiitl  ttliull)  ili'«irii>i'i| 
by  II  i;r«'u>  i'.(I'M*i|miiKi.'  which  I'xdiiiti'il  over  a  cuniltlirn* 
blc  {iiirt  ul'  ihc  jjlubi'- 


fluc^timt,  I.  WhttI  «ro  voicnuofK  ?  3.  Wlint  lU 
tht'y  iliiehiirge  ?  n.  IIunv  niniiy  toleunom  kiive  lieeti 
ili«iMivere(l  ?  -1.  Which  iiri-  llie  in'"*!  releliriitvil  volcn- 
iiiiti*  ill  iIm'  wnrlil  ?  0.  Where  wim  tli(<  voleaim  uhieli 
proiliiceiJ  HO  lerrtile  lui  eniMtinn  in  INI.)  i'  0.  How  fitr 
were  llie  ex|ilii.iiiiiii  heuril  ?  7.  llnw  far  mmi  liitHi 
ilarkniKit  priidiii'ei!  hy  (he  fail  of  (he  ui«he<t  r  H.  N\  hat 
nro  earih(|>i  ike«  iieeii<iioMi««l  hy  ?  '•,  How  Arp  ihey 
iimi'iMy  pri'ceileil  ?     10.    VVIinl  iIim'm  the  iioine  ri<i>einble  ? 


II     llot«  liiMi{  i|ii  llii>  thoeki  latl  r 
of  ihfl  efTi'CU  uf  an  larlhi^uuke  ? 


IJ.  Wlial  ure  «t».ne 


* 


I 


331 


OFAKUAIi  VIKWS 


n.c  fullowiiii;  tul)lc  itliort*  lu  which  cittits  each 


Man.  Mfii  •iiiiv  »•(•  tlivi'liil.  ncronlins!  fo  (l-eir  «<«tc 
of  .mnrou-m.i,.  h'.mI  L.l.i<»  "'"  l'l«'.  '"'"  f'''^  ''■'**'"••.  "'« 
»«vui'V.  il.f  t.:.il...r.,ii'..  II..-  liMf  civil. ze.t,   nn.l  llio  n^i  - 

>>      .      I   I         .  1    .     i..      »  Ki^K     nluua   oafl*ll 

i/.eil 

IMlioll   Ill'ltlllJJX 

Comlitihii.  Xut'umf!. 

Fiiviicc,  Aincrir;  II  lutlmii*.  Nei<iof«,  biuI  natives 

„f  N,.»v  II..IIhii«I. 
B-thiiroin,         Antli-    M.,..>-.  Tftitar*.  MhIuj*..      _ 
Il.Hf.civ.hy.i'd,  CliMH''*-.    Ji.|i«iii»e,   llni.lf.o*,  Pergmns 

I  ink* 
Civili/til,  Kiirii|M  iiiH  null    tlu  !r  ilencendniHs  ;  par- 

liriiliirlj,  the    Bfiliitit,    Fri'iith    uud 
Oi'ini.tiis. 

liemrtiks.    Tlic  rharacteristirs  of  the  «liftcreiit   poiidi. 
tioiis  iiic  Its  f'o'ioux :  1  .•     I 

1.  In  ili«' (ioroirc  ^'»<P.  mm  «iili-'»«*  alinn*t  eiidrely 
by  liimliii«.  fUh.ng.  unci  (l.e  H|.niit!«»i««'iJ-  inoduMionH  of 
tl.f  f.irili  Siii.^t-.  utp  «i'ii<Tnllj  Ji.iihI  tUuU  ncaiter- 
eilover  it  laiire  urri  «nv.  i"  '•m"l!  iriti.b,  llic  im  mlierH  of 
vliiHi  ate  fir.iilj  uliticre.!  ti»  nuh  oil.fr,   l-iM  inflamed 

vilh   ilie   moKt" elt■lUI!l^   |.o>.iilily  t.>«Hi(ls   all   ilu-ir 

neiislibnurn.  '1 1'*^  »'t"l  lluil^  in  (lie  flutrueit-r  of  hiu  it),'.'ii 
are  oonrnsie,  fortitndf,  lov»  of  lihir(j,  an«l  u  Ingl.  fcnse 
ol'di'^nilv."^    The  worxl  iruir*  are  cinrlty  and  r"\eni;e. 

2/ln  the  barbarous  Mali-  sulixi^ience  is  derived  chief- 
ly  from  inulurage,  and  rude  agriculiure.  Tln.se  of  ihis 
class  are  generally  rol.bers  and  pirates  hy  prolcHsion. 
They  have  great  energy  of  chani.'tcr.  and  are  s.  me- 
liDies  possessed  of  hiiuorable  principlcH  and  warm  aftVc- 

tions.  ,       .  .     ,  - 

3.  Among  the /ifi//*-cU'j7i2r*'<?  nations.   agricuUnrp  and 

snmeof  the  finer  manufaetnres  are  (arried  t»  a  very  hi^h 
degree  of  perfection,  hut  science,  literature,  and  foreii;n 
commerce  are  almost  unknown.  The  goveinin.nt 
among  these  nations  is  altogetlier  despotic.  1  he  peo- 
pie  are  orderly  and  industrious,  but  lame,  pusillani- 
mous, and  easi'lv  conquered  by  their  barbrtrous  i.ei;;h. 
bors.    The  Tartars  and  Arabs  Iwve  ahvays  been  con. 


ifronlins;  <o  O'fir  ■•«<e 
i'v.  iiiUi  f'Mir  (l.i**!'*.  (lie 
L-ivil'/Hi?,  HUtl  iln'  «'i*il- 
v«  (u  Mhicli  viuHH  each 


i».  Nei^rocB,  ftiul  nalivei 

11.1. 

rni'tari*.  MhIujh^ 

i»e,   llnulf'o*,'  I'ergian^i 

lluJr  ileicptidnnts  ;  par- 
u    Uiitiitl),    Fi't'iivli    utid 


'S  of  (lie  (lift'oreiit  coiidi' 

Hiili>-!»(4  alinnHt  entirely 
niitii'ii'tiijh  iirotlurtioim  <if 
ill\  liiiii  <l  iliiiii)  HCditer- 
iili'iritjib,  llic  ini  mlierHof 
iicli  oilier,  I'll*  infl«iiie(l 
utility  lowHids  all  iln-ir 
(lie  <*lutrueler  of  Ha\«m'ii 
hhiri})  anil  u  liigli  st-nse 
re  ciuVlty  nn»l  r"\eni»e. 
»i»i*iHiiee  is  derived  ciiief- 
riciiliure.  Tlmse  of  idis 
III  pirHles  l)V  iiroleHsiim. 
Iiiiriii'ler.  and  are  scnie- 
rini'ipleH  and  wMrm  aftVc- 

nalions.  R£»ri(utinrp  nnd 
are  ( arried  lo  a  very  liiijh 
re,  literaliire,  and  fori'ii;n 
(iwn.  Tlie  goveiiinitnt 
tlier  dpiipolic.  Tin-  peo- 
iiix,  but  Inmc,  piisillani* 
y  ilu'ir  ImrlMTOHs  iii'ii;li- 
is  liuve  always  been  cun-' 


OF  THH  ^VOUr.D. 


335 


qiierors ;  iho  Cliineise  and  lliudno<(  have  alwi,^-*  'nen 
cu!i(|ii<  1 1  d. 

4.  \ni  n^  llip  ch'itirf'l  niUioiis  a^picultiirc  is  ri..!.!!!.  t- 
ed  Nkiirmlv  uml  >ciiMiilit'  >lly  ;  niiiniit'ni'iiii't''<  exi^i  on  a 
very  exicii-ive  ^C'»l>'  :  liu'ralure,  scienre,  ami  iiM  the 
arlK  holli  iiseliil  mil  ilii«:ifit,  are  eurr  <  d  In  a  'li^h  de- 
i;ree  ol'  ni'rCrcli'ni  ;  com neree  is  carried  on  >viili  t-very 
qii.trler  of  (lie  i^luiie  ;  an<l  the  niililitry  art  i*  so  well 
uiidi'r4(0!)il,  ill  .1  the  islandi  and  eoHHtn  in  nlmo'^l  every 
p:irt  oi'  the  >vnr!il  are  reduced   tu  colonial  iiiitijoclion. 

<lueslinno.  What  nation*  are  savages  ?  2.  What  na- 
tioMH  arc  b.irliiuoiis  ?  3  What  nations  are  hall'-ei^iliz- 
c<l?  +.  What  natinn*  are  civilized?  !i.  How  do 
lavages  fjiiin  >t  siibsisienee  ?  <i.  Are  savage  com. tries 
thickly  settled  ?  7.  What  are  the  bent  trails  in  the 
character  of  savages?  8.  What  are  the  hud  traits? 
U  llovv  do  the  barbarous  nations  suhtist  ?  10.  What  ia 
their  character?  lt<  In  ivhat  oecuputioiis  are  the  half< 
civili/.ed  nations  engaged?  lii.  What  is  the  ^nvern- 
menl  limong  the  half-civilized  nations  ?  13.  What  is 
their  rharaeier  ?  14.  How  are  the  civilized  ualious 
distioguished  ? 


Metals  and  Minerals.  Gold  is  usually  found  In  a 
perfectly  pure  state,  at  the  font  of  lar,i;e  rans;esof  moun- 
tains, from  which  it  is  washed  down  by  the  rivers.  The 
countries  which  furnish  the  most  gold  are  Brazil,  Peru, 
Mexico,  Kast  and  West  .\frica,  and  the  islands  of  Su- 
matra, Borneo,  and  Celebes. 

Silver.  By  far  the  richest  silver  mines  in  the  world 
are  those  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  In  the  courte  of 
three  centuries,  it  is  estimated  ih.'it  they  have  yifjdej 
816.000,000  lbs.  of  pure  tdlver.  More  than  uine  lenths 
of  all  the  silver  in  the  world  comes  from  the  uiiueii  of 
Spanish  America. 


I| 


336 


UEMiUAIi  VIEWS 


Iron,  tie  mnM  iispj\il  ol'thi'  moiaU.  is  vpry  gcnpially 
«liHii«f(l.  Tlie  iiio»l  »'nli-ii»ivt'  iron  iiiiiitH  in  (lie  woilil 
an-  ill  (ircul  ikiluiii  iiml  Knuici'.  Tlii'  riillowiii^  lal)ie 
fthnw*  till'  CHtimaii'd  .iiiiiiihI  pruduceul'  iruu  mines  ill  (lit- 
fureiit  (iiirU  of  the  m  urid. 

Sluinlalt. 

1.  (;it;a»  Biiliiin  B,oito.ooo 

2.  France  ■l,'iO<K«<tO 

3    \Iu',«\a  i,r,ra.()oo 

4.   ft«tiKil  1,300.000 

a.  \us\iiii  1,0 1. .000 

0    I'niled  Stn)*-*  J-SO.OOO 

r.  All  olhcr  cuiintrics  '  l,Oir>.000 


13,180  000 


IN 


Copper.  Oreul  nritain  produces  more  copper  an- 
niiailj  Mian  all  I  lie  rest  ol'  Kiiropc.  Tliitt  mt'tal  opeiirg 
also  ill  Norway,  8wtfdi'n,  Ausliia,  and  uiuii}  oilier  parts 
ol'tlie  world. 

Lead.  Orent  Brilnin  produces  more  lead  annually 
llmii  till  I  lie  rent  of  Kiirnpe.  'lliere  are  lend  minHS  aUo 
ill  France,  Ocrmunj,  Austria,  Spain,  and  the  United 
Slates. 

Tin  is  of  less  frequent  oceurrence.  Tlie  principal 
..jne«  in  ilie  world  are  in  Cornwall  in  Oreal  Brilain. 
It  is  found  also  in  Huxony  and  Spain  ;  and  Bauca,  a 
smull  island  near  Sumatra,  is  almost  sntirely  composed 
of  it. 

(luicksilver.  There  are  no  mines  of  qsieksilver  of 
any  imporiunce,  except  those  of  Almndcn  ia  Spain, 
Idria  in  Austria,  and  Uuaticavelica  in  Peru. 

Coal  is  duu;  in  immense  quantities  in  Great  Britain, 
particularly  near  Newcastle,  in  the  north  of  England. 
ll  occurs  also  in  various  parts  of  France  and  Crermany, 
iu  China,  in  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  in  the  country 
around  i'itisiiuri;  in  Feunsylvaniu,  and  in  other  parts  of 
North  America. 

Salt  is  very  generally  difluscd  over  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  The  must  fatnoiis  salt  mines  in  the  world  are 
those  in  Austrian  Poland  neur  Cnicow.    The  greatest 


RWs* 

laU.  id  very  gi'nprally 

III  iiiitii'H  ill  Hie  world 

Till*  i')illo\viii!{  tHitle 

ce  ut'  iruu  niiiies  in  (lit- 

Sluinlali. 
8,01)0.000 
■l,-iO(>,0(tO 

ijora.ooo 
i,aoo.ooo 

1,0 1  •.,(100 

1S0,(100 

1,015,000 


13,180  000 


ec8  more  copper  an- 
10.  TliiM  metHi  oreiirs 
,  and  man}  ullier  parts 

ft  more  load  annually 
i>re  are  lend  minxR  aUo 
'^puin,  and  llic  United 

ronce.  The  principal 
wall  in  Oreal  Brilain. 
Spain  ;  and  Bauca,  a, 
nost  sntirely  composed 

lines  of  qsieksilver  of 
if  Almndcn  ia  Spain, 
ca  in  Pern. 

ilios  in   Great  Britain, 

the  nnrlli  of  England. 

BVan«e  and  Germany, 

Breton,  in  the  connlry 

1,  and  in  other  parttt  of 

over  the  surface  of  the 
lines  ill  ttie  world  are 
jnicow.    The  greatest 


OF  Tin:  WOULD.  oJ7 

salt  work^  in  tht'  ruilnd  States  are  tliose  at  Sulinn  in 
New  York.  Salt  is  iiiaih;  in  lut^e  (|inui:itie<t  in  the 
West  Imlies,  from  the  water  of  the  o«eun,  by  evaporii- 
tion  of  the  8UU.    ' 

tliiPMiom.  1.  Where  is  gold  usuallv  found  .^  3.  What 
coiiiilries  pruilui'u  it  in  greiil  itbuiKlanci^  f  a,  Wlicru 
are  the  riehixl  Miivrr  mines  in  the  world  ?  4.  How 
large  a  jioi'tion  of  all  the  silver  in  (he  world  cumes  fruin 
Spanish  America  .''  5.  Wiiat  country  contains  the  nmst 
extensive  iron  mines  f  0.  What  four  countries  yield 
the  greatest  quantity  of  iron  ?  7.  What  country  pro- 
duces most  lead  ?  8.  Where  arc  the  principal  tin 
mines  in  the  wnrM  ?  0.  What  island  in  the  Kast  Indies 
contains  tin  in  great  (|uantities  P  lo.  Where  are  the 
quicksilver  mines  ?  11.  Where  are  the  principal  coal 
mines  in  Great  Britain  f  I'i.  What  other  couatries 
produce  coal  ?  13.  Where  are  the  most  famous  salt 
mines  in  the  world  P  14.  Where  are  the  principal  salt 
works  in  the  United  Stales  P 


VEOEr.\ni.ES.  The  number,  size,  and  luxnrianco  of 
vegetables  are  greatest  in  llie  torrid  zone,  «nd  dimiiiiAh 
as  you  go  toward  the  poles.  Our  hemisphere  may  be 
divided,  as  respects  vegetables,  into  four  parts,'  the 
torrid  zone,  tlie  SDiillii^rn  part  of  the  temperate  zone,  the 
northern  part  uf  the  tem/wrate  zone,  and  llie/r/^^'W  zone. 

1.  Among  tlie  most  reiimrkubk'  vfg(>table  prodnets  of 
the  torrid  zone  arc.  the  sun'o  palm,  which  jiclds  a  juice 
io  thirk  and  niilriiious,  iliai  it  is  iisi-d  for  food;  the 
breadfruit  tree  and  plantain,  wliich  produce  a  frnit  re- 
sriiiotiiis,'  bread;  the  leu/cot  India,  which  is  used  for 
i!jit-l)iiiMiiig,  nnti  surpnsses  e\en  the  nnk  in  firmness 
ami  (liirabiliiy  ;  the  niii;liiy  Daohah.  \\\\'ip]\  i^rowson  the 
h ihks  of  till-  r^eiic^il,  ami  attains  a  cireunlV-rcnce  of  oo 
aiiil  70  IVet:  Mild  ilie  .^icnf  _/>•»  palm  of  lii<li;j,  one  leaf 
of  w'licli  hII!  lover  ion  or  a  dozen  nicn.  tMn/io^ani/, 
I'lipriioil.  i!m>  c'/nmDi.v^,  the  t7(;iv,  the  imtmei::,  ni^j/cr/i, 
balnani  nuil  fn,:  hiiy.-enfe  -.-row  onlv  in  tiie  torrid  zone. 


-•■* 


-1^1 


m 


(JKNKIIAL  VIKWS 


v».  Tlif  moit  iinporfant  vegeUhles  in  llio  suutlicrn 
jr.irl  III' the  lempenite  zone  are,  lite  vine,  from  Ihc  fruit 
•.I"  wliicli  wine  in  mmle  ;  the  muthcrry,  uhicli  affords 
the  Hiean*  uf  making  nilk  ;  the  ulive,  which  liubscrycs 
many  agreeaiile  piirpoHeH  ;  u-limt  mu\  '  nley,  the  grains 
which  yieltl  the  mnnt  nutritious  bread 

3.  The  northern  part  ol"  the  temperate  zone  comprc- 
hends  amnni;  other  region*,  Britain,  a  f5reat  part  of  Ger- 
many, of  llu<i«»ia,  New  England  and  the  adjacent  llrilisli 
[•roviiices.  Wheat  grows  with  difficulty  in  the  higher 
liiiilules  of  thiit  climale  ;  but  oats,  hemp,  and  flax  are 
raised  in  nerfeelinn.  The  pastures  are  rich  and  rer^ 
duMl  ;  and  the  forests  are  Kne,  yielding  the  oak,  the 
n.s/i,  the  vim,  tkc.  This  re:;ion  iit  liille  favoured  by  imi- 
mre.  but  U  inhabited  Ity  the  most  active,  enleriirising, 
uiid  inihi'trious  body  of  men  on  earth. 

■I-.  In  the  fri'^id  /.one,  and  even  as  low  as  the  parallel 
iiftiO,  nature  assumes  a  gloomy  and  desolate  aspect. 
The  pines  and  flrs  rear  their  tall  heads,  and  cover  the 
hiiu  with  their  constant  mantle  of  dark  green.  In  pro- 
ceeding towards  the  north,  every  species  of  vegetable 
which  yields  food  to  man  entirely  fails  ;  and  nothing 
appears  but  dwarf  trees,  and  a  few  scAttered  bushes. 

Questions.  1.  In  what  zone  do  spiees  grow  ?  2. 
What  /.one  is  most  favorable  for  the  vine  ?  3.  What 
zone  is  most  favorable  for  wheat  and  barley  ?  4.  In 
what  zone  are  the  pastures  richest  ?  ff.  What  zone  is 
besi  for  oats,  hemp  and  flax  ?  6.  What  zone  contains 
the  most  enlerprizing  and  industrious  men  ?  7.  VVhat 
ve^ellll.les  grow  in  the  frigid  zone  ?  8.  What  is  the 
leak  used  for?  9.  What  is  the  sago  palm  valuable  for? 
10  What  tree  affords  the  means  of  making  silk  ?  H. 
W  here  docs  the  Baobab  grow,  and  what  is  its  greatest 
circumfereuce  ? 


Animals.  The  torrid  zone  is  as  luxuriant  in  its 
AuimaU  an  in  its  vegetables.  The  mighty  elephunt  here 
dwells  in  the  depth  of  ancient  forests,  while  the  rhinoce- 
ros and  the  hippopotamus  roll  their  enonnous  bulk  along 


w.s 

ha  in  llio  suutlicrn 
!  vine,  from  I  lie  fruit 
'/crry,  uhicli  affords 
i*^,  uliicli  Kubscrvcs 
ml  '  trleif,  ihe  graiim 
■11(1. 

;[ierale  zone  comiirc- 
,  a  f5r«'i»<  part  utiier- 
I  the  udJHCeiit  Uritisli 
Viuiilty  in  the  liiglier 
I,  hemp,  anil  flax  are 
's  are  rich  antl  Tcr^ 
ieltling  llie  oak,  Ihe 
liille  favoured  liy  ivn- 
active,  enterprising, 
itl). 

v<i  low  as  Ihe  parallel 
and  desolate  aspect, 
heudi,  and  cover  the 
d&rk  green.     In  pro- 
species  of  vegetable 
y  fails  ;  and  nothing 
f  scAltercd  bushes. 

lilt  spiees  grow  ?  2. 
the  vine  ?  3.  What 
t  and  barley  ?  4.  In 
it  ?  S.  What  zone  is 
i.  What  zone  conlains 
rious  men  ?  7.  What 
me  i  8.  What  is  the 
1^0  palm  valuable  for? 
of  making  silk  t*  11. 
id  what  is  its  greatest 


is  as  luxuriant  in  its 
e  mighty  ekphant  here 
ests,  while  the  rhinoce- 
ir  euormuus  bulk  along 


OP  TIIK  WOKLl). 


339 


rlie  hankii  of  (he  streams.  The  most  ferocious  animuls 
itl  Ihii  zone  are  (he  Hon,  the  ti^er,  llic  leopard,  (he  pan- 
tfier,  the  ounce,  and  the  liycrna.  Here  almi  is  (he  giiitlo 
nnd  beautiful  antelope,  and  (he  useful  camel,  yiiliout 
whose,  aid  the  deserts  would  be  inipassahlf.  'I'his  liurii- 
Ing  zone  generates  swarms  of  reptiUi  and  srrpeuts  of  an 
enormous  size.  Crocodiles  anci  alligators  till  uM  (he 
great  rivers,  and  are  ready  to  devour  Ihe  unwary  pas- 
senger. The  largest  birds  are  the  ostrich,  the  cassowavi/t 
and  the  condor.  The  inserts  are  inconceivably  numc- 
Tous.  The /ocu-ifs  and  ^jVs  move  in  such  close  and  im- 
mense armies  as  to  lay  waste  the  earth,  and  drive  na- 
tions before  ihcm.  Among  (he  marine  insects  :ire  the 
corals,  animals  insi|;nifieHnt  in  themselves,  but  reroark- 
ftble  for  the  clVecIs  which  they  produce.  They  have 
stony  eases  which  remain  after  the  death  of  the  animal, 
and  gradually  nccumulaling  and  adhering  lu  each  other, 
at  length  form  large  rocks  and  even  islauds.  The  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  from  New  Holland  to  ".iendly  islands, 
is  entirely  a  coral  sea,  and  navii^utors  are  in  perpetual 
danger  of  striking  agaiuht  recks  of  this  substance. 
New  Holland  is  in  a  manner  walled  round  with  coral 
rocks,  which  render  the  navigation  very  dangerous. 

In  the  temperate  zone  (here  ar*  very  few  monslroug 
or  ferocious  animals  ;  but  the  horse,  the  oa.',  the  sheep^ 
and  other  valuable  domestic  animals  are  found  in  great 
perfection  nearly  to  Ihe  OOtli  degree  of  latitude. 

As  we  approach  the  COth  degree  of  latitude,  the 
country,  almost  deserted  by  man,  is  covered  with  the 
elk,  the  marlin,  the  sable,  she  beaver,  the  ermine,  ani- 
mals protected  from  the  cold  with  a  covering  of  rich  and 
beautiful  fur,  which  is  eagerly  sought  after  by  man  for 
purposes  of  comfort  and  luxury,  and  hence  these  frozen 
countries  have  become  the  region  of  an  extensive  fur 
trade.  The  most  useful  domestic  animal  in  this  diihate 
is  the  reindeer. 

In  the  frigid  zone  the  quadruped  species  again  as- 
sume a  fierce  and  formidable  character.  The  bear  stalks 
horrid  amid  bis  frozen  solitude,  and  fiercely  defends  it 
against  the  daring  approach  of  man.  But  the  great 
s(;^ne  of  life  over  the  Polar  regions  is  irt  the  ocean.    It 


t^ 


810 


OKNEUAL  VIKVV9 


in  here  Hint  llie  mii^lilienl  of  lh«  animal  creniiuu,  tiiM 
cnoriiioiiH  i«7in/.'  rolli.  Ihroiigli  the  ma,  ami  nnitgki*  liit 
frigliiftil  rduriii!;!*  willi  llie  loutnl  oJ'  llif  lempesl.  Be- 
■itlfn  Ihese  lonU  of  llii>  optuii,  llif  Norllieni  i»eHM  ttwurm 
with  herrivs;ii  wliieh,  duririij  the  wiiiHr,  |»i(ii!te(l  in  vast 
nliiiuU  to  llie  neun  of  (he  H'm|uTHli-  zone,  wLuic  ihejr  ttf- 
furd  lUe  fouiidaliuii  of  valuable  ti^liuriut. 


quPntionH.  1.  What  arc  »ntne  of  the  InrgeiJ  unimaU 
in  the  (orrid  zone  ?  3.  Which  are  tlu-  ino»t  fcr«t'ioii»  ? 
3.  Of  whaJ  ime  in  thr  came!  ?  4.  Wlint  ff  i«cioii«  animals 
inhiibit  ll<e  rivers  of  llie  (orrid  zone?  a.  Which  are 
the  ImgeM  liinN  ?  «.  What  tBcet  i*  prodiind  by  the 
loeiiMH  ?  7.  What  ♦••Ifel  in  |iroiliiciil  Ity  llie  eoraU  ? 
«.  Wh;\(  parmof  the  world  nri'  Irout'led  with  llie  corul  ? 
«.  What  »iiimnU  floini-.h  in  ihe  lfm|terale  zone  ?  10. 
What  HtiinialH  are  found  near  llie  Oiilli  de^nt-  of  lati- 
tude ?  11.  What  partK  of  Ihe  world  firnducf  the  lu'ot 
furs  ?  ii.  What  ferocious  niiiuial  i.i;i.,!iili«  llie  rrij;it! 
■tme  ?     13.  W  hat  reinuikdble  Ksl;  iu  the  polar  »eu»  ? 


TEMPEnATi'UF,.  The  two  lending  caii«e«  uliich  af- 
fect llie  lenipernlure  of  any  region  are  diMtnnce  from 
the  eijuator,  aud  elivalioii  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Ill  proporlioM  an  you  go  from  the  etiuiitor  towards  the 
pole*  the  eold  increases,  and  in  proportion  a*  yoii 
Hucend  above  the  level  of  the  sea  the  euld  increases. 
Hence,  under  the  equator,  low  eoniilries  are  excensivcly 
lot  and  unheallhy,  but  regions  elevated  6000  or  SOOD 
feel  enjoy  a  deligfiiful  temperature,  while  at  13,000  or 
ll,i'00  feet,  lle^  climate  'a  the  same  a«  in  the  frozea 
zone,  and  at  15,000  feet  is  the  region  of  perpetual  con- 
gelation, where  ice  never  melts,  niid  all  mountains 
are  covered  above  this  height  with  eternal  snow.  The 
following  table  shows  ihe  mean  temperature  at  the  level 
uf  the  sea,  in  all  the  successive  latitudes,  and  the  bcight 
at  which  perpetual  eongelatioa  takes  place. 


V'9 

iriiinni  ereniiiiu,  (ii«t 
i-u,  aixi  niiiigk'«  hi* 
r  llu!  leni|)u<t(.  Be- 
lorllierii  t>v»*  Hwurm 
liter,  |ii'iiufeil  in  vaHt 
xoiie,  wliL'iu  I  hey  uf- 
L'rici. 


7  (he  lnrgp«t  unimaU 
tlio  inoHt  <'«T«t'ioii»  ? 
lint  fVrneioii«  animal* 
ne  ?  a.  Wliieli  are 
I  i*  proiliircd  by  the 
iccil  liy  lliH  rornlM  ? 
ihlril  uitti  tlte  rorul  ? 
m|M>rale  /.one  ?  10. 
omli  (I'^iff  iif  liiti- 
rlil  firn<lu»'i'  tlio  lii'Mt 
I  i.wi.Jiilit  the  rri,:;i(I 
in  itiu  [tulur  iieu»  ? 


inc;  cnii«e«  uliich  af- 
II  ure  (liHlaiicf  from 
the  level  oi'  the  sea. 
eciuiitoi'  townnU  tho 
I  |ini|iorliuii  ai  yuii 
I  the  euiil  iiiereti(tc9. 
iilrie!*  are  exeensively 
uvutcfl  6000  or  8(!00 
S  while  at  13,000  or 
(lie  an  in  the  frozen 
ion  of  jierpetiial  con- 
,  and  all  nioiintaiiiii 
I  eternal  snow.  The 
iiptrature  at  the  level 
ituilc8,  and  the  height 
kes  place. 


OF  TIIK  WOULD. 


Hi 


Pcrpelual  Cjn^eliHiuit 

M'M  T<m[nrutur<, 

Jeet. 

84°  I*' 

ili,ii)7 

8i°  fl' 

itja* 

7»'  1' 

I3,r8 

ri^  1 

It,  IS* 

(^f  ft 

9,001 

03°  0' 

n,3di 

4.1"  0 

8,818 

88"  I 

1,778 

aa^rt' 

457 

8ii«0' 

0 

Latitiiiii- 

0 

1<» 
SO 
80 
40 
GO 
fiO 
70 
80 
00 


qitpstions.  i.  Wha<  are  Ihe  two  leading  cau«e»  which 
afloet  the  temperature  of  any  place  r  2.  In  ascending 
a  loHy  nioiinlain  dnen  the  climate  hccome  warmer  or 
colder?  3.  What  i»  the  climate  of  low  countries  in 
the  torrid  zone  ?  4.  What  is  the  climate  of  places  near 
the  equator,  which  are  elevated  0000 or  8000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea  ?  0-  What  is  the  climate  at  the 
heitsht  of  t»,0(io  feet  under  the  equator  ?  6.  What  is 
the  climate  at  OOOO  feel  in  latitude  40' ?  7.  How  high 
must  ft  mountain  rise  in  lutilude  hO"  before  its  lop  will 
be  covered  with  perpetual  snow  ?  8.  What  i*  the 
mean  temperuture  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  under  ihs 
equator  ? 


50* 


i 


mJES'l'IOXS  ON  TUli  MAPS. 


MAI*    OF    TIIK    MOULD. 


1  On  wliich  tide  of  (lie  equator  it  Ihere  thp  tnniit  land  r 

2  Wliicli  cuutincnt  coiiluiHS  the  muni  iuntj,  tliu  euitern 

or  western  ? 
a  Whifli  iit  llie  iargpst,  Asia  or  Africa  r    4  Africa  or 

Miiiilh  America  r      0  Houtli  Ami'rioa  or    Kurupe  ? 

0  New  ilolluiiil  or  Snutli  America  r 
7  What  ciii»ri(>rit  uftlie  ^luhe  are  vruviied  by  the  cqiia* 

tor  P     8  What  islaiidit  r 
9  What  quarter*  are  croised  by  the  tropic  of  CaprU 

coru  f     10  WtiHt  i«laudH  r 

11  What  quarters  are  cros<te(l  by  tho  tropic  of  Cancer? 

12  What  quarter!  are  cronni  d  by  liic  Arctic  circle  ? 

13  Throuijh  how  many  /on<.ii  doet  America  run  '( 

H  In  what  zone*  docR  Al'rica  lie  r  lO  In  what  7.nnc« 
doefl  Agiu  lie  ?  16  In  what  zonei),  Xorth  America  f 
17  In  what  zonei,  South  America  ?  lu  In  what 
zone*,  Kurope  P 

19  In  wimt  /.one,  the  West  Indict*  ?  20  Thp  Aitiatic 
island*  P  il  The  Society  itlaiidxP  23  The  ^iand- 
M ich  inland*  ?     83  Spil/.licrfjiii  P 

24,  In  what  /one  is  the  priuripul  itart  of  Asia  P  'iS 
The  principal  pftrl  of  Nnrlh  America  ?  Jfl  'I'he 
prineip<tl  pirt  of  Kurnpr  ?  i7  The  printipal  part 
tif  Afiiiii  f  i8  The  priiicipul  part  of  South 
Aineri.ii  ? 

^9  In  wliit  direction  from  North  America  i*  Kuutb 
AniiTica  P 

.^0  lu  what  diffctiun  from  A»ia  ii  New  llolluud  P 


lli  MAl'b. 


LO. 

llipre  Ihp  tnniit  lanil  r 
uDt  lunJ,  tliu  eu»lern 

frica  r    4  Africa  or 
nieriou  or    Kuruite  ? 
rica  f 
cruDiiC'd  by  the  c«|iia* 

llie  (rupie  of  Capri< 

lio  tropic  of  Cancer  ? 
he  Arctic  circle  ? 
America  run  i 
i     15  ill  what  7.oncn 
neo,  Xiirlh  America? 
erica  ?     lU  In  what 

K  ?  20  Thp  Asiatic 
imIx  r  33  The  8uHd- 
•h  r 

I  part  di'  Asia  i     iS 

Aiiicrica  ?     J6  The 

17  'I  lie  priiit'ipal  part 

ipitl    pun    ul'    !3iiuth 

h  America  in   Huutb 

New  llulluud  ? 


^ 


QUES'SiONS. 


313 


Jl  III  what  «iir<<etion  is  Africa  fruni  Asia  '(  33  Africa 
from  Kuriipe  f 

J.J  Which  niiii  farthest  north,  Africa  or  South  Aineri< 
ca  r     Jh  Which  run*  fnrlhcitl  Roiith  i 

M  Which  i*  farlhi'<«t  north,  NvMfoiiiullanii  or  Great 
Hi  iiin  r'  :ii«  Qiifliec  or  l.ontlon  .'  :iT  lln^ion  or 
I'ariN  ?  .IS  Hra/il  or  (iuinca  f  30  Cape  lioru  or 
the  Cape  ofiiooil  linpe  i* 

•lu  What  sIraitK  connect  the  Parilie  Milh  the  Frozen 
Ocean  r  it  The  Mediterranean  with  the  Allan- 
tic  ?  12  'I'liu  Hed  Sea  wilh  tlie  liidinn  Ocean  i* 
4.i  Hailing  (lay  wilh  the  Atlantic  P 

M  What  »lrait<t  separate  I'aia^oiiia  from  Terra  del 
Fnei^o  ?  >A  New  llolluiid  from  Van  Dienien't 
land  ?  w  New  Holland  from  New  Guinea  r  i7 
Humatra  from  Malaya  i 

48  What  cHpe  at  the  southern  extremity  of  America  ? 
•lU  What,  at  tlie  Nnullieru  extremity  of  Afrieu  r  no 
At  the  Meslern  extremity  of  Europe  f  oi  At  the 
western  extremity  of  Africa  ? 

82  What  sea  lies  hetween  Europe  and  Africa  r  03 
What  great  sea  lietueen  Europe  and  Ania  P  d'h 
What  sea  between  Asia  and  Africa  ?  0.1  What 
gulf  between  Persia  and  Arabia  e  0fl  Whnt  buy 
between  IliudooHlun  and  Farther  India  ?  A7  What 
sea  between  the  Went  IndieH  and  boulh  America  f 

08  Which  is  the  laif^t'iil,  the  Mediterranean  or  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  P  au  The  ('uitpian  Sea  or  Lake  Supe- 
rior P  6U  Borneo  or  Great  Uritain  P  Oi  Iludsou'i 
Hay  or  the  Uullic  ? 

G3  Which  i<«  the  lari:est  island  between  Asia  ttud  Uv\f 
Holland  ? 

03  In  what  direction  from  Jlmneo  are  Sunial  a  and 
Java  P  fit  In  what  direi-iion  from  Hon  eo  is 
Celebes?  6fl  In  what  direelioii,  the  Spice  islitiidM  ? 
nn  Ifi  what  direction,  the  Philippine  iHlund**  ?  fl7 
The  Pele»  islands  ?  (18  The  Ladroue  islands  ? 
OU    The  Caroline  island)*  ? 


:o 


In  what  direction  from  the  Society  islanda  are  the 
MarcjiiiyH*  ?       71  The     Sai'ilwieli     islandii  ?       73 


Navi^.iior'H 


i^lMnd"!  ?     7.t  1  III'  Frientlly  islands  ? 
1  New  Zeulaud  P    7j  Filcnira's  isluud  ? 


1^1 


QUKhTlONs. 


7H  Whul  i»Uiii1i«  iiftf  the  N.  W.  «»»»\  «f  Africt  f 

TT   Wlinl  i«luii.U  tm  the  M.  F..  r<i«»t  «il'  Arncu  r 

7»  Wh.re   it  HI.  Helen*?     r»  Whu«  an-    httlkland 

mImiiiU  •'  «  n»  ■  I 

HO  >Vh«l  i^lumi*  n»i(lw»y  between  Korope,  VFnc*  iinil 

AmcritMi  r 
«t  VMi«t  ^^«al  i*lmul-(  iu  tlic  Areliv  <l.'o«ii  r 
N4  \\li4t  Urnf  inland  lto«  *<'«nh  "f  H(iiil««i»tan  f 
HJ  What  Uis;u  i»luiMl  H"iiil»  <••  Ne«  llulUinl  ? 
81  Wlial  lari^f  i»Unil  near  the  ntoulli  of  lli«'  >*«•  l«»w« 

88  What  are  *he  principal  Kroiipe*  ofii.amlii  in  llie 
IniTJil  y.»<ni*  i 

se  What  *ca»,  >.trtti»«,  chaiintU.  nnil  oeoani  ^oiild  }<iu 
\m**  llif.i«!<l»  ill  "uili'iK  '■'•'»'"  ^*'  I'^ltT'l'Mff '  •» 
lliimhaj  ?  87  W'hni  boilies  ol'  *ftter  wniilil  ytiU 
nuM  through  ii»  umlinn  Imin  rntidm  to  Qinliec  ? 
«s  What,  in  naiiiitj^  fi'dii  \tw  OrkaiiKto  Aron«i«- 
fful  ?  HJ  What,  1(1  -Htlirif^  from  t'<iii*t.in  inopte  lo 
Htofkholm  ?     m  \Mmi,  iu  nailinn  from  I'tkin  to 

Miii'lia  ?  ...  i.  .,     •      ■ 

01  III  wliut  (li.eelion  frnm  the  istlimts  «/  //nrii-n  it 
(JrniiJiuid  ?  tti  111  «l'"t  •liitPlioii,  H'  hriiii;'* 
mraiu  f  «^  ••>  w'l^'  <liri'piii>ii,('ape  Hi.  Uoijue  ? 
\)h  III  wlial  (littetion,  ♦Jitpa  Hurn  f 
•A  W'liui  c«uii(ri»'»  lioriler  oii  the  liiilian  Ocean  .'  9<» 
'.VI;,it  oountrie»  Uriler  on  the  M.-fl^irrr  meaii  r  «7 
W  hat  nu.»iter»  of  Ihe  i;lolie  hnr«|i-r  on  the  S'acifto 
<>(.  un  r  VH  W'liui  ((iiarlor*  bi.rder  on  the  Atlun- 
lic  .'     «tt    What  nuartcr*  bonier  on   the   Arctic 

Ovtun  ?  ,  .    ,       »T  I 

joo  What  coimtrii*''  ilueii  the  parallel  or 00  IN.  lal.  past 
thnm^h  r  ml  ^^bul  e«iuii»rie»  tluei  the  parallel 
of  .10  prt!Hi(hr..ti,i5h  r  toJ  Throu«;h  Mh;H  ct.unlriea 
the  nunill*-!  "f  40 .'  |().J  Ihrou^li  what  eounirie* 
the  parallel  ..f  30  i  Hi*  Ihroiigh  \vliat  couulriis 
the  piirullel  of  ^0  ? 
101  What  lari^e  peiiiiuiila  i»  there  in  the  northeast  or 

A»ia  ?  »»       .    A    ^ 

100  W  hat  ptuiubulji  on  iLc  we»t  ioftil  o^^«rll^  Amer- 
ica r 


iia«t  of  Africa  .' 

it  III'  Afrii'tt  r 

hvr«  art'    Futklititil 

Kuropc,  \fric»  iiml 

lio  OcpHH  r 

r  lliiiilooiiliiti  i 

n  IIoIUihI  ? 

Mill  or  llii-  M».  Law. 

let  ofiiluiuU  in  ilie 

ml  oeoan<i  Mould  }»U 
I  St.  l'eli'r»ltur'^li  to 
•if  wm»T  wniilii  ytiu 
rnn(<in  I"  Qmli"C  ? 
V  OrkttHK  to  ArchftH- 
nm  t'liiiii.ini'noptp  lo 
liliDK  from  I'L-kin  to 

hthmt»  »/  Ihrien  it 
(liiiptioii.  U'liriiii^'i 
ion,  V»\\e  Hi.  Itoque  ? 
hliirri  r 

I  liiilitin  Ocean  ?  0(» 
;  Mcfliicrr  menu  ?  '.>7 
inriJiT  oil  tlie  S'nciftO 
bi.rdiT  on  ilie  Atiun- 
jriler  oh    llie   Arctic 

Itfl  of  00  N.  lat.  paiif 
rit^i  ilov*  the  purullel 
liroo«;li  wliiit  ctiunlriti 
irou.jli  what  couniripi 
iroiigli  Nvliat  couulriiH 

re  in  the  northeast  of 

ioatt  of  Nurib  Amcr- 


yUKHTHlNS. 


Mi 


inr  Whiflt  runt  frttthi-iil  wftt  Afiifii  or  r.nropr  ? 

ltd  Id  mIihI  tlirrfimn  i<  t'lun-  J'.nl  truiii  (*n|ii'  ll»H«  f 

lu«  TliriMi^h  ulitil  platen  il«je«  the  meiitlian  ol'Q"''"^ 

ilt.  Whiclirun^  farih««l  miiiih,  Vfrictor  New  llillaua  . 


MAC  ur    NUHVIt    AMKHU'A. 

I  Wli.it  OL-ean*  liortltT  on  N'-irili  Amfdi-a? 

.1  In  whfti  put  of  N.  Aiii'-ricA  ftri-  ilir  Hiili»h  p««. 
H'UMiiii* ;  .'  Ill  «h.H  purl,  iho  rinlf.l  Hiuitu? 
J  In  «h'it  purl,  (ill'  Spiininh  pM»*f«iii.in«  ?  •  In 
whm  p.irl.  lintiilHinI  .•  I)  1 1  wlitU  pari,  ihv  Uai- 
Hiiin  mdlfiii'  i(l<»  ." 

T   III  wh.ii  (lirt'ffion  il'tf*  thr  wptti-ri  r<»ri*l  »f   N-irtli 
Ainii it'll  run  r     ''■   I"   wl.nt  iliri-iiiitn  dot*  ilic  em- 
lirn  ctiti'.i    run  f     '•   In  "h:»l  din-pfinn  ilu-   H»ky 
niniiMiiiiiit  r     |(>  III  »l.al  direction  the    Alleghmiy 
niiiiiNiftin*  ? 

I I  Wliit'ii    are  the  five  larijrti  hav*  or  giilr*  in  %i)rlU 

\ini'rii'ii  f 

U'  >Vliiil  liiri^e  "i'land*  He  n«'ar  (lio  ninntli  of  llie  ^f. 
Lrtwr^-nef  r  II  Wliul  eiiiiHicIfnililc  i«liiii<l«  <iii  ih»» 
Cii^it  i.r  llif  r.  !-iiil<«.-  »i  ^Vliiil  i-Iiii-N  ill  li.e 
Ai|i»nii<-  Offim  fUHt  of  Cuiiditin  r 

I  .  NVIiith  iire  (he  hc^imi  it !!;.•■< I  lukf*  in  N.   Amorn-u.- 

M   In  «hiit  iliifiMion  from  Lnkr  Jifii'  \*  l.iil**'  "•ii.i'ru  r  .' 

17  In  wtiut  dirifii.in  IV.mi  l-ake  Krie  i*  l.iikf  >>'•>•''• 
p,!^f  J!l  Sl.tve  Lake:  I  '  llud».in'*  Buj  r  '^0  Ihc 
(iulf  Iff  St.  I.awrfiu-f? 

^l  What  Ik  the  priiieipal  river  which  emptier  info  the 
Frozen  Ocean  f  '.'.i  Inio  lluiNxi.N  Ha>  ?  '-'-*  Imn 
the  Onlf  of  St.  I.awreneei-  :\  Into  <he  (Julf 
of  Mexieor  2J  Into  (he  Uuif  of  Culii'orniu? 
L't;  Into  (lie  I'ai-ifie  Oeeaii  ? 

'.'7  Through  \»hal  iakcn  do  Ihi?  water*  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior piis'*  before  they  rraeh  the  Oeean 

','t!  Ill  what  gen»Tttl  diVeeiion,  iI.hh  (he  Si,  LawreuC© 
run?     ii'J   In  what  dtrtilit.n,  the  Mi^si^Hippi  r 

oO  What  river  i»  the  outlet  of  Luke  Winoipej  ? 


iid 


QLKHilOVf. 


M 

:m 

%) 
yi 

SB 
.•v.» 
40 
41 
4.' 
4.i 
4t 


47 
43 

4!» 

50 
£^1 
62 
&& 

09 

CO 
Ul 

62 


64 

Gh 
0i 


Wlut  rUff  l«  Ifii'  nittirt  «r  HiavP  l.»k«-  * 
U  li«l  •f|ii»rnl#«  l.ntiriiilor  fr»in  UrtM-nUiul  * 
>Vli«»  ncjnniH-*  I,  tbrmliir  from  N'iM»fiiiiinlUntl  ^     ^ 
III  wliiit  Uliiiiile  I*  llif  Mtiiiilli  III'  ihv  .Mi4«M»i|»)ii  r 
III  »hHl  lulllmli'  i«  (liH  niKiiili  nf  (lit-  Hi.  I.ii  ...•i«'«' :_ 
In  Mhal  liliiiiil-',  ilic  iiioiiili  of   M.ick.-n/ip'i  r«*«'r  : 
III  uhil  iliriM'ttoii  from  NiMUmiiitllHinl  ih  iIii-  l^ranJ 

n.ii.k?  , 

On  V.  liHl  »ii|f  nf  N<  wf'unnnniiH  i»  hi.  Julmkr 

Wlirri'  i<  ilie  hin  of   Fnintj'  r 

Wlierp  \%  i'lijti-  llirioii  i^lmul  1 

WUni  Itoilii'*  of  WHliT  lionlrr  on  \ovii  Sfotit? 

\Vli!»t  hoilii'*  of  HBicr  Itorilcr  on  .Nftv-BruntHuk? 

On  Ml.ieli  (iiti-  of   Novu-Hrolia  in  llitlifki  i 

In  »ltiii  iliriTlMiH  from  UaUJttx  ii    llottnn  F    45  la 

wliitt  tlirt'ction  <^Mp)>cp?    •\\-   In  nlitt  dircttioa  8t. 

Jolii'V  in  Ni'v^foiiiHlUnil? 
Ill  \\\>'\\  iliD'Clinn  frrim  Hnilon  i*  Qurbee  f 
In  wImI  (liri-cliou  fro«  N^w-York  it  Mnnlr«tl  ? 
lu  ttliui  tiirtM'iion  frun  Onltiinure  i«  Kiegaton  in 

rplHT  CanHilii  f 
lit  wliut  ilirvelion  frum  Kinf^'«(un  are  Montreal  anil 

Qiit-ti*'*'  ? 
Ill  ulmi  ilirectioii  from  Baltimore  are  New-York  and 

Ito^ioii  i 
What  M  llio  iHiituilv  nf  llie  cily  of  Meiien  i     63  Of 

Nfu-OrliuiM  r     fil    Of  l'LilM(Jfl)tliiit  r 
Wliifh    wny    from   Mi'Xivit    \*    New-Orl-un*?     f)6 

Which  way,  Verii  Cruz  ?    57   Acupulco  r   T'l'   Mao- 

ta  Ke  ? 
What  litri^e    Ulund   in  the   muuth  of  thf  Gulf  of 

Mexi<'u  ? 

W  hicli  \\»j  from  Cuba  i«  Jnmniru  ? 
Which  way  from  Jitmaica  in  ihi'  pcninnuln  of  Yuca- 
tan ? 
Oo  which  fiiile  of  the  peninsula  nf  Yucatan  it  the 

bay  of  Cumpeachy  i    €>;>  Oo  which  «ide,  the  ba)  of 

llondurui  ? 
What    large  Inko  in  Oiialimnia  ? 
Where  doei  lake  Nicarnnna  empty  P 
V/hire  d«C8  the  Kio  del  JVortc  empty  i 


K  Uri'i'iiUii'l  ? 
I  Ni'^rniintllMnil  r 
of  ihf  Mi««i««i|»l'i  i 
iif  (lie  Kl.  1. 11... >  lift*  r 
I"  .M.ifki'n/ir'i  ri*i'r  f 
itiiitliniul  it  till*  (JranJ 

i(i  i»  hi.  Jidin'tf 

} 

on  \ov«  Scotift? 
nil  .Nc\v-Brunt«ii«k? 
It  I*  lltlifai  } 
X  i«    Hoitnn  f    45  la 
in  t\liiit  dirtcUoa  8t< 

I  U  Qiirbee  f 
'ork  it  Mnnlr«al  ? 
iroore  U  Kiagaton  in 

lun  ftre  Montreal  Rnil 

ore  are  New-York  and 

y  of  MeiJeo  ?    63  Of 
i(Ji'l)thitt  r 

14    Nr\v-(lrl  ■UM*  ?     r>C 
f  Ai'ajtulcu  t   f>i.'   HftD- 

nou(h  of  till!  Uulf  of 

inira? 

ihi'  i>ciiiniulnof  Yuea- 

uIa  of  Yucatan  it  the 
wliieti  tide,  llic  ba)  of 

ila? 

inpty  f 
!  empty  i 


gi'MMOVj*. 


y^t 


I.7  In  M  !)iit  tlirt  ctir  n  doet  it  run  ? 

't  I  NMii'liiif  Ihf  \\t*t  liiilia  i<ilHntl4  i*  fiiriiiPtt  iouiti  f 

••;i  Wliicli    I'lirithtl    norlli  ?      *0  WlitJi   farihctt 

eati?    71    Wliiflli  r.irili«>«l  w«tt  ? 
Vi  WliH'li  Miiy  from  .liifijiun  i*    I'ortn  HlfB  P 

ll'iiiiiiii^o  r     TtCtitiar     Vi  <)uu«UI»ii|m>  r 


ir\  SI. 
i  Mir* 
rj  'Ilia 


liiiiror      '7    (Jri'H.-|ila  i*      'H  'rriiiiilttd  r 
llcrniinlM*  ? 
QO  Wliii-li   «vi«v  fioiii  (^ilia   it  Jamniea  r    til   Wliirh 
niiv,  till.'  li.tlKuna  itluiiiit? 


M\l'   or    tOUTII    AMKItlCA. 

I    >Vlial  i^lltinii*  ooniii-rtt  \ortli  and  Snut^i  Aiiiciim  p 
i  Wlial  cupe  at  ilio  •UKlfrii  extremity  ufHuutli  Anivri- 

fa? 
.t  What  cape  at  tlie  toutliertv  rxlreinily  ? 
I   Which  way  from  the  itihmiit  of  Dariin  to  Cape  Ht 

llnf|iie 
f)  Which  way  from  Cape  St.  Uot,iif  to  (^api'  K«rn  ? 

6  Which  way  from  Cape  Horn  tu  the  iatliuiut  of  Da- 

rien  ? 

7  In  what  direction  do  the  Andtit  run  ? 

8  In  what  part  of  South  Amcrii.i  it  I'alaganaP 

9  in  what  part  it  New  (Grenada  ? 

10  What  eountrict  of  8.  America  border  on  the  I'aeifie  ? 

1 1  What  cniiiitriet  bori^rr  on  the  Caribbean  tea  P 
1'.'  What  counlriet  border  on  the  AilanWc  ? 

J  J  What  country  citendt  from  the  tJulf  of  Marncaybo 
to  the  moiilh  of  the  Or.moeo  f  I 'I  What  country, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Urnnoco  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Amazon  ?  15  What  country  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Aain/.on  nlmott  to  the  La  Plata  f 

\C,  Wfiiil  dctcrt  «epi\rale4  I'eru  from  Chili  ? 

)7   What  *e«arales.<"hili  from  Bueno*  Ayre<i  ? 

la   In  what  iauiude  i*  the  mouth  of  th>.'  Am>txon  f 

i'.)  Ill  what  latitude  i*  the  mouth  of  the  I<n  I'lata  ? 

'.'U  In  what  direction  ducpi  the  couhI  of  (  hili  luu  ? 

31  lu  what  (IKectiou  doei  the  coail  of  I'cru  run  ? 


% 


;}48 


QIIKSTIONS. 


22  In  «liat  i1ircprn.ii  from  Duenns  ^li/res  is  St.  .Tn:;o,tli»; 

c;«i>ilul  f»r  I'liili  ?     '-';'  I"  w''<"  tlinMaiiiu  is  l.iinar 

'Jl   111  Mliiit   iliii'ctitiii,  Itiu  Juiifiro  f     '-'ft  In  xvliut 

diii'ctidii,  Mnnli'vith'o  P 
26  In  wliiil  ilireclion  iVoni  Ciirncccts  U  Cnrthngi'im  ?     -27 

In  wli  a  iliiTCtion  Stiniii  Fe  de  liojj'ila  r    as  In  wimt 

tlircction,  I'ariininnbo  f 
i!n  AVIiicli  \vny  iVoni  Lima  is  St.  Snlvatlor  ? 
•M  Wliich  are  the  lliree  greatest  riverH  in  S.  Anienea  ? 

31  Wlure  do  tbcy  empty  ?  Where  does  the  Miydulenu 

empty?  ,       .        ,,     ,,      n 

32  Are  there  any  great  rivers  emptying  into  the  1  acilic 

from  H.  America  ?  »  .  • 

33  What  Heparules  Terra  del  Fuego   from   the  main 

3J  Where  are  Falkland  is-lands  ?  35  Whore  i«  (he 
island  of  Jiian  Fernandez  ?  36  In  what  latitude  is 
the  island  of  Trlnidud  .=■  «  r»     • 

37  What  hay,  on  the  Moulh  side  Uie  islhmns  of  Darien  ? 
3S  Whiil  hav  on  the  north  side  ? 

30  How  is  Chili  bounded  ?  40  How  is  I'eni  bounded  ? 
'11  How  is  Hiienoi,  Avns  bounded  ?  12  How  is  Ven- 
e/iiela  bounded  ?  lb  How  is  N.-w  Grenada  hound- 
cd  ?  14  How  is  Brazil  bounded  f  ,  45  How  is  Pata- 
gonia bounded  .- 

4f.  Whieh  way  from  Quito  is  Popayan  ? 

Al   Which  way  from  Carlhagena  is  Porto  Hello  f 

4t)   Which  way  is  Saiila  Ma.lha  frr.m  Cunhngena  ? 

49  Which  wa'v  from  CAiareas  i^  rumaiia  ? 

50  lo  what  part  of  Veuez-ieln  is  Like  Maracaybo  ? 

51  <)u  what  liver  is  St.  Thomas  ? 
i)n  what  river  is  Paramaribo  ? 


51 

52 


5:i   Which  way  from  Lima  is  Ousco  ?^ 
51   Wliere  is  "i^ake  Tilieaca  ."     r>5   Whe 


uo 


DO 
en 


re  is  Lake  Pa- 

rima  ?  -,         i        i    < 

In  what  direction  does  thoM.idtirarnn  ?  57  In  wliat 

Jliopiion.  tiu>  Paraf;uii\  ?     03  In  what   direction, 

lilt  Piiran.)  ? 

Ill  wliat  (liri'ction  tlii»  IMagdalena  .' 
Wliieh  wa\  IVom  Si..l;i-.»  is  Valparaiso  .' 


(31   W  hicli  way  from  Valparaiso  is  Cuneeption  ? 


1 


i. 


^Ii/rfs  in  St.  .Tfi£;o,tlie 
tl  tlir(M;tiiiij  in  Lima  r 
iK'iro  r     2ft  In  \vltut 

is  Curtlingt'im  ?     '^7 
UojjKia  r    as  In  wlmt 

iftlvatlor  ? 

ivcTH  in  S.  Aniprica  ? 
does  the  Mayduleaa 

lying  iuto  Uic  Pacific 

iiego   from   (lie  main 

>  35  Where  is  the 
10  III  what  iatituile  18 

c  isthmus  of  Darieii  ? 

le? 

(iw  i«  I'er-ii  boiindiMl  ? 

lied  ?  12  How  ifi  Vi'fi- 

Ni'W  tJren.ida  hoiiiid- 

d  f  ,'Ij  How  is  Pat a- 

i\aii  ? 

a" l»oit«»  Hello  ? 

W-m  l^arilingeiia  ? 

(^11  III  II II  a  P 

Like  MaracHjbo  f 


0  ? 

i  Wliere  is  Lake  Pa- 

cira  run  ?  Ti?  In  wliat 
i3  li!  Mhal  direction, 

ina  r 

'aljiaraisn  r 
li  t'uncpption  ? 


1 


Ql'KSTlONS.  3 10 

02  Which  way  from  (Ninception  in  VaMivia  ? 

R.i   Which  way  IVnni  St.  Jago  in  PoIohI  f 

01  Whiv'h  way  is  Poto.si  from  liueiios  Ayreu  ? 


MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

I  What  spa  lies  between  Europe  and  Africa  ?   3  What 

seas  bt'tweeii  Europe  and  Asia? 
:<  What  sea  lie*  bi'iueen  U.eat  Hriiainand  Denmark? 
*  Syiiai  sea  beUvftn  8wedin  and  liuh     i? 
0  Xyiiereisthf  White  sea  ?     0  Into  what  ocean  does 

it  opeu  ? 

7  »e(ween  what  countries  is  the  English  rliannel  ? 
S  Between  what  eouiilries  is  Ht   George's  channel  ? 
y  Uetwceii  what  eoMMtries  is  (he  Cattegat  ? 

10  Hi't  vt-ii  what  countries  is  the  Skager  Rack  ? 

11  ^Vhal  budiis  of  water  are  connected  by  the  straits 

of  Gibraliiw  ?     |2  What  bodies,   by  the  straits    of 

J>ovei  f     1 J  What  bodies,  by    the    Dardanelles? 

II    What  bodies,  by  the  straiis  of  Constantinople  ? 
J 5  What  Gulf   lies   between  Turkey  and  Italy  ?     16 

Whailiiy  between  France  aud  Spain  ?     17  What 

three  Giil».  in  the  Baltic  ? 
13  What  monniains  separate  Europe  from  Asia  ? 

19  What  mountains  separate  France  from  Spain? 

SO  What  mountains  separate  Switzerland  from  Italy? 

21  VVhal  mountains  si'paraie  Sweden  from  Norway  ? 

22  What  mountains  separate  Hungary  from  Galitia? 

23  What  mountains  run  through  Italy  ? 

24  Which  is  the  largest  river  in  Europe  ? 

25  Where  does  the  V'ljga  empty  ? 

26  Where  does  the  Don  empty  > 

27  Where  do  the  Dnieper  and  Dniester  empty  ? 

20  Where  does  the  Danube  empty  ?     2f)  Where  does  U 

rise  ?     30  Through  what  co'uiitries  does  it  run  ? 

31  Where  does  the  Itfiine  empty  f  32  Where  does  it 
rise  ? 

3r^  Where  does  the  Elbe  empty  ? 

:n  What  coiuKriesof  iJurope  border  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean .'' 


sd 


360  QUKSTION'!^. 

:i-»  Wliat  coimfricH  bonier  on  the  Ulack  sen  : 

■M\  NM.ul  c.iiulne*  bor.li-r  on  ilic  \Muv  i 

M  WliiU  coui.lries  l.onk-r  on  I  he  Noilh  m-a  .  .^ 

;iU  What  eo..n.ries  hor.U.r  on  .he  ^""?>';'' J '"'"""   ' 

39  What  e..i.nlne«  horder  on  the  Bay  o»  Biscay  ? 

40  How  U  l*orliis;al  boiiniletl  f 

41  ll„w  is  Spain  hoinnK'»l  r 

4'J  How  i«»  Denmark  hoiiiKkMl  ? 

4.)  How  is  I'Vanee  bounded  ? 

44   How  i»  Turkey  bounded? 

4'>  How  is  iSwodtn  bounded  ?  i      i- 

40      o  V  U  Uu-«.a  bounded  ?      H  How,  Switzerland  : 

10  Wha,  countries  of  Europe  lie  ehielly  below  the  pa- 

Whll'eommios  lie  chiefly  above  the  parallel  of  55  ? 
What  eonniries  lie  ehieflj  beiween  lo  and  oo  r 
In  what  part  of  Knrope  is  Lapland  .■" 
\\  hat  lars^e   river  en.p.ie*  into  the  Mediterranean 

Wh"lfi;^'.L.I.eT«su«runf    54  Where  does  it 

Which  way  does  the  Ducro  run,   and  where  does  it 

empty  i  ,     ...»    1  •  I  2 

In  what  part  of  Spain  «8  Madrid  ? 
1„  what  part  of  Spain  IS  Cadiz  . 
In  what  part  of  Spain  i»  Barcelona  ? 
Which  wav  from  Cadiz  is  Malaii^a:" 
Which  wuV  from  Cadiz  is  tiibrallar? 
O.,   wiial    river    u   Lisbon  ?     G2  On    what    river, 

What  cape  in  the  southwest  of  Portugal  ? 
What  river  separates  Franco  from  Germany  r 
What  lari^e  river  in  the  southeast  of  France  r 
What  large  river  in  the  southwest  ol  brauce  ( 
\\  Iteie  dues  the  Loire  rise  and  empty  ? 
Wh;a  mountaius  separate  France  Irom  Italy  . 
|„  what  part  of  France  is  I'arw.  and  on  what  rnei  • 
I"  „ hut  part  of    France    is  Lyons,   and  on  wlat 

UM  par.  of  France  is  Bordeaux  ?     7-  Tn_whut 

hat  part.   Tuulon  ?     r.  lu  what  i-, .,  Calais  . 


4!t 
f>0 
ftl 
52 

63 

65 

m 

5" 
f)H 
50 
(10 
61 

0;^ 
CI 

tu) 
Cti 
ti7 

fn 

70 
71 


QUESTIONS. 


.'J51 


tluck  sea  ? 

sjoiili  Hi-a  ? 
Kiis^lixli  pimnnel  ? 
IJiiy  t»r  Uiscuy  ? 


How,  Switzerland: 
ciru'lly  bc'luw  tlie  |.ii- 

ivc  tlic  piirallel  of  55.- 
wocii  I'J  and  5'>  ? 
jtlimd  ? 
ito  ihc  Mt'diterrunt-an 

uii?    51  Where  docs  it 

run,   and  where  does  it 

drid  ? 

iz  ? 

'celona  ? 

ialat';a? 

ibrallnr  ? 

>     02  t»n    what    river, 

of  Portugal  ? 
)  frnin  Ucrniany  r 
lieust  of  Franee  ? 
liwesl  of  France  f 
nd  empty  ? 
laiice  from  I  Inly  ? 
ari!*.  and  on  »hiit  river? 
s  Lyons,   and  on  wlal 

lordcaux  ?  7'2  In  uliiit 
liui.  M.irsi-ill.c  ?  'I  »» 
ill  what  i^wl,  Cahiis  ' 


16  Where  i^  the  Gulf  of  Turiinto  ?     Where,  the  Oulf 

of  tlenoa  ? 
11   Whui  in  the  principal  river  in  the  norlh  of  Italy  ? 
Ti!   Where  does  the  Po  empty  r    711  Where  does  it  ri»c  r 
'''J  W'hich  way  from  Itome  is  Naples  r 
^1    Which  uay  from  itmne  in  l<e^hllrll  P 
i^2  IIdw  i!4  Vfuice  situated  ?   li^  lluw  is  Oeiiua  siluut" 

td  ? 
CI   Where  are  fhe  straits  of  Messina  ? 
iiii   Where  are  the  straits  of  Honifaeio  ? 
f'l   Where  i^  the  inland  of  KIba  ? 
C7   Wliirh  way  from  Hicjly  is  Sardinia  ? 
iii"'  On  whivli  side  of  (Sicily  is  Palermo  ? 
8il  Oil  wh'  h  side  of  H  irdinia  is  Caijliari  ? 
Ou  Whieli  arc  the  three  most  northern  euuntries  in  P]u< 

rope  ? 
01   What  are  the  capitals  of  Russia,  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way ? 
iU  In  what    latitude  is  St.    Petersburg?  ?     !},'5   In  wliat 

lalilnde   is   Heri^eu^     'J  I   in  what  latitude,   Stuik- 

hottn  .- 
03  W  licit  way  from //I'r^r/iis  Dnrntheim  .''    !3i)    Wlileh 

uay.    Cliristiaiiia  .-      1)7     Which    wiiy    Chrisliun- 

sand  ? 

\\  h"re  is  the  Malstrnm,  or  j^reat  whirlpool  .' 

Wiiie.li  are  the  two  lari^i-st  lakes  in  ^wedell  .' 

On  \>liieh  coast  docs  liiike  Wenner  empty  .-  lul  On 

nhieli  j'last,  Lake  Welter.'' 

vV'liere  does   iht    I'ornea  empty  ? 

U'liieli  way  from  Stockiiolm  is    (joKenlturs;  !<      lot 

Which  way.  Up*al  ?       1U5  Which  mu},  Faliiun  ? 

IIdw  is  Innua  ^iluati-d  ? 

\Vhdl  iviand  at  the  month  of  the  Gulf  of  Rothnia  .-^ 

What  i«ilaiid  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  IJis^a  .* 

On  wliut  island  is  Copenhagen  .- 

Whiel.  way  from  Oi  iiinark  is  Icelanil  ?    Ill  Which 

way,  the  Ferro  islands  t 

On  which  !»ide  of  Iceland  is  Mount  Ilecla  ? 

What  sea   borders  on    Russia   in  tlio  north  ? 

What  seas  border  on  Russia  in  the  soulli  r 

Which  way  from  the  (iulf  of  Finlund  i«  Lake  L\^- 

doi^a  .''     110  \\  hat  river  connects  them  r 


MM 
10,) 

lot; 

107 

lof; 

lOlt 
110 

112 

n  1 

1J3 


117 

iia 

122 

121 

12,j 

!  ']i) 

121! 
1.50 

131 
KV2 
13i» 

i:u 

13G 


141 
I4i 

IIJ 

111 
\ih 
140 
147 

148 

150 

153 
lo3 

lot) 
lu7 


QUESTIONS. 

WMi'h  way  from  Lake  Ludo^iv  is  Lake  Onega  ? 
lib  \V|u^^M^.e*Lukt•Om•^uelI.I.^y^ 

doe«  ii   run  for  the  firnl  half  of  it.  eouue?    121 

VVIkich  «ay  for  the  IdHl  hall  ? 

Where   .loe.   the  Dun  imply?     123  \\he.e   doei 

tlie  Uwin*  empty  ?  , 

Where  does  the  northern  Dwina  empty  . 

Where  do  the  Dnie;.er  ami  Onie.-*l.-r  nnp'y  • 

Where   U  Si.  I\it'r.hu.s5  ?     l'^"?  \^"'«'«  '«  ^'^^'" 

\"i;i;,;.  i»  Ui^•.«  ?     1^11  ^Vhere  U  Ode.^ft  ? 

WllV.  -reut  (Mtj  near  the  cenire  of  Luiopoau  Uu.' 

Ivi.ieh  wnv  f'"m  Mohoow  ii«  A»tn«kh.Mi  ? 
Wind,  way  from  xMuM•..^v  in  Si.  lVler*»).Uf^  ? 
Which  u.vy  fi'.o"  Ht.  I'dcrniMM^  to  Ar.hungel  ? 
Whi.  h  uuv  trom  St.  l'<-a-ml.iir^  ix  U<«.»  ? 
WhiiV  lur^V  ;.e..ii.M.l.i  between  the  Black  sea  and 

Inurlvlmrmi  doe«  the  Vistula  en.ply  ?  137  Into 
latJ-adoe^  .he  Oder  empty  .»  130  nU.  what 
r,a  does  .he  Kll.e  empty  r  139  In  what  d.ree  .«n 
5.,  these  river,  run  ?     HO  In  what  direction  due. 

\t  Ivllal  n7er  arc  Warsaw,  Thorn  and  D.n.^io  ? 

"  w  ver  are  Uresian.  Frankforl  and  S.ettu.  ? 

()„  what  river  are  Dresden,  Magdeburg  and  Ham- 

In'wimt  part  of  Germany  are  Hanover  and  Bremen  .' 

Vlat  part  of  Germany  areU  m  and  Munich  .' 
In  XV hat  part  of  Germany  does  the  Danube  rise  ? 
Whieh  way  does  the  Dimubc  run  ?  .    ,     . 

On  what  Jiver  is  Vienna?     149  On  what  river, 

Which  way  from  Vienna  (0  Prague  ?     151   From 

wf "Je  is  Trieste  ?     i 54  Where  is  1'^  ";S  ^ 
What  riv.r  empties  into  the  Danube  at  Bf)§"«.'f  • 
What  mountains  separate  Hungary  JromGaUcia  f 
Which  way  from  Vienna  to  Cracow  ? 


] 


i 


1 


)^a  is  Lake  Onega  ? 

?      \>0  Wliieli  way 
f  of  its  eouue?    121 

,-?     123  Wliei-e  Joe« 

ina  I'rnply  ? 
liiit'sur  tmpiy  ? 
127  Where  is  Arch- 

re  in  Odessa  ? 

lire  of  liuioii'jau  Uui* 

Af»tri»kliAn  ? 

Si.  IVu-r-slmrj;  ? 
nrt;  to  Anlinngel  ? 
»iir^  i«*  Ui«<»  ? 
;en  llio  Black  sea  and 

ula  empty  ?     137  Into 

iply  ?     l.iO   Into  wliat 

1  Vj   In  what  tliieelion 

In  wliat  direction  does 

Thorn  and  Dtntzie? 
Frankfor'  and  Stitlin  ? 
,  iMugdeburg  and  Hani- 

e  Hanover  nnd  Bremen  ? 
reUlm  and  Munich  ? 
Iocs  the  Danube  rise  ? 
be  run  ? 
?     MJ  On  what  river, 

lo  Prague  ?  151  From 
rom  Vienna  to  Munich  ? 
Vhere  is  Presburg  ? 
le  Danube  at  Belgrade  ? 
Hungary  from  Galicia  f 
0  Cracow  ? 


QUi:STIO\i? 


Am 


Which  \V!iy  fiMim  ''rucou  (o  Liiniierg  :» 
(ii  whni  part  ol*  iliitigury  in  HeiiiMiiHtudl  : 
III  what   part  oi'  !^t«ii/.iTlnnd  is   l,,«Ui>  Constance  i 
in  what  part  i^t  iht-  fiiiku  of  Ueiievn  ? 
What  river  runn  throiigli  Luke  Constance  ? 
What  river  runs  through  the  Luke  of  (i«neva  ? 
Where  does  the  llhiitt!  empty?     1G5  Where  doe» 
the  Hliotit!  empty  ? 

What  great  Imy  m  there  in  the  nortli  of  Holland  ? 
Which  empties  larthfut  north,  the  Khine  or  tho 
Hcheldt  ? 

Which  14  fiirlhcsl  norlli,  Antwerp  or  Brussels  ? 
What  separates  Turkey  in  Europe  i'loiii  Turkey  in 
Asia  ? 

What  «eas  are  connected  by  the  straits  of  Constan* 
linople  ? 

What  seas  are  connected  by  the  Dardanelles  ? 
What  is  the  prinri|)iil  river  of  Turkey  in  Kurope  I 
What   river  ,18  the  bouudary  between  Turkey  aud 
Russia  ? 

Whiii  river  is  the  boundary  between  Turkey  and 
Austria  ? 

Whiif  mountains  separate  Turkey  from  Hungary  i' 
In  what  part  of  Turkey  is  Constantinople  r 
On  what  river  ist  Belgrade  ? 

Which  way  from  Constantinople  is  Belgrade  ?     179^ 
Which  way  is  Adriauopic  ?     lOO   WhieJi  way    is 
Athens  ? 
ICl   What  (iulf  on  the  north  side  of  the  Morea?     182 
What  Gulf  on  ihe  southeast  side  !     liJ.3  On  what 
Gulf  does  Athens  stand  ? 
Which  way  from  Sicily  is  Malta  ? 
Which  way  from  Malta  is  ('amlia  ? 
Wliieh  way  from  the  Morea  is  Candia  '! 
Which  way  from   Sardinia  is  the  island  of  Ma- 


15C 
lu'J 
IGO 
lt31 
162 
163 
16J 

IGil 
167 

168 
169 

1<0 

IVl 

172 
173 

171 

175 

17t) 
177 

178 


184 

Ifi'j 

i8t; 

IL'7 


Jorca 


Which  way  from  Majorca  is  Minorca  ? 

Which  way  from  Majorca  is  Iviea  ? 

What  countries  in  Europe  reach  from  the  Mtditer" 

riiiiean  to  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  country  reaches  irooi  the  Black  sea  la  tL«: 

Baltic  ? 

SO'* 


|',)j  WI.At  loiiiilry  roiulif*  from  (lie  DIrtok  ica  <o  llie 

IMi  \\lii.l>  >Kiv  IVom  ravin  \*  I,nii.lnii  ?     li'l  Copen- 

l.i.i^ni.-     T't:.   Horn.'  r     ll'.;    Mu.lrul  .- 
I't-    Wl.lcli    vvHv   I'rom  Cvacixv   \*  ropoiiliiuv"  ?     <•'» 

l.iirn?     201    Pari.  : 


f 


t    Whnl  ni'iaii<t  Ix.rilcr  on  AiIi  "' 
•i  NVliiil  M'u  «4f|»;irrtl»'!»  A^in  <'r<»i»  Africft  r 
M   W  1ml  isilitnii*  coimi'i'is  A^m  villi  AlVicd  r 
<»  (h)  uli.it  Indies  of  xvnItT  <!(.«•-    Viuliiii  lion!rr  : 
:,  (I.I  \slM  ImkIim  of  >u«UT  tl.'iH  niii.loo,ti\n  IhtiI.t  ; 
„  (»..  ^^lA\  li.ulir^ol- wuloriloos  l-'atllnT  lii.liu  honkT  : 
r  (la  wliat  si'it*"  ili.cs  till-  VU\\u'»i-  l.-iijiiru  liorilor  ? 
«  V  liiil  l)..i!ics  of  M.UiT  hoiiltr  oil  kumli^cliulku  .- 
.,  \\U:\\  l);..lif*  ol'uiitiM'  li.r.UT  OH  Uuj-^iii  isi  A*i»  : 
10  >Vl.nl.  «.u    I'n.iM    III.-  .'vr<  ./    '/^-r:,;   ^  the   nea   or 

(lU.oNl.  r      11   NVIucU  vMij.  li.e  Cluim  »*■!»  • 
1'  Wliicli  "av  from  Ha-  ./«/w*(  isfnw/s  are  Uio  I  liilip- 

iHneMnn.UP     13   WIm.-I.  u;.j,  ICrtintsHiulkii  r 
SI  Wli.a   siriiits   coimeut    llie    lif.l    S.a   iiml    Xu'hati 

O  WhatMrnils  connect  the  PerMun  Guh  and  Indian 

10  WImt'lt nuts  conned  the  sea  of  Jupau  and  the  ueA 

17  Which  uav  from  ihi-  Caspian  Sea  x%  the  Black  Sea  . 
iS  Which  ua>.  .he  *CH  of  Aral?    19  Which  uav, 

the  IVrsian  (Jiilf  ?  .  j     „, 

20  In  wlial  dircc.lion  do  the  Allay  monntain«  run  ?     -1 

In  what  diieciion,  the  llimmalch  ni«uiitanm  ? 
23  What   three   ^rcut    rivers    emjity    into   the   Arctic 

S3  Wlua"rnur    great  rivers    empty   into   tiie   Pacitic 

21  Wh're  doc.  ll..-  CSan^es  empty  ?  20  Where  does 
the  liutus  e  npty  ?  U^  WUerc  doc»  the  haphralev 
empiy  ? 


If 

t 


ic  Bl«ck  ica  to  ilie 

mIoii  ?     l'.t»  Copcn 
luiltiti  'i 
rinioiiliiuv"  ?    ''^^ 


or 


Africa  r 
iili  AtVipft  r 
ViHltia  liortJrr  r 
lliiitl»M»-«ti\n  Imrilir  ;* 
-'arlliiT  Imliii  hniiltT  : 
•  r.(ii|tirc  bonier  ? 
iti  kuriilxcltuiku  : 
>ii  Utit.«lii  t!»  Asia  : 
h^HUX   i"!  till'   Hfu 
llie  Cliiiirt  »i'H  ? 
s\a\nh  me  Uio  IMiilip- 
!i\,  Ivaiiilsi'liulkii  r 
llia    Siii  iinil    liiilian 

r«ian  Ouli'  and  InJia" 

I  of  Japan  and  the  seA 

!  Hea  \*  ll>e  Black  Sea  .^ 
\ral  ?    itt  \V  ImcI»  way, 

ay  mouiitaii)»  run  ?     21 
rtialeli  niHUiitaiiis  ? 
emjity    into   the   Arctic 

Buiply   into   the   Pacitic 

nply  ?     20  Wlicro  does 
Uerc  does  the  Kuiiliiales 


QUFHTIOXW.  9ft» 

•XI  What  i^reiit  river  emplie*  into  the  CiMpian  ? 

24   lull*   which    hii!  •   ui'  the    (^u*pian    doe*    the   Vulija 

em  ply  ? 
5(t  What  lar:^H  river^  empty  into  the  ma  of  Aral  ? 
JO  lull)  which   iidu  of  the  itea  of  Aral  due »  the  Oxii» 

empty  ? 
3t  Where  due*  the   Tigri*  empty  ?      Ai  Where  the 

niirruinptMMer  ? 
3.1   Which    way  rlu    ihe  Viy,  Knieei,   and   I.i'im    run  i 

;U   Which  way,  the  Aiho'r,  ILiaiit^-llo,  uiid  Kiati- 

Kii  ?       \\:>   Wiiicli    way,    the    ludui  ?     aC)   Which 

way,  Ihe  Kiiphralei*  P 
.ir  What  ooiiiitry  extend*  fronn  the  Black  iSea   to   the 

Hca  of  Okiioiiik  ? 
JS    What  ciMinlriet  lie  hefween  Ihe  IVtv  of  lien^rtl  and 

llie   Ca'tpiaii    Scar     ;j<(   Wlial  ciiiiiiliii'«,    iii'twccu 

the    Caspian    ami  liiu   Meiliicrraacaii  ?      10   What 

countries,  l"jl>vcen  the  Sea  of  Japan  aiitl  the  ('ur- 

Iiian  ? 
oiv  i4  Arahia  h'lU'idcd  ?     \l  \\n\s  ii   Ilindmitlan 

hounded  ? 
13   How  '\%  FarltiiT  India  hounded  r     it-  I'ertia  hound- 
ed .'     43  Chinese    Kmpire    hounded  ?     4)>  Kui^tia 

in  Atia  ?     Xl  Imlepeudcnl   Tarlary  ?      18    Tuikey 

in  Aitia  ? 
4>J  Which  way  from  Calcnftn  i»  Siaui  ?     Po  Mi4dra>t  P 

M  (Jantoii  ?    Si  La^^a  ?    li.i  Hurat  ?     ')l  Delhi? 
i>3   Which   way   from  Ali'}}po  is    Constantinople  f     Sfl 

Asirakhau  P     37  Mecia  and  Medina  P     ss  hpa- 

han  P 
Clt  Which  way  from  Canton  is  I'ekinP    60  Jetldo  ? 

Siam  ? 
\'>Z  Which  way  from  Constantinople  is  Smyrna  ? 
l»J   Which  way  from  ^'llvjipo  is  Dauiascun  r  fit     Wli 

way,    Has^dad  P      6(>  Which    way,   the  isiluud 

("ypru-s  P 
(<fi   Where  i*  the  Dead  Sea  P 
07   What  mountaius  between  the   Black  Sea  and  the 

Caspian  ? 
es  Near  what  lake  is  Irkuthk  P 
eu   Which  way  from  iiA74<i>A' is  Tobo'sk?    70  Oklio.sk  r 

71  i'ckiuP 


fil 


ch 
of 


m 


QUKHTIONH. 


1 


72  \Vl.i.')i   ««y   from   .Urahhan   U   Ori'til.urij  ?     78 

ru  WlitTf  t«  niounl  HiMui  ? 

so   WIml  liiiH"'  ri»ti*  111  Ariiirn  ?  ,.,.„,i? 

«t  Whirl,  «a)  Horn  Caiihul  i«  DHlii  ?  9^  Hnmarfun.l  ? 

sj  C^Hiidaliar  ?     Hi  l.iii»liaii  ? 
83  Wliich  w>^>  .l..c'n  tlie  w.'»lern  coant  oi   lliiidoo.lfto 

run  ?     HO  Which  muj,  ihe  .'HsJeni  cou.l  r 
fi7   W'hiili  way  do  ihi-  (iuiii>«  riin  ? 
8S  W'hne  iloou  ihe  KiMiia  rise  ami  ein|ily  t 
8u  Whiie.lowiheNerbud.laeini.lyr  «u  Which«ay 

(l.iin  il  flow  ?  ,    „„„.,..  p 

91  W  hat  lur^B  ci(ie»  on  Ih.;  (J«n«e«  and  lUhranchts  r 
tli  In  w!iBl  itarl  ol'  llindoonlaii  i»  C.ishin.'re  . 
03   WM...'h  way  f.om  Calrulla  i*  Ju^BernHUl  t 
01  What  three  large  t"«i.«  on  the  v»e»t  coa.t  ol  llin- 

03  WhS'way   from  Bombay  U  Sural?     »6  Which 

07  Wlmt^'iMhe  wcMern  c«««t  of  Hin.l..««tan  called? 

OH  What  iH  Ihe  »a»iern  coant  calle.l  . 
00  Wliieh  vvav  from  Calcutta  i»  t'r)lou  i    100  WliicU 

i„,K.!:r;a^!:;m')oni,C,>.umbo^  10.ln.hat 
„art.  IVineomale  V     iOd  In  >vhal  imrl,  1^""  •' 

10>  Whieh  way  Iron.  l\^u  m  Hiam  ?  103  Calcutta  ? 
iO(»  Ava  and  Umm.iapoora  ?  

lor  What  river  in  Farther  India  empties  >"•""« 
China  Sea?  108  What  river,  into  the  l^ull  ..1 
Hiam  ?     109  What  river,  into  the  Bay  ..1  «p"^!<al  f 

110  Where  are  the  An.laman  an.l  Nieob.ir  ..land-.  • 

111  Ihrough  wha.  part  of  China  d..eH  .he  Ho;tn^  Ho 
run?     ll-i  Thiou(5h  what  part  the  Kian-Ku  . 

113   W  here  do  these  ri^ern  eii.piy  ? 
Ill-  In  what  part  of  China  i^  ihe  ^reat  wal    ?     ,   ,  .     ,, 
li;i  In  what  part  of  Chinese  TKrlury  is  B,.lkajh  lake 
110  What  lari;e  island  on  the  eoa.t  olC.hn.e.e  I  arliuv  ^ 
117  What  boparalcs  the  bca  oi"  Japan  irom  the  \eIlovv 
beal 


{«   Ort'tiliurij  i     T8 
TO  lii|tuliuii  c 
(liciii  ?     77  Moch»  ? 


hi  ?  a  J  Sniniireiind  ? 

coHHl  «r  IliuJooilfto 

Rleni  coti»l  ? 

? 

mI  empty  ? 

ply  r  uu  Whicli  way 

;c«  and  iUbranchet  f 

|»o  v»e»t  couit  ol'  llin- 

I  Sural  ?     «8  Which 

r  Ilinilitoslun  called  ? 
culUd  ? 
t'rjiou?    100  Which 

lumlm?     loa  !n  what 

vhal  pari,  rundi  1 

inni  ?     103  Calcuua  ? 

? 

dia   empties    into   the 

ver,  into  tht*  l-^uH    »•*' 

lo  the  Ba)  <»i  Upn'^al  l 

I  !Nicul)iir  inittndrt  ? 

m  does  the   Hoiii'i?  Ho 

uri  iLe  Kiau-Ku  l 

>  ? 

I  ^reat  wull  ? 

rtury  is  B.ilkaKh  lake  ? 

istoVl.'iiiiiftf'riiili'iy  • 

lupan  from  the  Ytllow 


giKSTIONH. 


^57 


11>1  III  ifiilini;  from  Okhuuk  to  Canton  what  xca*  and 

«iruit<    » oil  Id    yiiii    pii<.4    through  /       IIU     What 

iitUndu  would  yiiii  pitiH  } 
iH)  Whii-li  u  ly  IVoni  .lup.tn  iire  the  lieoo  Knoo  i^le»  ( 
XdX.  Which  way  Ironi  the  I'liilippiue  iitaud*  it   For- 

nioiiu  / 
iii  Oo  winch  lido  of  liiicnn  ii«l<-  i*  Manilla  ? 
i.M   Which  wit  IVoiii  i'antiiii  im  Hainan  i«li«nd  I 
l.'l  Whiil  liirifi*  inland  in  the  Arctic  Ocuun  ' 
tWJ  Wli'it  lat^t>  inland  ia  ihu  eattcra  extremity  of  the 

Mudilcrraiieuii  I 


MAP   01    ArniOAt 

1  What  »ca  and  HtraitH  between  Africa  and  Arabia  i 

2  What  tea  and  ulraiu  Itctwecii  AlVicu  and  Knrope  ? 
i  What  m-paiulet    the  Ucd  Heu  fioiii  ihe   Mvdilcrra* 

nuun  ? 
i  WliHl   capo  at   ihe   ea«t    cxtieniily    of  Africa  ?     0 

Whiil,  m    the  Houlh  exlreiniiy  ■'     0   What,  ul  the 

went  ?    7  What,  at  the  north  I 
8  Where  i«  cape  Bnjudor  ? 
u  In  what  direction  ilo  the  inonntain«  of  the  Moon  run  i 

10  In  what  direction  the  iMount  AiIuh  chiiiu  ? 

11  Where  doeii   the  Nile  empty  ?     ii  Where    ducR   it 

rine  ?     IJ  In  what  direction  doeH  it  run  ? 

1-1  Where  doe*  Ihe  Niger  rinc  ?  10  Which  way  does 
it  run  ? 

10  On  which  side  of  Cape  Verde  dooi  the  Senegal  emp- 
ty ?     17  On  which  side,  the  Gambia  ? 

18  W  liieh  way  from  the  Capf  of  Gaud  flnpe  lo  (^apc 
Verde?     ll>   Which  way  to  V'ape  Ouardufui  ? 

20  In  what  direction  doex  ihc  Red  Sea  run? 

21  III  what  direction  doen  the  Cuawt  of  Ciuniea  run  I 
Si  Which  way  from  Benin  to  the  (Jape  of  Good  Hope  ? 
Si  Which  way  from  Cape  Bojador  to  the  slraitit  of  Uih- 

raltar  I 
2lt  Which  way  from  Cape  (Juardafui  to  the  straits    of 

Babclmandel  ? 
<fJ  In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Egypt  ? 


»ftt 


Qt'KHTlOX?*. 


f 


m<A  tn  what  p.tit  of  Xfrifii  it  Muroecw  ' 

"'   *>■    ii      I  mrriluc*  Ki^jjtl  It*'  ' 

ill  Whvrv    uP«   Al»?«,itnlri.i,    M<i«'iiii   ntnl    Dimii'Mn  ' 

!>»  Whicli   way   from   Cnho    i*   Al.^unlii.i  I     .1 »  lU- 

niiclU  ?     ;i'    J^ji-iic  ?     .1^  P<tt«'/,  ? 
.'• »  Wild)  i»r»'  (lie  iiu'in  •  of  lln*  11  »rl<iM-)  «ttih'»? 
.'I   Mow  Ctr  till  llic*  cxn'idl  nil  llic  ••<ni»l  ' 
t>'i  Which   ur  lli<-  il.ulMi>  »l«ili>«  i*  fiirtlii:*!  C4»t  ?     .^d 

NVIiicli.  fnrthi'.i  wt'*i'.' 
$1  Wliioh  it  rurlhf*!  fiui,  TiiwU  .tr  .\li{i<r*? 
^H  Wliikt  ili-m  ri  bi-lui'fii  riiimli  itml  K;>|>l' 
;*'•  Ului'li  Miiy  from   rii|toli  i<    I'luri^  t 
I't  \Nhicliwnj  from   I'utii*  i*    M^irrt.' 
41    Wliidi  uiiy  from  Atifiirn  i«  Morofeo  ? 
A'i   U'liiuli  way  from  MirotM'o  in  b'f/.  ? 
<|:»  Whii'li  wiiy  i«  Fi/  fnii'i  ilie  oiriiifi*  of  CJilirRltnr? 
1 1  Oo  wlijiii  ^iilf  of  i.'apf  Vcrdf  in  Mierrn  Limuu!  f 
4.»  Wliicli  «<»y  from   Sii-rrM  l.coMf  i*  >|iir>Mo  ? 
It)   Wliiiih  way  from  Mlnihio  i<  itu-  kioi^ilom  tif  ncnin  ' 
47   VVIiicli  w,iy  from  Htuiii  i'*  Hi'in<iii-lit  I 
41}  Whii'li  way   from    Ui-iiiii    urc  A^liuiiUt;  uiul   l)»li«- 

mt-y  ? 
4't   \Vlii.-|i  niilc  of    llii*  cqiiiitnr  ildf*   llic  t'on;^o  I'mjilj  : 
.'ji)  III  wliiii  purl  of  Soiilli   Xfricii  i*  (.'u|Mtuwn  .' 
M    \Vliii!li  wn)  from  Capplowii  in  l.nllukno  ? 
bl  WliiU  ("oiinlry  lif*  liel\*ei'ii  Alij^tiniti  ami  Ki;jj»t  ? 
r,J  WImt  river  im^ii'ii  throiiuli  Niiliia? 
fil   \S  liich  way  from  Mvciie  !■*  DomhoIh  7 
n.')  Ill  wliat  part  of  AlVina  14  Mo/.aiiil)it|iic  ? 
5G  What  nrt'  llie  priiK-i|ial  tiiwiiu  on  llii*  cott*t  of  Ziii- 

i^ui-liar  '.' 
ri7  Oil  wliul  river  U  iliu  kiiij?    Hn  of  'I'omliiidoo  ? 
03   Uliifli  way   from  Cape   Vcnlc  i«    llie  oily  of  Tom- 

Imctno  ? 
fif)  \\  liul  lif*  l)i'(w(M'n  Tom'Mieto»»  and  Morocco  ? 
M  Whii'li  way  from  'rriiioli  i*  l''c//.Hn  ? 
01   Which   way   from   Miurzoulc   ii  Toml»uct««  ?    <3 -' 

'Tripoli  l     (1.5  t^aiiu  '. 
CI  Wlial  rliaiiiicl  ImMwi-cii  !Via(1at;aHcar  ami  Africa  ! 
iyb  Whivl  iHl.uitlK  ioMwucii  Mrtdanaspiir  and  Africa  ? 
(jii  Where  is  ^ucot. A  inland?     GT  Whore  IJourliooisIc' 


^il'K>llO.\H, 


Sw^ 


e«u 


/ 


lU    mul    l)imit>'U  ' 
lf«>inilii.i  t    JJ  !)«• 

«f 

liiii-)  •l(iU'»t 

••<iu»l  ' 

r  ,\l^il  r«  t 
III  K  ;)  |)i  ? 

r<u'«?(i  ? 

■X? 

iiifA  nf  Oittrnltnr? 

«  HiertH  Li'tiiie  ? 

'  i»  ^lurliio  f 

c  kiii^iliitii  (if  ni'iiii)  ' 

•lii-l.i  ? 

A,liunU't!  ttiul   Dttlio- 

ft  lilt'  ('on;^o  nnjil)  ' 

it  (^'u|tt'llikMl  I 
l.iUlltkilil  ? 

Mtiiiiti  and  K;j;>pt  ? 

iliiii  ? 

■^olii  7 

:iuiii>i({uc  ? 

on  tlie  diU^t  of  Z  vii- 

of  TtinilMidoit  ■ 

I'  if)    llii!  oily  of  Ttini- 

>  and  Morocco  ? 

C/./.HIl  ? 

'   H  'roinbiictoo  '?    <j  -' 

i;st4car  and  Africa  ? 
iinpiir  and  Africa  '? 
WhiTc  Bourliooisiu'.' 


»!n   U  |„(.|,  „„j  f„„„  .M„,|„^i„f„r  i,  ,},^  j,j^  „f  |.v,„„.^  / 
^^lllt|  "        *    ' 

Icnu 


f»'>   \Mii.li  Hit^  fri.m  thr  Cm,*!  „r  (itiiiil  llojuf  i.'m.  ilf 


TO  U  huh  n«y  finm  Hi-nin  in  M|.  |I,.|,.„g  f 

!'  JJ!j''*'''  **")  '•^"•w  ^'    ll«l«n«  i«  A..rn.i..n  iOnnd  ' 

^.'  »Miit|i  »,iy  from  (MlirHll.ir  mi.-  iIii-  Mml.ira  i.|(.,  ? 

J  N^  nicU  UHn  from  Mtidiim  uri-  ilu-  I'aiiur)  i»lr»  ? 


M\r  or  ORIIAT  BlliTAIM. 

WIml  *rpi»r«i.M,  (Jreui  llridiin  from  Fn  land  * 
\MiH(  •('iniiNi.Mi  (Jriui  HrtdtiM  from  Kranr.-  f 
VMint  «i'ttMiii.|i(i«  lietHiiirn  ciiiui  o»  (iniit  HritttJn 
Uliiu    i«   ilic    •oiiiliMtklirn  lutremilv  of    Knulund 
ralii  d  ?  *  CT 

In  mIiiiJ  parJ  of  ^:n^l^nd  dor*  I  lie  Tlmmr*  nnniy  » 
n  In  »linl  pnrf,  111.- !»,.»,  rn  ?  r  In  «U(  im;i.  ifm 
iMcrmy        m   In  uliui  pari.  ih»>  llnniln  r  I 


in- 


|0 
II 

12 
|:> 
t  I 
Ifi 
10 

2» 
or. 


:10 


Wha' uri' llie  mu  principal  brunclifn  of  llic   Hu 

b»'r  ' 

In  wliai  pan  of  Kns^land,  doc^  ilif  "rri-ni  riip  / 
In  wliai  purl  of  Kiigluridfund  on  wlial  ri\i'i'  j*  I,on. 

don  ? 

In  wIkiI  part,  and  on  what  river  i*  Mtcrpool  ( 
In  »hal  pari,  and  on  Mhal  rivrr  m  Hull  / 
In  wlial  pari,  and  on  uliul  ri\er  it  Mri»iol  ? 
Ill  «liHl  part  ol  Kn^land  i«  Cov.niry  ' 
Uliich  s»Hy  from  Lonilon  Ih  briilol?'   17  IJvfrnofd  ' 

111   Hull  /   !'•  Vnwutry  1  ' 

WIrtcli   way    from   l.uiiilim  im   Cainliridifp  ,'     ','|   {)x. 

fold?     i?  I'lMlsnionlli  /     .'IDowr.' 
Mlii.li  Mi,y   docs  ilie    Trinl   run?     .'.i  Which  «av 

iIm-  Oimi'  .' 

V     \tliat  rivi'r  doen  Vork  Aland  7 
\v|ii(|i  way  Irom  i">/,  ar»- l.ivrrpo.il  and  Manolioj. 

U-r  ?     '2<\  Wliich    way,  Lamaul*!' ?      2'J  NcMPa*. 

Ill'  ? 
<»n  «lial  river  docn  \('Mri.«||(.  hIhihI  ? 
Wliifli  way  fioiii  .A  V  «•(•«*/ A'  ii.  Ii(  i »,  i.k  niion  VwhA  ' 

:>'-'  Durham  ?     M  Carlisle'  ? 


i«m 


94  Wltlf^  WI17  from   Tfiwr/mo/  I*  Manf licHtf  t    35 

MlMHWhl  /     .)••  l.iHiU  ' 
31    W|ii(U  wny  frMin  Tovi'itiry  k  Hirmumli 
:<»   Wliicli  Mrt)  IVoin  lit  III  III  li  lUili  ' 
»!»  Whicli  miy  rroin  h.milou  i«  VViiii|«or^ 

40  In  «Out  piirt  of   lliigliiii*!  II   I'lyiiKiuili  '     'I    r*! 

niDtilli  I 
4  J   llnw  i«  Wiilc*  lidiintli'tl  ? 
4  4  Ulial  rivi-r  bi-iwccii  Kh^ImkI  «h<I  !^ei»«lmt«l  ' 
4»  VVIiHi  river*  empty  ohiIk  »«■»•  nm.t  of  Wctilland 
4r>   WliHl  ri*»'r  frii|iiif«  »ti  iht*  «i'«i  ooii»i  ? 
4»>  Ot»  wli,«l  riviT  tluf»  Ulut^ow  uliiml  ? 

41  Uhu'li  MM*  from  (*lu««i.w  i«  Ktl'nlMirnU'f 
41!  On  wlmi  nver  it  HtTili  '     I*   Alu-nlctn  ? 
6U  \Vhi.».   Hiiy  from  iv't/iiifcurx'*  U  H.  Amircwi? 

Siirlinn? 

62  V\  Iticli  Muy  friun  (lU««nw  t»  liooli  l.omonil  7 
rt:\  Wliich  WHV  IV<»m  K«luilinr«tli  i«  Mm  Ntvin? 
61   Uliich  WH)  ilo  Oil-  tJfMni|iiH»  Itili*  luii  ? 
65  VVIiii-li  \>«y  ilor*  L-i-li  N'"  nin  ?      -<''  Uhirh  way, 

liocli  f..u'ly  f     f'T   WHirli  «»>.  I I«  I'iuuc  ' 

BH  Wliicli  way  Irnm  llfii  N.'vit  lo  tn\»'rii..iH  ? 

ft\)  Whui  riviT*  in  H.  >tlitiiil  are  «oiiiH't:ie«l  liy  a  finni 

6U  On  wliicli  •iile  of    •<.„ili.ii.l  nn  ilu-  llfbridei  ?     01 

On  wliicli  »i<l«'.  tin-  Oiknf\  i^linnU? 
C8  NMiitli    wiiy   from   llic  Oikiity    an'    ll.c    rtliedund 

i^Und*? 


T 


61 


ft;i  On  »*hi-'h  «i»lf  of  IrflnntI  ilnfi  tli(«  hlmnnon  rmii'jrj 
r<l  On    which  »itli',    llu'   Hiirruw?     t»&  On    wl.icU 
•i.lc.  till'  l.ilVi'\  '! 
Ct>  In  wlmt  |mrl  «f  Irclnml.  nn«l  "n  wlin«  river  In  Dub- 
lin?    in    In  wliul  purl,  li«iii<l"i'(l«iiy  ? 
CO  1m  w'liHi  tmri  Tork   and   Waiiiloril  f    oO  In  what 

part,(»alwtty  ?  .  ,.      , 

TO    It.  wlntl  jiHrt  Uclfnnl  ?     71    In  w».:it  pRrI  Hli«n  ' 
12   Which  way  from  Cork,  and  on  wh.U  river  i«  Lime- 
rick ? 
■75  Wliich  way  from  Dublin  i%  Armagh  I 
1\    Which  way  from  WHicrlord  i<«  Kilkenny  ' 
;r,   In  what  pa'rt  of  Ireland  \*  ihc   (Jiam'*  rampwiiy  ^ 
li',  \Vh;.i  inland  inidwny  between  In-iand.  Jji^iuiid  and 
HeotUntI  ' 


liriiunii(liiiin  1 

h  ' 

iiiU<ir  T 

t'l)iu<iulli?     tl  F»l- 


ml  Seiillmid  f 
rnntt  of  !HiMilUn«l  f 

(*oa*i  1 
«nil  ? 

LliiTilvi-n  1 

i»  M,  Aiulrcwi?     61 

opIi  l.omuml  ? 
Mill  iNfvin'f 
ltil!«  luii  ? 
iiti  ?     '-ti  Whii'li  way. 

Il>.     I.IM-ll    IlillllC   ' 

tiivfriii'iiH  f 
niMM'cii'd  l>y  A  ftnnl 
rt  ilu>  llcbridei  ?     CI 
kIhikU  ? 
ij    an-    ll.c    Slifllanil 

«  tilt'  Xlittniion  fmii'y? 
rruw  f     i^l>  On   \»1<icb 

on  »lift«  river  in  Dub- 

<l"iii(l<'ir^  1 

uiloril  !    <;0   In  wliat 

In  wital  jiRrl  Sliu;o  ? 
on  wliiit  river  i«  Limc- 


krmit^li  ■' 
i<i  Kilki'nny  ? 
lip   Oinni'*  <'Hii««»wiiy  " 
I  lr"'i«ii'l.  hiiaiuiid  nn«l 


Ql  KHTIU.N**. 


m 


1 


7  7  NViipri"  i«  lilt*  ikliiml  nf  An^Jawn  ? 

7M   Wliiii  liiri^i*  i<Lii))  (Ml  ilip  «>Hi''irr  I  cnit*!  nf  F.nKluitdl* 

7'»  NVI.icJi  w«\  I'lif'ii  l.«iiii|iin  i.  lilt   mIi  of  Wijjiii  i 

I'O  Wliicli  uii^  IViiin  iiiviTiiotil  i«  lliililiii  / 

lil    Wliii'li  way  IVriin  Drmltil  \%  t.'ork  f 

!!.'  'riiroii'^li   uhat  rivcM,    rliiiini'l«.  vtrniii  nnil   noil* 

Miiiilil  >iMi  put*  in  (iiitinif  fr'im  (i|ii*<f>uv  lo  f.iinilnii ; 
U.)  TliroHfjfi  wlmt,  in  •ailing  hum  Kilinburgli  In  Brit- 

lul  r 


MAP   or    TIIK    VNITRO    HTATRS. 


1  In  \vliat  ilireelion  *\oe%  llic  c'iiit>.t  of  llie  If  M.  ruu  : 

Si  In  wliut  ilirefliiin.  )lii*  Allfifitnv  <nonn(iiiu«  ? 

:l  In  MJiat  ilircutioii,  'lif  river  Oliin  ? 

I   In  wliHi  iliiectian,  llif  river  Mt.  fiitwriMiPP  ? 

.1  In  what  itiri-cliiiii,  llio  MM<i«iii|i|ii  f     'I'lie   ('itiinPC- 
(JCTit  '     'I'Ih!  Iliiilinn  ?      rill-  l)('li(utiri<  • 

n  WIml  ^Irtlc*  liorilcr  on  llf   Ailaniic  Ocean  ? 

7  What  iJiriM'  ilale*,  on  tlin  (Jiilf  of  ,Mi  xico  ? 

H  Wliiit  kix  HlHleit,  on  (lie  Mi4<i4«i|i|ii  .- 

9   Wliitt  fiMir  Minlei,  on  llie  Ohio  P 
<0  Whttl  ihrpe»liileii,  on  Lake  Krie  ? 
II    What  I'lMir  Htiile*,  on  liouir  Camtilii  ? 
1/  Wlini  «i(  «tii(eii  are  hounileil  hv  (he  parallel  nf^iS*  ? 
13  Wlial  live  stale*,  !iy  11:^  (laralfel  of  Jrt   i>o'  ? 

It  What  Iwit  Hteloi,  l.tweco   (he  paruiiel  of  ^y  uml 

.id"  ;«(»  ? 
13  >Vhil  fiur  itftte*  lionlor    .1  (he  fh'Jrtwarp  ? 
10   Wlittl  «laleH  are  neiniraled  hy  i/ie  I'otontup  ? 
17  What  •iHteii  are  ie|iura(t'il  by  (lie  '^uvunn.tli  ? 
IH  \Vha(  ii(Ate«  are  teparat  il  by  (lie  Coniieeiicii'  ? 
lU   Wha(  itla(e  reache*  IViihi  'In-  Atluii'iu  (ii  the  Lukva? 
20  'Vha(  n\nic»  lie  eaiil  of  ihe  lludton  ? 
Ql  'V  hat  Kluteit  noitliHCHt  of  ilie  Ohio  ? 
3J  Wliat  HlalcN  \teiit  of  (he  Miitoiitnij-pi .'' 
3.}   >Vlm(  !«lit(PR  bt'lweni  (he  I'otoinae  and  Delaware  J 
t(  "i^  hut  Hialei  liL'iMcen  (he  UeluNuiiu  aiii)  Ilmlsoii  ' 
lil 


3C 


QIKSTIONS. 

•',■5  Wlint  Ml'.'  llic  hoiiudaiiea  ol' ('oiincc.licHi  ? 


■i7    Of  VlTIMtUlt   ? 

5JH  or  Alahiunii  P 

31)  or  IVMuisyl^imiu  ? 

30  Of  Miii'ie  ? 

01  Of  liOiiiHiaiia  ? 

JU  Of  Maijland  ? 

3.}  OfOeorsil? 

31,  Of  Nfw  HampHtiire  ? 

33  Sdiilli  raroliiiu? 

3R  >l(i-.sa('liuiit'tU  ? 

37  'reiiiifssee  ? 

3S  New  Vtirk  ■ 


4(»  New  Jer^i'v  ? 
41   Rpiiliicky  ? 
4i  Di'lawiiro  ? 
43  Virginia  ? 
4*  Oliiii? 
43  Miiisourt  ? 
40  Illinois  ? 

47  Indiana  ? 

48  MiHsinsip[ti  ? 

49  Micliignn  'ItT.  ? 
00  Arkansaw  Ter.  ? 
Bi  Noilli«est  Ter.  ? 


3P 


I5i  WliH'li  way  from  Louisiana  In  Maine  r 
r,\  Wliu'ii  vav  does  the  (.'(inncetienl  run  ? 
51.  Wl.icli  way,  llic  Hndson  ?     05  TI.e  Delaware 

The  Sn<«(iuehannahi 
67  The  Poloinae  ? 
58  Tlic  Uappaliaimoc  r 
go  The  James  ? 
00    The  Unanoke  ? 
»il  Cape  I'Var  ? 
f,  J  IV'dee  .- 
03  Sanlee  ? 
ft4  Savannah  r 
OT'   Aliamaha  .- 
fiO   Mobile  r 

r,r   Mixsissipi'l  "'  .         „,  11' 

"fj  Whal  l;»rge  river*  empty  into  Chesapeake  bay  r 
-t,   What  larsre  lakes  lie  wholly  in  (he  U.  Staler  ? 
HO  Whieh   way  from   Lake  //uron  is  Lake  Sn^/erior 

81  I.:»ke  'Michigan?     8-'  Lake  Erie? 

Ontario  ?  •  ..  •    a 

SJ.  >Vhal  lake  between  TInron  and  Lrie  ? 
\i',   Wl.ieli  «!iv  from  Boston  to  Qnehec  ? 
BO   >VI)i(li  wnv  from  New  York  to  Montreal 
87  Whith  \*ay  fmm  Montreal  to  Quebec  ? 
H  Wliieli  wav  from  New  York  to  lioston  ? 


08 

Yazoo  ? 

09 

Ohio  ? 

TO 

Ka^katikia  ? 

71 

Illinois? 

72 

Onisconsin  ? 

73 

Red  River  ? 

74 

Arkansaw  ? 

75 

Missouri  ? 

70 

Moines  ? 

77  St.  Peters  r 


83  Lake 


>^m   , 

SI)  Whieh   WHV   from   .fJlhcnuj  to  Montreal  ? 
Vo-k  ?     '.U   Boston  r     02  Di-tioil  ? 


90  New 


ccliciil  ? 

Ii  Ciiioliiia 

? 

Jer^i'v  ? 

lick)  "? 

wiiro  ? 

iitiu  ? 

»f 

oui'i  ? 

n\»  P 

ftiiti  ? 

HiHsippi  ? 

Iiignii  'Icr. 

p 

aiiHUW  'i'er 

"? 

ill  west  Ter 

.? 

laiiie  r 

1  run  ? 

llie  Delaware 

:oo  ? 

0? 

ikatikia  r 

iiniij  ? 

scnnsiin? 

I  River  ? 

iansaw  ? 

gsnuri  ? 

in('»  ? 

Peters  ? 

<jlIKST10.V!«. 


iJO".' 


30 


Micsapcakc  bay  r 
(he  U.  Stale*  ? 
<i  is  Lake  Sn^/erior  ? 
ke  Erie  r     83  Lake 

Krie  ? 
lehee  ? 

Montreal  r 
(Quebec  ? 

lVii«ton  ? 

Moiilroal  ?     90  Nc\v 
troll  r 


»3 


10  ( 

107 

111 
113 
113 
114 


Wliicli  way  f'oni  lloHton  (o  New  York  ?  fl  I-  New 
York  lo  I'iiiladelpliia  ?  «a  Fliiluil.rlpliia  to  M.il- 
liinore  ?  tiC.  Ilaliiniore  to  Wasl.iut^toii,  Uifli- 
moiiil,  Ualeii^li,  Columbia,  Miile.lyiville,  uiid  Now 

Orleans  ? 

In  wlial  part  of  Oliio  is  Cincinnati  i* 

What  three  slates  meel  near  Cincinnati  ? 

Whieh  way  from  Cincinnati  is  Wasliington  r     100 

St.  Louis  ?     101    Pittsburg  ?     iOZ   I'he  mouth  of 

the  Ohio  ?     1()3  Michilimackinac  ? 

Which   way  from  the  mouth  of  tkf.  Ohio  is  Pitts- 

lMir«  ?     105  New  Orleans?     100  Si.  Louis  ? 
Which  way  from  ^l''ia^:^ara  Falls  is  Quebec  ?     lOS 

Boston?     109  Philadelphia?     1 10  Charleston  ? 
^VIlat  sliites  lie  holnw  the  parallel  of  Jr>°  ? 
What  stales  lie  above  the  parallel  of  43°  ?  ^  ^ 

What  states  are  inler^«'Clcd  by  the  parallel  of  10  r 
What  capes  at  the  moiilh  of  Chesapeake  Bay  i 
115  or  Delaware  Bay?  116  Of  Slassachusetts 
Bay  ? 

117  What  eaprs  on  the  coast  of  Xoitli  Carolina  ? 

118  What  point  at  the  east  end  of  Long  Island  r 

119  What  riven,,  capes,  (iceaiis  and  baya  would  you  pass 
in  sailing  from  Philadelphia  lo  Baltimore  r 

120  What,  in  sailing  from  Harlford  lo  Albany  ? 

121  What,  In  sailing  from  Washington  in  New  Orleans? 
^2'2.  What,  in  sailing  from  Hallowell  to  Fort  Claiborne  r 
12^  What  bay  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswiek  ? 

124  Into  what  bay  does  the  Penobscot  empty  ? 

125  Whieh  is  farthest  east  the  Penobscot  or  Kenntbte 
I2G  On  which  side  of  Porlland  is  Saco  river  ? 

127  Bel  ween  what  slates  is  Umbagog  lake  ? 

1213  In  H-hat  part  of  Maine  is  Portland  ?     129  liast- 

port  ?     l.'iO  York?   IIU    Balh? 
132  On  what  river  is  lliillowili  ? 
i:5j  Whieh  way  is  Porlsmoulb  from  Boston  ?        ' 
1.'J4  On  what  river  does  Concord  stand  ? 
135  Whieh    way   from   Concord  is    Portsmoutli  ?      1  A 

HHiiuver  ?     Ki7  Boston  r 
138  What  lake  separates  Vermont  from  Ni  w  \'ork  .' 


1 


sm 


QUESTIONS. 


139  In  wliat  part  of  Vermont  is  Bennington  ?  140  In 
Khat  |iurt,  Burlington  ?  11!  In  what  (larl,  St.  Al- 
bans ? 

142  Which  way  from  Windsor  in  Boston?  143  Men. 
trcal  ?     141  Montpelicr  ?     115  Bennington? 

140  What  river  iiaH-tet  through  Matt&ui-huBetts  from  N. 
to  S  ? 

147  In  what  part  of  MaiRachugetlii  in  Newburyport  ? 

148  Which  way  from /iosfow  is  Salem  ?  149  Nfwhury- 
port?  150  Plymouth?  151  New  Bedford  ?  152 
Northampton  ?     153  Cape  Cod  ?     Cape  Ann  ? 

154  Which  way  from  Cupe  Cod  is  Nantucket  ? 

155  Which  way  from  Nantucket  is  Martha's  Vineyard  ? 
15G  In  what  part  of  Massachusetts  is  Fitlsfield? 

157  111  what  part  of  Rhode  Island  is  Providence  1 

153  Which  way  from  Providence  is  Boston  ?  15'J  New- 
port ?     IGU  Hartford? 

IGl   What  separates  Connecticut  from  Long  Island  ? 

162  On  what  river  is  Hartford  ? 

i03  Which  way  from  Hartford  is  Boston  ?  164  Albany  1 
1<.'5  New  York  ?     166  Northampton? 

11)7  What  separates  New  York  from  Canada? 

1615  Wliiil  lake  separates  New  York  from  Vermont  ?^ 

1C9  In  what  direciion  docs  the  St  Lawrence  run?  170 
The  Hudson?     171  The  Mohawk? 

17'.'  What  city  at  t!ie  mouth  of  the  Hudson  ? 

I7L;  Which  way  from  J^>iv  J  orfc  is  Boston  ?  174  Al- 
bany ?     175  Philadelphia  ? 

17G  On  what  river  is  Alb:«ny  ?  177  Is  Albany  above 
or  liclow  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk  ? 

178  Which  way  from  ,'llbautf  is  Plallsburg  ?     179  Sacki 
ctis  harbour?     180   HiiHaloe  ?     Niagara  Falls  ? 
On  what   lake  is  Buttaloe  ?     1C2  On    what   lake 
1-latisburg?     laa  On   what    lake   Sackctl's   har- 


lei 


hour? 


\[\.l  In  wJiat  part  of  New  York  is  Utict  ? 


1U5  Wliich  way  from    Vtica  to  New  '   .rk  cily 
A  Urn  II V 


186 


l'87  Plallsburg?  188  .Sacketl's  harbour  ? 

5 


189  Buftalop 
1110  Into  what  lake  does  Genesee  river  empty  ? 
191  111  Vihat  stale  does  ihe  Genesee  rise  ? 


lennington  ?     140  In 
111  what  |)art,  St.  Al- 

B(.8«on?     1»3  Mon- 
f>  Ui>i)ninj;(on  ? 
issaeliusetl*  from  N. 

!i  is  Newburyport  ? 
fin  ?     1 19  Nfwhury- 
New  Bfdt'ord  ?     152 
(1  ?    Cape  Ann  ? 

Nnntiicket  ? 

Manila's  Vineyard  ? 
8  is  FittHfield  ? 

ii  Providenee  ? 
jBoHtHH?     lo'JNew- 

from  Long  Island  ? 

loston  ?  164  Albany  1 
ampton  ? 
•«im  Canada  ? 
iirk  from  Vermont  ? 
Lawrence  run?     170 
haw  k  ? 
le  HudHOH  ? 
•18  Boston?     174  AI- 

177  Is  Albany  above 
oiiawk  ? 

lullsbiirg?     179Sacki 
?     ^iia^ara  Falls? 
1C2  On    «liat 
lake   Sacketl's 

s  Utict  ? 

New  '    rk  cily  ? 

88  .Sttcketi's  harbour  l 

river  empty  ? 
see  rise  ? 


QUESTIONS. 


36& 


|L>2 

r.ti 

1(17 
|!U{ 
I',)!) 
■-iOtt 

am 

202 


■207 
209 

211 

212 

216 
218 


'J21 
222 
22-1 
225 


230 


What  cnpe  at  the  south  extremity  of  New  Jersey  I' 

Whiit  bay  between  iNew  Jersi-y  and  llie  Dt-luware  ? 

Which  way  from   'iVcnfon  is 'I'hiladelphia  ?     1S)5 

New  York  ?     l'Jl>  Kaston  ? 

In  what  part  of  I'eiinsjlvaiiia  is  Pitlsburi;  ? 

What  I  wo  rivers  meet  at  Pitlsbursj;  ? 

In  what  slate  does  Allegany  river  rise  ? 

in  what  slate  does  the  Monongahela  rise  f 

In  what  part  of  Pennsylvania  is  Philadelphia  ? 

Which  way  from  Philadelphia  is  New  York  ?    203 

Baltimore  f  204  Pittsburg  f  205  Harrisbnrg  ?  206 

K-ading  ? 

On  what  river  is  Harrisburg  ?     208  On  what  river, 

Easioii? 

In  \»hat  direction  does  Chesapeake  bay  rnn  r  210 
rhrough  what  states  does  it  pass  ? 
On  which  shore  of  the  Chesapeake  is  Baltimore? 
Which  way  from  Baltimore  is  Philadelphia?  213 
Wasbinglo'n  ?  214  Piilsburs;  ?  215  Annapolis? 
What  mountains  in  Virginia?  217  Which  way 
do  they  run  ? 

What  separates  Virginia  from  Ohio?  219  Vir- 
ginia from  Kentucky  ?  2iO  Virginia  from  Mary- 
laud  f 

Into  what,  does  the  great  Kanliawa  empty  ? 
The  Roanoke  ?     223  The  James  ? 
In  what  part  of  Virginia  is  Norfolk  ? 
Which  way  from  Richmond  is  Norfolk  ?     226  Pe- 
tersburg ?      227  Washington  ?     228  Lynchburg  ? 
229  Fredericksburg  ? 

Which    way    from    J\i"orfolk  is  Yorklown  ?     231 
Cape  Charles  ?     232  Cape  Henry  ? 
What  rivers  empty  into  Pamlico  *»ound  ? 
In  what  part  of  North  Carolina  is  Cape  Fear  ? 
On  what  river  is  Fayetteville  ?     236  Newbern  ? 
237  Wilmington  ?  ,      ' 

Which    way  from   Ruleigh  is  Fayetteville  ?     239 
Newbern  ?'  240  Plymouth  ?     24 1"  Petersburg? 
Which  is  farthest  east,  the  Sanlee  ur  Pedee  ? 
Which    way    from    Charleslon  do«!i  the   Sautee 
empty  ? 


36« 


QUKSTIONH. 


21 1  Which  wfty  from   Charlfsffm  in  SavHni.ah  ?    21- 

Wilminglitii  ?      i-'JO  ColiiinhiH  ?      'l\l   Ue»iiforl  ? 

21C  Whii-li  way  from  Cotmnbia  Ik  Fajetleville  ?     :.M) 

AUijIlhtU  ? 

Cul)  On  what  liver  in  Ccflumltia  P 

2.')!    Wliich  way  from  ('liarlemon  U  K(li«tn  i<*lan«l  ? 

25 i  What  river  separates  (ieorgia  from  South  Caro- 
lina ? 

258  What  river gpparatoK  Georgia  from  Florida? 

2^4  \V  hat  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Altamahu  P 

255  On  what  river  does  Milledgeville  Ktand  P 

250  Which  way  from  Savannah  to  Augusta  ?  257 
Milledgeville  ?     25R  rtt.  Mary's  ?     259  Sunljury  ? 

260  What  pan  of  Georgia  is  the  country  of  the  Crcvkn  ? 

2t)l   What  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Mobile  ? 

202  What  livers  unite  to  form  the  Alabama? 

263  Gn  which  side  of  the  Mobile  river  is  the  town  of 
Mobile  ? 

264  In  what  part  of  Alabama  is  Huntsville  ? 

265  Which  way  from  Jlnhile  is  New  Orleans  ?  266 
Pensacoia  P      267  Ht  Hiephens  P     208  Cahawba  ? 

269  What  rivers  separate  Missitisippi  from  Louisiana? 

270  On  what  river  is  Natchez  ? 

271  Docs  the  Yazoo  empty  above  or  below  Natchez  P 

272  What  river  is  the  western  boundary  of  Louisiana  ? 

273  In  what  port  of  Louisiana  is  New  Orleans  ? 

274  On  what  river  is  Alexandria  P     Natchitoches? 

275  What  states  are  separated  by  Pearl  river  ? 
270  Into  what  does  the  Wachita  empty  ? 

277  VVhic!i  way  from  JV^u?  Or/cans  is  Alexandria  ?  278 
Madisouville?  279  Pensaoola  P  2(Ut  The  mouths 
of  the  Mississippi?  281  1  he  mouth  of  the  Sa- 
bine?    282  The  mouth  of  Red  river? 

283  Which  wJiy  does  the  Tennessee  run  in  the  first  half 
of  its  course  ?     £84  Which  way  in  (he  last  half  ? 

285  Into  what  does  (he  Teuuessee  empty  ?  286  Into 
what,  the  Cumberland  ? 

287  On  what  river  is  Knoxviile  ?  Nashville  ?  Clarks- 
ville  ? 

283  Wliich  way  from  Nushville  is  ^l•rfrees»lorougl^^ 

2G9  W'liat  rhcrs  emi»!y  into  the  Obio  from  Kentatkj  ^ 


11  iH  SavHnnali  ?  2lw 
)iH  ?  ^>n  Ui'Hiiforl  ? 
iM  Faj  etleville  ?     *  »'•> 


I  is  Kdiitn  i«luinl  ? 
gia  from  Soutii  Caro* 

ia  from  Florida  ? 

he  Altainalia  ? 

eville  Ktunci  ? 

ih  to  Augusta  ?      257 

ary's  ?     ^159  Sunliury  ? 

country  of  tlie  Crcukt  P 

lie  Mobile  ? 

he  Alabama? 

lie  river  is  the  town  of 

HuntHville  ? 
it)  New  Orleans  ?     266 
lens  P     2(38  Cahawba  P 
h8i|i[ii  from  Louisiana  ? 

ire  or  below  Natchez  ? 
ountlary  of  Louisiana  ? 
9  New  Orleans  ? 
ia  P    Natebitoches  P 
by  Pearl  river  ? 
1  empty  ? 

ansis  Alexamlria?    278 
ipola  ?    2(iO  The  mouths 

1  be  mouth  of  the  Sa- 

Red  river  ? 
?ssee  r:in  in  the  first  half 
li  way  in  the  last  hall'  ? 
ssee  empty  ?     2SC  Into 

P   Nashville  ?    Clarks- 

le  is   M«rfree!*'iornii!^h  r 
e  Ubio  from  Kcutaiky  '' 


307 


QUESTIONS. 


Si)0  On  what  river  is  Louisville  P 

2J1    Which  way  from  Frankfurt   is  LouUvHIe  ?     202 

Lexington  ?     2'.)3  (Jinciiinuti  P 
2D4  What  rivers  in  Ohio  empty  into  Lake  Erie  ?     l;i5 

What,  into  Ohio  river  r 
^90  In  what  part  of  Ohio  is  Cincinnati  ? 
'iOi  On  uhitt  ricer  is  Columbus  P     Marietta  r     Zanrs- 

ville  P     Chillic.othe? 
298  Which  way  from  f'olnmhns  U  Cincinnati  ?     2!1f) 

Ziinesvilie  P    :;uo  Chilliuuthe  P     301  Cleveland  ? 

:?02  Marietta  ? 
303  What  river  s 'psiralcs  Indiana  from  Illinois? 
.501  On  what  river  is  Vincennes  ?  on  which  side? 
305  In  what  partrf  Indiana  is  V^evay  ( 
300  Which  way  i\   .     Viucemies  is  Cincinnati  ? 

St.  Louis  P 
30G   What    river   hounds    Illinois    on    the    east  ? 

What,  on  the  south  r     310  What,  on  the  wml  r 

311  What  rivers  empty  into  the  Mississippi  from  II- 
linois  P 

312  On  what  rix'er  is  Kaskaskia?  >13  Caliokia  : 
311  Shawneetown  ? 

315  On  wftHt  river  is  St.  Charles?  31G  St.  Gene- 
vieve  ?  317  Cape  Girardeau  r  311!  New  Mad- 
rid ? 

319  Which  way  from  St.  fjotiis  is  St.  Charles  ."  Non- 
Madrid  ." 

320  Through  what  straits,  rivers  and  lakes  do  you  pass 
in  sailing  from  Luke  Michigiin  to  Lake  Krie  ? 

321  Between  what  lakes  does  Delroit  stand  r 

322  Which  way  from  Detro'*  is  Miehilimackinac  ? 

323  On  which  side  of  Lake  Michiican  is  (Jreen  Hay  r 
32t  Where  does  Fox  river  empty  ."     Where,  the  ()uis- 

coiisin  P 

Which  are  the  fonr  largest  rivers  that  empty  into 

the  Mississippi  ? 

Which  are  the  three  largest  that   empty  into  the 


32c 


.i'Jb 


snouri 


i-ih  lidcoftlie  wVissotirl  does  the  Vejlow  stone 
'"     328  'riie  Platte  ?      329   The  Kansas  f 


le  Osa|;e ! 


QUEqTIONS. 


331 


Wliirli  way  «l'>f»  il'«'  MistKiiri  run  bei'vcon  the 
Orcai  KiillV  hihI  MkihIuii  vIIIh^i-h  ?  '.Wi  Wliicli 
wiy,  lu'Uv.'i  II  .Miindaii  villii;;.'*  uml  llu-  (Irc.vt  Hi-iiil  f 
33.'»   Whii'h  way,  In  (wton  ihi.'  (irtul  IJiiid  uiul  the 

334  WluU  HPHlpmont  nt  llie  thhiiIi  of  Cnliinihm  river  r 

335  Wliii'li  wiiy  i«  A^inria  rrnin  Moiiln>ul  ? 

336  Which  wuj  J'roin  Luki- Siipirior  ih  llic  Luke  of  tlio 

Wonda  t'  ,.   .    .       . 

337  Wliich  wrty  from  l-iikp  llurnn  in  Lake  Nipissing  r 
330  W  lial  lukcH  htiwt  f»i  Luke  Huron  uiiii  OniHrio  ? 
339  On  wliie.li  side  of  Lsike  OnJaiio  is  York  f     310  On 

which  "idc.  KiiiijHlon  i 

341  Which  way  from  York  to  QiMpnstown  ? 

342  Which  way  does  Oulawus  river  run  ?    343  InJo 
what  river  does  it  eiui»iy  ? 


1 


W'» 


'* 


i 


uri  run  he<<vooii  the 
Ihi;i'h  ?      -XVi  Wliicli 

mill  ilifOrc.it  Mi'iiil? 

(iri'ut  Kind  tuitl  the 

I  of  ("nliimliift  river? 

IniitnMii  ? 

ior  IS  (he  Luke  ui'  the 

I  is  fiiikp  Nipisaing  i 
itroii  uimI  Oninrio  P 
i»  is  York  ?    340  On 

'pnstown  ? 

iver  run  ?    3»3  Info 


W 


» 


